Simulation of moisture profiles in a Latossol in Dourados region, in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The understanding of unsaturated soil water flow at process-level is essential to develop proper management actions for environmental protection in agricultural systems. One important tool for simulation of soil water flow that has been used worldwide is the SWAP model. The aim of this work was to test and to calibrate the SWAP model by inverse modeling to describe moisture profiles in a Brazilian very clayey Latossol in Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The SWAP model was tested in an experimental field of 0.09 ha cultivated with soybean and soil profiles were sampled eight times between December 2006 and October 2007. The SWAP input values (i.e. soil water retention curves and meteorological data) were based on in-situ measurements. Simulations with uncalibrated soil water retention curves resulted in moisture profiles that were too wet for almost all sampling dates, in particular between 0-10 cm depth. After calibration of soil water retention curves, there was a good improvement in the simulated moisture profiles, which were within the range of measured values for almost all depths and sampling dates.

Sensibility analysis of the pearl model for pesticide leaching in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

For an accurate use of pesticide leaching models it is necessary to assess the sensitivity of input parameters. The aim of this work was to carry out sensitivity analysis of the pesticide leaching model PEARL for contrasting soil types of Dourados river watershed in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sensitivity analysis was done by carrying out many simulations with different input parameters and calculating their influence on the output values. The approach used was called one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis, which consists in varying independently input parameters one at a time and keeping all others constant with the standard scenario. Sensitivity analysis was automated using SESAN tool that was linked to the PEARL model. Results have shown that only soil characteristics influenced the simulated water flux resulting in none variation of this variable for scenarios with different pesticides and same soil. All input parameters that showed the greatest sensitivity with regard to leached pesticide are related to soil and pesticide properties. Sensitivity of all input parameters was scenario dependent, confirming the need of using more than one standard scenario for sensitivity analysis of pesticide leaching models.

Spatial variability of the rainfall erosive potential in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Information about rainfall erosivity is important during soil and water conservation planning. Thus, the spatial variability of rainfall erosivity of the state Mato Grosso do Sul was analyzed using ordinary kriging interpolation. For this, three pluviograph stations were used to obtain the regression equations between the erosivity index and the rainfall coefficient EI30. The equations obtained were applied to 109 pluviometric stations, resulting in EI30 values. These values were analyzed from geostatistical technique, which can be divided into: descriptive statistics, adjust to semivariogram, cross-validation process and implementation of ordinary kriging to generate the erosivity map.Highest erosivity values were found in central and northeast regions of the State, while the lowest values were observed in the southern region. In addition, high annual precipitation values not necessarily produce higher erosivity values.

Formation of beetroot seedlings in different protected environments, substrates and containers in Aquidauana region, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

This study with beetroot seedlings, cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder, was carried out at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS/Aquidauana), from October to November 2008. Three environments of cultivation were used: greenhouse; nursery with monofilament screen of 50 % of shading; and nursery with aluminized thermal reflective screen of 50% of shading. In these environments, three polystyrene trays of 72, 128 and 200 cells, filled with four substrates, were tested: soil; Plantmax®; coconut fiber and vermiculite. There were no replication environments and then each one was considered an experiment alone. For each environment, it was adopted a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 3x4 (three trays x four substrates), with four replications, performing individual analysis of variance and joint analysis of experiments for environment comparisons. The monofilament screen is the best environment for seedlings produced in tray of 72 cells, and the greenhouse was the best environment for seedlings produced in trays of 128 cells. The best seedlings were formed in the tray of 72 cells. Vermiculite was the best substrate.

Potential of utilization of rain water excess for irrigation of green roofs in Mato Grosso, Brasil

The aim of this study was to identify the relation between the evapotranspirometer demand and the supply of water from local rainfall, evaluating the possibility of using water excess for irrigation of Green Roofs in the State of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. The study was done using a series of historical data provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET - Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia) which has official climatological stations in 12 cities and regions of the State. The evapotranspiration values were obtained by the Penman-Monteith method and by the Climatic Water Balance (CWB) by the Thornthwaite and Mather method using Available Water Capacity (AWC) of 12mm. With the CWB the excess and deficit were calculated, which were used for the estimative of the volume and area of a reservoir as a function of a collector area of a roof of 100m² and the volume of supplementary water for irrigation. With the obtained results, it was found that in most investigated regions of the State the use of green roofs is not compromised by the water deficiency. On the other hand, the use of a reservoir to accumulate the rain water excess may be impractical, because it requires a considerable area for installation and also because of the high cost of the land.

Method adjustment and equation set of maximum rainfall intensity, duration and frequency in the Mato Grosso do Sul State

Due to the lack of information concerning maximum rainfall equations for most locations in Mato Grosso do Sul State, the alternative for carrying out hydraulic work projects has been information from meteorological stations closest to the location in which the project is carried out. Alternative methods, such as 24 hours rain disaggregation method from rainfall data due to greater availability of stations and longer observations can work. Based on this approach, the objective of this study was to estimate maximum rainfall equations for Mato Grosso do Sul State by adjusting the 24 hours rain disaggregation method, depending on data obtained from rain gauge stations from Dourado and Campo Grande. For this purpose, data consisting of 105 rainfall stations were used, which are available in the ANA (Water Resources Management National Agency) database. Based on the results we concluded: the intense rainfall equations obtained by pluviogram analysis showed determination coefficient above 99%; and the performance of 24 hours rain disaggregation method was classified as excellent, based on relative average error WILMOTT concordance index (1982).

KNOWLEDGE ON ADJUVANT PROPERTIES, DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDERESIDUES AND SPRAY DRIFT OCCURRENCE IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO

ABSTRACT This paper aimed at investigating the knowledge level of people working on pesticide spraying activities concerning spray adjuvant properties, as well as collecting information on disposal locations for residues from internal spray tank cleaning, and finally the understanding of pesticide spray drift occurrence in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The information was gathered through a questionnaire answered by participants of a rural extension program in application technology located in nineteen grain and fiber producing regions of Mato Grosso state. Among the mentioned adjuvants, 49.0% belonged to the mineral oil class and 17.9% of participants did not know the functions performed by such products. In addition, 58.5% of the participants discarded residues into the field. Among the participants who answered the question about spray drift occurrence causes, 54.1% indicated problems relating to inadequate weather conditions. In conclusion, there is a lack of knowledge on adjuvant functions, besides of inappropriate residue disposal in the state of Mato Grosso. Spray drift was referred as a problem; however, most of participants were not able to discuss the causes of these losses.

Infecção pelo vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas e transmissão vertical em gestantes de estado da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a prevalência, características epidemiológicas (idade e procedência) e a taxa de transmissão vertical da infecção pelo HTLV I/II em gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal de acordo com o Programa de Proteção à Gestante do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu 32.512 gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Todas as gestantes da amostra foram submetidas aos testes sorológicos pelo método ELISA para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HTLV, sendo os casos positivos confirmados pelos métodos Western blot e/ou PCR. O diagnóstico neonatal de infecção congênita foi realizado pela pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HTLV I/II confirmados por Western blot e PCR. A relação entre as variáveis (idade e procedência) foi avaliada pelo teste do chi2, em tabelas de dupla entrada, considerando p<0,05 para rejeição das hipóteses de nulidade (não existência da associação entre a idade materna e infecção pelo HTLV I/II e associação entre procedência e positividade para a infecção pelo HTLV I/II.). RESULTADOS: encontrou-se prevalência de 0,1% de gestantes infectadas pelo HTLV I/II (37) dentre as 32.512 pacientes triadas. A média de idade das gestantes infectadas pelo HTLV foi de 25,4±6,4 anos, sendo que houve predomínio de pacientes procedentes do interior do estado (78,4%). Não houve associação da idade com faixa etária materna e procedência. Apenas 8 (21,6% da amostra) recém-nascidos foram avaliados quanto à presença da infecção congênita pelo HTLV I/II, todos com infecção congênita confirmada. Apenas 1 recém-nascido (9%) recebeu amamentação natural. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV I/II em gestantes sul-matogrossenses foi menor que os valores encontrados em estudos com gestantes de países endêmicos. No entanto, esteve próximo às taxas encontradas em países considerados não endêmicos e em alguns estudos brasileiros. A transmissão vertical ocorreu em 100% da amostra avaliada, mesmo a amamentação sendo proscrita. Verificou-se a necessidade de aprimorar o seguimento das gestantes e seus recém-nascidos no estado, uma vez que a minoria dos recém-nascidos foram investigados quanto à ocorrência de transmissão vertical do HTLV.

Intoxicação de bovinos por Tetrapterys multiglandulosa (Malpighiaceae) em Mato Grosso do Sul

São descritos dois surtos da intoxicação espontânea por Tetrapterys multiglandulosa em bovinos e a reprodução experimental da toxicose em ovinos. Os dois surtos espontâneos ocorreram na mesma fazenda localizada no município de Bataiporã, Mato Grosso do Sul. O primeiro surto ocorreu em julho-outubro de 2004 e envolveu uma população bovina sob risco de 290 vacas prenhes que haviam sido introduzidas em um pasto de 60 hectares onde havia uma área de reserva legal, altamente infestada por T. multiglandulosa. Dessas, 230 vacas (79,3%) abortaram, pariram natimortos ou bezerros fracos que morreram alguns dias após o nascimento. Sete vacas adultas morreram. Uma vaca e um bezerro de 10 dias foram necropsiados. O segundo surto ocorreu em setembro-outubro de 2005, 40 dias após 285 novilhas de dois anos de idade terem sido introduzidas no mesmo pasto infestado por T. multiglandulosa onde ocorrera o primeiro surto no ano anterior. Nove novilhas adoeceram e morreram; três foram necropsiadas. Os sinais clínicos dos bovinos afetados, incluindo um bezerro de 10 dias de idade, consistiam de acentuada letargia, emagrecimento com distensão do abdômen (ascite), edema subcutâneo de declive, ingurgitamento e pulso venoso da jugular, dispnéia e arritmia cardíaca. Os achados de necropsia incluíam corações globosos e com câmaras cardíacas dilatadas, áreas brancas e firmes no miocárdio e alterações relacionadas a insuficiência cardíaca como edemas cavitários, fígado de noz-moscada, edema pulmonar e grande coágulo no ventrículo esquerdo. As alterações histopatológicas incluíam necrose e fibrose do miocárdio, congestão centrolobular passiva crônica do fígado, edema pulmonar e degeneração esponjosa da substância branca do encéfalo. Os ovinos do experimento morreram 29 (Ovino 1) e 35 (Ovino 2) dias após terem recebido as folhas de T. multiglandulosa nas doses médias diárias de 14 g/kg (Ovino 1) e 7,5 g/kg (Ovino 2). O aparecimento dos sinais clínicos ocorreu a partir do 7º dia (Ovino 1) e do 4º dia (Ovino 2) de experimento e incluíam taquicardia e arritmia, letargia e pressão da cabeça contra objetos. Os achados de necropsia e histopatologia em ambos os ovinos experimentais foram estreitamente semelhantes aos observados nos bovinos afetados nos dois surtos espontâneos.

Evidência sorológica de Pneumovírus aviário em lotes de frangos de corte em municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul

O Pneumovírus aviário (PVA) é um importante patógeno respiratório que acomete galinhas reprodutoras e frangos de corte. Apesar da importância econômica da pneumovirose não ter sido bem elucidada em frangos de corte, sabe-se que a infecção pode induzir a formação de anticorpos específicos nestas aves, e tais reações sorológicas podem servir de base ao conhecimento da epidemiologia das infecções pelo PVA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra PVA em lotes de frangos de corte em municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul. Quinhentos e trinta e seis soros sanguíneos oriundos de 54 lotes de frangos de corte com idade entre 42 e 51 dias de idade foram testados com um ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) disponível comercialmente. Os resultados demonstraram 330 (61,6%) amostras negativas, 108 (20,1%) suspeitas e 98 (18,3%) positivas para presença de anticorpos contra PVA. Do total de lotes analisados, 49 (90,7%) foram caracterizados como positivos ou suspeitos. O percentual de lotes positivos ou suspeitos foi semelhante entre lotes de frangos de corte com faixa etária entre 42 e 46 dias e entre 47 e 51 dias nos meses de verão e inverno. A maioria dos lotes de frangos de corte foi considerada como positiva independentemente do tipo de aviário de criação (convencional, semi-climatizado ou climatizado). Concluiu-se que há forte evidência indicando a circulação de PVA em lotes de frangos de corte nos municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os percentuais de resultados positivos foram semelhantes nos lotes de frangos de corte em ambas as idades e épocas do ano analisadas. Independentemente do tipo de aviário de criação constatou-se a presença de frangos de corte soropositivos para o PVA.

Trypanosoma vivax infection dynamics in a cattle herd maintained in a transition area between Pantanal lowlands and highlands of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Trypanosoma vivax outbreaks in beef cattle in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, causes relevant economical impact due to weight loss, abortion and mortality. Cattle moved from the Pantanal to adjacent areas of this ecosystem for breeding and fattening is a common feature. Therefore an epidemiological study on breeding cows in the transition area between Pantanal lowland and adjacent highlands of Mato Grosso do Sul was performed to determine the T. vivax infection dynamics and outbreak risk. Three experimental groups were formed: Group 1 consisted of cows parasitologically negative by the Woo test and in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for T. vivax antibody detection (Tv-ELISA-Ab); Group 2 parasitologically negative and positive in the Tv-ELISA-Ab; and in Group 3 cows were parasitologically positive and with positive reactions in the Tv-ELISA-Ab. During 24 months, the cows' dislodgment between the above established groups was monitored by Woo test and Tv-ELISA-Ab exams. The tabanid population was also monitored and the highest number occurred during the rainy season. Although parasitemias were detected only in the first four samplings of the experimental period, the cows could be considered as trypanotolerant, because no clinical signs were observed. Despite the higher T. vivax incidence during the dry season, no disease symptoms were seen. Even though T. vivax epidemiological situation in the herd was characterized as endemic with seasonal variation, the probability of outbreaks was null within the conditions of the study.

Surtos por Stomoxys calcitrans em gado de corte no Mato Grosso do Sul

A expansão da indústria sucroalcooleira tem levado à instalação de usinas de álcool em áreas tradicionalmente ocupadas pela pecuária de corte na região Centro-Oeste do País. Surtos pela mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans) em bovinos Nelore têm sido relatados nos últimos dois anos em Mato Grosso do Sul, associados a estas usinas. Visitas em propriedades pecuárias e usinas foram realizadas em meados de novembro 2009, ao final de surtos por S. calcitrans ocorridos nos municípios de Angélica e Ponta Porã, MS. Entrevistas, observações e coletas de imaturos de dípteros foram realizadas nos locais e o material entomológico coletado foi levado ao laboratório para posterior emergência. Elevadas infestações pela mosca-dos-estábulos e comportamento de agrupamento dos bovinos foram observados. Sítios de reprodução foram encontrados nos locais e a emergência de S. calcitrans foi constatada nas amostras coletadas tanto nas fazendas como nas usinas. O conjunto de informações, observações in loco e resultados das amostragens possibilitaram realizar uma abordagem epidemiológica preliminar sobre a dinâmica dos referidos surtos por S. calcitrans e discutir potenciais fatores de risco.

Turgida turgida (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) parasitic in white-bellied opossum, Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Turgida turgida have been largely reported parasitizing Didelphis species in North and South America based on light microscopy observation. However, the features that differentiate T. turgida from other physalopterid species should be observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A female white-bellied opossum, Didelphis albiventris, arrived dead at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres (CRAS) in the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. During the necropsy, adult nematodes were collected from stomach and intestine. The nematodes were determined to be adult specimens and submitted to SEM for the species determination. This is the first report of T. turgida confirmed by SEM in the Neotropical region and the first report in an urban area in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Interstitial nephritis of slaughtered pigs in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

This study evaluated histological lesions in kidney samples from pigs with nephritis in two slaughterhouses in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Four hundred samples were subjected to histology, anti-porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) immunohistochemistry (IHC), anti-Leptospira sp. immunofluorescence (IF), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PCV2, porcine parvovirus (PPV), and Torque teno virus type 1 and 2 (TTV1, TTV2) detection. Histological lesions were found in 81% of the samples, and mononuclear interstitial nephritis was the most frequent lesion (77.50%). A follicular pattern was observed in 40.97% of the interstitial nephritis lesions. PCV2, PPV, TTV1, and TTV2 were identified in the kidneys by PCR in 27.25%, 28.50%, 94%, and 87.5% of the samples, respectively. Leptospira sp. was not detected through IF. Infection by PCV2 (PCR) and the presence of histological lesions (P=0.008) and giant cells (P=0.0016) were significantly associated. An association was observed between the TTV2-TTV1 co-infection (P<0.0001) and the risk for pathogenesis. These findings indicated that PCV2, PPV, TTV1, and TTV2 were widely distributed among pigs in the local farms and that the presence of these agents should be considered in the differential diagnosis of kidneys with interstitial nephritis in pigs.