Development of textile wearable chemical sensors

In this elaborate, a textile-based Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) was first developed for the determination of uric acid in wound exudate based on the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), which was then coupled to an electrochemically gated textile transistor consisting of a composite of iridium oxide particles and PEDOT:PSS for pH monitoring in wound exudate. In that way a sensor for multiparameter monitoring of wound health status was assembled, including the ability to differentiate between a wet-dry status of the smart bandage by implementing impedance measurements exploiting the OECT architecture. Afterwards, for both wound management as well as generic health status tracking applications, a glass-based calcium sensor was developed employing polymeric ion-selective membranes on a novel architecture inspired by the Wrighton OECT configuration, which was later converted to a Proof-of-Concept textile prototype for wearable applications. Lastly, in collaboration with the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia) under the supervision of Prof. Sahika Inal, different types of ion-selective thiophene-based monomers were used to develop ion-selective conductive polymers to detect sodium ion by different methods, involving standard potentiometry and OECT-based approaches. The textile OECTs for uric acid detection performances were optimized by investigating the geometry effect on the instrumental response and the properties of the different textile materials involved in their production, with a special focus on the final application that implies the operativity in flow conditions to simulate the wound environment. The same testing route was followed for the multiparameter sensor and the calcium sensor prototype, with a particular care towards the ion-selective membrane composition and electrode conditioning protocol optimization. The sodium-selective polymer electrosynthesis was optimized in non-aqueous environments and was characterized by means of potentiostatic and potentiodynamic techniques coupled with Quartz Crystal Microbalance and spectrophotometric measurements.

Quantum computing and post-quantum cryptography

One of the main practical implications of quantum mechanical theory is quantum computing, and therefore the quantum computer. Quantum computing (for example, with Shor’s algorithm) challenges the computational hardness assumptions, such as the factoring problem and the discrete logarithm problem, that anchor the safety of cryptosystems. So the scientific community is studying how to defend cryptography; there are two defense strategies: the quantum cryptography (which involves the use of quantum cryptographic algorithms on quantum computers) and the post-quantum cryptography (based on classical cryptographic algorithms, but resistant to quantum computers). For example, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is collecting and standardizing the post-quantum ciphers, as it established DES and AES as symmetric cipher standards, in the past. In this thesis an introduction on quantum mechanics was given, in order to be able to talk about quantum computing and to analyze Shor’s algorithm. The differences between quantum and post-quantum cryptography were then analyzed. Subsequently the focus was given to the mathematical problems assumed to be resistant to quantum computers. To conclude, post-quantum digital signature cryptographic algorithms selected by NIST were studied and compared in order to apply them in today’s life.

Characterization of a 3D-printed low-cost flexible dielectric material for the realization of innovative WPT wearable applications

The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that 3D-printing technologies can be considered significantly attractive in the production of microwave devices and in the antenna design, with the intention of making them lightweight, cheaper, and easily integrable for the production of wireless, battery-free, and wearable devices for vital signals monitoring. In this work, a new 3D-printable, low-cost resin material, the Flexible80A, is proposed as RF substrate in the implementation of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) operating at 2.45 GHz for wireless power transfer. A careful and accurate electromagnetic characterization of the abovementioned material, revealing it to be a very lossy substrate, has paved the way for the investigation of innovative transmission line and antenna layouts, as well as etching techniques, possible thanks to the design freedom enabled by 3D-printing technologies with the aim of improving the wave propagation performance within lossy materials. This analysis is crucial in the design process of a patch antenna, meant to be successively connected to the rectifier. In fact, many different patch antenna layouts are explored varying the antenna dimensions, the substrate etchings shape and position, the feeding line technology, and the operating frequency. Before dealing with the rectification stage of the rectenna design, the hot and long-discussed topic of the equivalent receiving antenna circuit representation is addressed, providing an overview of the interpretation of different authors about the issue, and the position that has been adopted in this thesis. Furthermore, two rectenna designs are proposed and simulated with the aim of minimizing the dielectric losses. Finally, a prototype of a rectenna with the antenna conjugate matched to the rectifier, operating at 2.45 GHz, has been fabricated with adhesive copper on a substrate sample of Flexible80A and measured, in order to validate the simulated results.

Design of a wearable platform for PPG analysis with multicore low-power processor

Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors allow for noninvasive and comfortable heart-rate (HR) monitoring, suitable for compact wearable devices. However, PPG signals collected from such devices often suffer from corruption caused by motion artifacts. This is typically addressed by combining the PPG signal with acceleration measurements from an inertial sensor. Recently, different energy-efficient deep learning approaches for heart rate estimation have been proposed. To test these new solutions, in this work, we developed a highly wearable platform (42mm x 48 mm x 1.2mm) for PPG signal acquisition and processing, based on GAP9, a parallel ultra low power system-on-chip featuring nine cores RISC-V compute cluster with neural network accelerator and 1 core RISC-V controller. The hardware platform also integrates a commercial complete Optical Biosensing Module and an ARM-Cortex M4 microcontroller unit (MCU) with Bluetooth low-energy connectivity. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, a deep learning-based approach for PPG-based HR estimation has been deployed. Thanks to the reduced power consumption of the digital computational platform, the total power budget is just 2.67 mW providing up to 5 days of operation (105 mAh battery).

Sviluppo di un AR wearable device per il settore Automotive ricaricato tramite le vibrazioni del telaio

In questo elaborato di tesi vengono presentati la ricerca e il lavoro che hanno portato all’ideazione e sviluppo di CirculAR. CirculAR consiste in un dispositivo per la realtà aumentata, che assiste i conducenti di veicoli a due ruote, quali biciclette, monopattini e motocicli, proiettandogli informazioni utili per una guida in sicurezza. L’energia che alimenta il dispositivo per la realtà aumentata viene generata, in modo sostenibile, dalla conversione in energia elettrica dell’energia cinetica ottenuta dalle vibrazioni che si scaricano al telaio, originate dal contatto tra manto stradale e veicolo stesso. Il sistema - prodotto è composto, infatti, da due dispositivi differenti, un wearable device e un generatore elettrico, che cooperano per il raggiungimento di una Realtà Aumentata più sostenibile ed innovativa. Per lo sviluppo di CirculAR sono state prese in considerazione tecnologie innovative ad oggi oggetto di grande ricerca e interesse scientifico; per questo studio in particolare, si è deciso di conciliare queste tecnologie con una progettazione mirata alla semplificazione ed alla specializzazione dei singoli componenti per garantirne un generale livello di forte innovazione tecnologica ed, al contempo, una riduzione del costo complessivo di vendita del prodotto. Il connubio di queste tecnologie ha permesso di realizzare due dispositivi innovativi sia da un punto di vista tecnologico che da un punto di vista della sostenibilità, che possono rappresentare un modello per una futura generazione di wearable device sostenibile.

LUMI, wearable per la gestione dello stress decisionale in ambito professionale

Prendere decisioni è un’attivita incessante ed intrinseca nella nostra quotidianità, i ricercatori della Cornell University stimano che ogni giorno un adulto prenda circa 35.000 decisioni semi-consapevoli. Fare scelte è un attività molto dipendiosa a livello mentale e lo è ancora di più se le scelte da prendere sono importanti e hanno ripercussioni anche a livello collettivo e non solo individuale. L’affaticamento decisionale è un tema critico in molti ambiti professionali e può essere considerato un vero e proprio bias, uno studio su più di 1.000 decisioni prese da otto giudici israeliani per la libertà vigilata nel 2009 ha rilevato che la probabilità di ottenere esito favorevole era del 65% all’inizio di ogni sessione, ma diminuiva a meno del 10% prima della pausa pranzo, il lavoro mentale di decidere caso dopo caso, logorava in modo importante le energie decisionali dei giudici, (Tierney, 2011). Lo studio che partirà da queste premesse andrà ad indagare e approfondire il tema della Decison Fatigue, ancora poco conosciuto, lo stato attuale del mercato, e i possibili sbocchi lato prodotto. Successivamente sulla base dell’analisi precedente, da cui saranno estratti: target di riferimento, bisogni e soluzioni applicabili, sarà realizzato un device fisico che proporrà una soluzione mirata al contesto e ai problemi indiviuati.

Progettazione e simulazione di un attacco sniffing su un dispositivo wearable

Oggigiorno, grazie al progresso tecnologico nel settore informatico e alla vasta diffusione dei dispositivi mobili all'interno del mercato mondiale, numerose sono le persone che utilizzando questi prodotti all'interno della vita di tutti giorni e.g. smartphone, smartwatch, smartband, auricolari, tablet, ecc. Per poter utilizzare questi dispositivi, spesso è necessario l'impiego di applicazioni apposite installate sui cellulari di ultima generazione e collegate ai dispositivi che permettono il controllo, la gestione e la raccolta dei dati relativo all'oggetto in questione. Oltre a facilitare le attività giornaliere, questi programmi, potrebbero causare dei problemi agli utenti a causa della ridotta o mancata sicurezza, poiché le informazioni personali come credenziali d'accesso, dati salutistici oppure quelli inerenti ai metodi di pagamento possono essere soggetti ad attacchi informatici. Questa tesi consiste nell'elaborazione di un software composto da un'applicazione Android, uno script Batch e dall'uso di programmi di terze parti, per poter effettuare la simulazione di un attacco sniffing in modo da poter intercettare i dati trasmessi, quali credenziali di accesso, OTP, tramite la tecnologia Bluetooth Low Energy.