Ultrafast temporal pattern generation and recognition

Ultrafast temporal pattern generation and recognition with femtosecond laser technology is presented, analyzed, and experimentally implemented. Ultrafast temporal pattern generation and recognition are realized by taking advantage of two well-known techniques: the space-time conversion technique and the ultrafast pulse measurement technique. Here the temporal pattern for the designed multiple pulses, optimized with a preassumed Gaussian spectral distribution of an ultrashort pulse, is described. With the simulation of a Gaussian spectral distribution, we realize that the uniformity of the generated multiple ultrafast temporal pulses is relevant to the repeated number of modulation periods in the mask in the spectral plane. Moreover, the change of Gaussian spectral phases with the wavelengths in the modulated phase plate is considered. Experiments of ultrafast temporal pattern recognition by the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) characterization technique are also given. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Readout of a real-time hologram in bacteriorhodopsin film with high diffraction efficiency and intensity

A scheme for the readout of a hologram recorded in bacteriorhodopsin film with high diffraction efficiency and intensity is suggested and demonstrated. Two weak coherent continuous beams function as the recording beams, and a strong light pulse is used to read the real-time hologram. The width of the readout light pulse is modulated to be short compared with the erase time of the reading beam; the time space between two adjacent pulses is ensured to be longer than the time the beams take to recover the hologram, and high diffraction efficiency and intensity (similar to 11 mW/cm(2)) can be obtained. (C) 1996 Optical Society of America.

Experimental study of the Talbot effect under femtosecond laser illumination

Experimental results of the Talbot effect of an amplitude grating under femtosecond laser illumination are reported. Compared with Talbot image under continuous wave (CW) illumination, Talbot images under femtosecond laser illumination are different due to the wide spectral bandwidth and the Talbot images are more distorted at longer Talbot distances. The spectrums and the pulsewidths of femtosecond laser pulses are measured with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) apparatus. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generation of millimeter-wave in optical pulse carrier by using an apodized Moire fiber grating

A novel scheme is proposed to transform a Gaussian pulse to a millimeter-wave frequency modulation pulse by using an apodized Moire fiber Bragg grating in radio-over-fiber system. The relation between the input and output pulses is analyzed theoretically by Fourier transformation method and the requirements for the proposed fiber grating are presented. An apodized Moire fiber Bragg grating is designed and its characteristics are studied. It is shown that the proposed device is feasible, and the new scheme is believed to be an effective solution for the generation of millimeter-wave sub-carrier in future radio-over-fiber systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental study of nonlinear switching characteristics of conventional 2×2 fused tapered couplers

The nonlinear switching characteristics of fused fiber directional couplers were studied experimentally. By using femtosecond laser pulses with pulse width of 100 fs and wavelength of about 1550 nm from a system of Ti:sapphire laser and optical parametric amplifier (OPA), the nonlinear switching properties of a null coupler and a 100% coupler were measured. The experimental results were coincident with the simulations based on nonlinear propagation equations in fiber by using super-mode theory. Nonlinear loss in fiber was also measured to get the injected power at the coupler. After deducting the nonlinear loss and input efficiency, the nonlinear switching critical peak powers for a 100% and a null fused couplers were calculated to be 9410 and 9440 W, respectively. The nonlinear loss parameter P_(N) in an expression of α_(NL)=αP/P_(N) was obtained to be P_(N)=0.23 W.

Laser ranging based on electro-optic switch

Based on electro-optic switch effect in crystal, a novel laser ranging method is proposed. CW-laser emitted by laser transmitter propagates forward to the measured target, after being reflected by the target, and then goes back to the transmitter. Close to the transmitter, a special mono-block LiNbO3 crystal is added into the round-trip light beams. High-voltage pulses with the sharp enough changes in rising edges are loaded on the crystal. Based on electro-optic effect, double refraction and internal double reflection effect in crystal, the crystal cuts off the round-trip light beams, and reflects a light pulse cut out by the crystal to a detector aside from the original beam path. The pulse width T is the period that laser propagates forward and back between the crystal and the target. The feasibility of the new idea is proved by our experiments and a brand-new way for the laser ranging is provided. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Electromagnetic decay of the 1.7- and 2.43-MeV levels in ^9Be

The 1.7- and 2.43-MeV levels in ⁹Be were populated with the reaction ¹¹B(d, α)⁹Be* by bombarding thin boron on carbon foils with 1.7-MeV deuterons. The alpha particles were analyzed in energy with a surface-barrier counter set at the unique kinematically determined angle and the recoiling ⁹Be nuclei at 90^o were analyzed in rigidity with a magnetic spectrometer, in energy by a surface-barrier counter at the spectrometer focus, and in velocity by the time delay between an alpha and a ⁹Be count. When a pulse from the spectrometer counter was in the appropriate delayed coincidence with a pulse from the alpha counter, the two pulses were recorded in a two-dimensional pulse height analyzer. Most of the ⁹Be* decay by particle breakup. Only those that gamma decay are detected by the spectrometer counter. Thus the experiment provides a direct measurement of Γ_rad/Γ. Analysis of 384 observed events gives Γ_rad/Γ = (1.16 ± 0.14) X 10^-4 for the 2.43-MeV level. Combining this ratio with the value of Γ_rad = 0.122 ± 0.015 eV found from inelastic electron scattering gives Γ = (1.05 ± 0.18) keV. For the 1.7-MeV level, an upper limit, Γ_rad/Γ ≤ 2.4 = 10^-5, was determined.

Diffraction properties of volume holographic gratings for an ultrashort pulsed beam with different polarization states readout

The diffraction properties of volume holographic gratings are studied when the gratings are illuminated by an ultrashort pulsed beam with different polarization states. The developed coupled wave theory of Kogelnik is used. Considering the dispersion effect of the grating media, solutions for the diffracted and transmitted intensities, diffraction efficiencies and the bandwidths of the gratings are given in transmission volume holographic gratings and reflection volume holographic gratings. The bandwidths of the gratings are reduced by the dispersion effect of the grating media. They also have different influences on the diffraction of an ultrashort pulsed beam with different polarization states. For different values of the ratio of the spectral bandwidth of the input pulse to that of the grating, the changes of the spectral and temporal distributions of the diffracted intensities, as well as the diffraction efficiencies of the gratings are shown.

Microoptical research in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics

This paper summarized the recent research results of Changhe Zhou's group of Information Optics Lab in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM). The first is about the Talbot self-imaging research. We have found the symmetry rule, the regular-rearranged neighboring phase difference rule and the prime-number decamping rule, which is briefly summarized in a recent educational publication of Optics and Photonics News, pp.46-50, November 2004. The second is about four novel microoptical gratings designed and fabricated in SIOM. The third is about the design and fabrication of novel supperresolution phase plates for beam shaping and possible use in optical storage. The fourth is to develop novel femtosecond laser information processing techniques by incorporating microoptical elements, for example, use of a pair of reflective Dammann gratings for splitting the femtosecond laser pulses. The most attractive feature of this approach is that the conventional beam splitter is avoided. The conventional beam splitter would introduce the unequal dispersion due to the broadband spectrum of ultrashort laser pulses, which will affect the splitting result. We implemented the Dammann splitting apparatus by using two-layered reflective Dammann gratings, which generates the almost same array without angular dispersion. We believe that our device is highly interesting for splitting femtosecond laser pulses.

Experimental study of the FemtoTalbot effect

Experimental investigation of Talbot self-imaging effect of an amplitude grating under illumination of femtosecond laser pulse -- the FemtoTalbot effect is reported. Theoretical analyzed results show that Talbot images under illumination of femtosecond laser pulses are not the same as that under continuous wave illumination. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. We believe that the experimental investigation of the FemtoTalbot effect is highly interesting for the enormous potential applications of Talbot effect.

基于频域相位共轭技术的交叉相位调制所致失真的复原

理论分析和讨论了基于频域相位共轭技术的交叉相位调制所致信号失真的复原和补偿机理，数值模拟了在交叉相位调制作用下，高斯脉冲在中距相位共轭光纤系统中的传输演化过程．结果表明，频域相位共轭技术能够抑制交叉相位调制对光纤系统中传输信号的损害，复原其所导致的信号失真，并能够同步补偿群速度色散和自相位调制非线性效应所导致的信号失真．合适的初始脉冲时延和初始脉冲啁啾有利于频域相位共轭技术对交叉相位调制所致信号失真的抑制．

自陡峭效应对相位共轭系统脉冲传输的影响

光学相位共轭(OPC)技术能够同时且高效地补偿光纤传输过程中色散及非线性效应所导致的信号失真，且该技术同脉冲调制方式无关。从理论上分析了在自陡峭效应(SS)作用下高斯脉冲信号在中距相位共轭系统中的传输演化特性，数值模拟了在其作用下超短飞秒高斯脉冲的动态传输过程，讨论了自陡峭效应对中距相位共轭系统复原性能的影响。结果表明自陡峭效应将导致高斯脉冲信号发生峰值漂移和脉冲后沿变陡，相位共轭系统不能补偿由此导致的脉冲失真和畸变。引入合适的色散可以减小这种信号失真，并使得相位共轭系统能够同时补偿由于色散、自相位调制和

Measuring temporal fluctuation on femtosecond scale in a random medium

We report an observation of femtosecond optical fluctuations of transmitted light when a coherent femtosecond pulse propagates through a random medium. They are a result of random interference among scattered waves coming from different trajectories in the time domain. Temporal fluctuations are measured by using cross-correlated frequency optical gating. It is shown that a femtosecond pulse will be broadened and distorted in pulse shape while it is propagating in random medium. The real and imaginary components of transmitted electric field are also distorted severely. The average of the fluctuated transmission pulses yields a smooth profile, probability functions show good agreement with Gaussian distribution. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Melatonina, isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases e estresse oxidante em pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

O oxigênio é fundamental para os vertebrados. No entanto, variações dos níveis de oxigênio na água podem provocar estresse oxidante em peixes porque privação de oxigênio seguida de reoxigenação forma espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) em células. Níveis intracelulares de ERO aumentados favorecem que moléculas de proteínas, fosfolipídios e ácidos nucleicos sofram alterações, vindo a prejudicar muitas funções celulares. No Pantanal, habitat do pacu, o nível de oxigênio varia circadianamente na água das lagoas rasas que acabam isoladas dos rios na seca. O pacu evoluiu sob a pressão contínua da exposição aos efeitos prejudiciais das ERO causados pelos pulsos de inundação. A melatonina, uma indolamina produzida na glândula pineal, influencia os níveis de atividade de enzimas antioxidantes que reduzem ERO, além de ser capaz de doar elétrons ou captar radicais livres de forma não enzimática. Os níveis de melatonina no pacu são mais altos no verão e menores no inverno. Isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases que conjugam o tripetídeo glutationa com o 4-hidroxinonenal, aldeído derivado da peroxidação de ácidos graxos por ERO, são importantes para evitar alteração funcional de proteínas por ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal à sua estrutura. Neste trabalho procuramos relação entre estresse oxidante, níveis de atividades de glutationa S-transferase e melatonina, para estabelecer se a melatonina ajudaria pacus a superar os efeitos deletérios das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Ensaiamos atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases no citosol de fígado de pacus mantidos em normoxia, hipoxia, reoxigenação e hiperoxia no inverno e no verão. Medimos o efeito da melatonina in vitro e in vivo sobre as atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. Medimos os efeitos do estresse oxidante sobre a ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas nos fígados de pacus tratados com melatonina. Somente as isoenzimas que conjugam 4-hidroxinonenal com glutationa mostraram menor atividade no inverno em relação ao verão; outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases não alteram suas atividades sazonalmente. In vitro a melatonina não alterou a atividade de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal, mas inibiu outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. In vivo a melatonina aumentou a atividade encontrada no inverno das isoenzimas que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal para os níveis do verão. A ligação de 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas foi menor em pacus inoculados com melatonina. Nossos resultados mostram que a melatonina pode influenciar os efeitos de ERO em fígado de pacus. Ficou claro que a melatonina do plasma mantém os níveis de atividade conjugadora de 4-hidroxinonenal do fígado em pacus e que a baixa produção de melatonina no inverno não é adequada para a conjugação do 4-hidroxinonenal em fígado de pacus.

频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲

阐述了频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲的原理，详细分析了模式尺寸效应和非线性效应对飞秒脉冲测量的影响。构建了一台用于飞秒脉冲测量的二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关装置，利用该装置对谐振腔输出的飞秒脉冲及压缩后的脉冲进行了测量。得到了飞秒脉冲的时间宽度及光谱宽度、电场及其相位在时域和频域的详细信息。谐振腔直接输出脉冲的时间宽度为56 fs，光谱宽度为27 nm，时间带宽积为0.686，算法中的最小误差为0.001792。脉冲压缩后的测量结果为27 fs，光谱宽度为92 nm，时间带宽积为1.27，算法误差为0.00