Traduire l’invisible ou l’inquiétante étrangeté de la traduction

The solving of emotional and mental references and their translation to other languages demands from the translator the perfect understanding of every element of the culture which operates the language of the text that needs to be translated. However, this task often proves to be very hard or even impossible to accomplish, therefore the translator gives preference to some aspects over others in the process. The study tries to complete this typical poetics with the epistemology of the translating act and regards translation as a critical life situation, especially when the translator is faced with a fantastic literary material. This is because the translator arrives at the psychological state of inquiétante étrangeté, which is known from the classic theories of Freud and representatives of fantastic literature. That state is characterized by an uncertainty and fear towards the inexpicable phenomenon in the scope of the real world.

Emotion recognition in multiple sclerosis

The effect of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the ability to identify emotional expressions in faces was investigated, and possible associations with patients’ characteristics were explored. 56 non-demented MS patients and 56 healthy subjects (HS) with similar demographic characteristics performed an emotion recognition task (ERT), the Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT), and answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Additionally, MS patients underwent a neurological examination and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The ERT consisted of 42 pictures of faces (depicting anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral expressions) from the NimStim set. An iViewX high-speed eye tracker was used to record eye movements during ERT. The fixation times were calculated for two regions of interest (i.e., eyes and rest of the face). No significant differences were found between MS and HC on ERT’s behavioral and oculomotor measures. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between ERT’s behavioral performance and demographic, clinical, psychopathological, and cognitive measures.

As migrações : uma leitura política e uma visão humanista

Ao ter como base geral de pesquisa – A Europa diante do fenómeno migratório - a procura de uma nova Humanização – o objectivo deste trabalho consistiu na análise de algumas formas de manifestação e do impacto deste fenómeno nas sociedades democráticas inseridas nesse espaço. A consciência que as migrações têm seguido a história do mundo e as civilizações e que a sua análise permite avaliar o destino de seres humanos que partem em busca de soluções para as suas vidas. A convicção que a configuração das migrações tem um amplo significado social, cultural e económico e que uma política de imigração fechada, repressiva ou redutora do seu verdadeiro significado pode dividir a Humanidade. O receio que gera a continuidade de uma visão unilateral do Mundo e o esquecimento das condições existenciais difíceis de alguns países de emigração. A renúncia de alguns em escutar um discurso carecido de autenticidade e em apoiar um diálogo comprometido com alguns pressupostos ideológicos pouco claros. O desejo de participar na denúncia da propagação de atitudes facilitadoras dos sentimentos racistas e xenófobos. O repúdio pelo desnorteamento ontológico traduzido pela defesa de certas atitudes persecutórias infringidas aos imigrantes clandestinos. A adopção de uma política basicamente norteada pelo controlo das fronteiras e pela exploração económica dos imigrantes. A indignação pelo esquecimento ou negligência na vigilância e aplicação dos direitos fundamentais, em concreto, o direito ao uso da liberdade, a uma vida familiar normal, situações que lesam muitos. Foram, em suma, as razões que motivaram o trabalho. Porque, igualmente o exercício da cidadania e a inserção num espaço mundial em transformação requerem a actualização da leitura das relações dos homens entre eles e com as formas espaciais; porque o papel dos imigrantes na economia contemporânea é sentido como algo fundamental, e também a importância do seu lugar na estratégia de um desenvolvimento sustentável deve ser demonstrada e respeitada, desejou-se partilhar com outros a oportunidade de defender a participação colectiva sob princípios e premissas mais humanistas, e considerados fundamentais, para a construção de uma política de imigração digna, mais abrangente e indutora de pontes abertas e não de áreas amuralhadas.

As relações lusófonas e o Acordo Ortográfico

No contexto internacional é de considerar que, no que tange a uma maior interacção entre os povos, é necessário ter em conta que a propagação da língua é factor-chave. A língua faz com que os povos se entendam e construam conhecimentos, pois, no contacto de culturas, o pensar, o agir, o falar e o conviver, ao mesmo tempo que diferenciam, também servem para unir os mais distintos povos, sendo que não se deve recear essas diferenças ou diversidades culturais porque não representam uma ameaça. No que concerne à língua, a utilização de um idioma comum – o português – deve ser encarada como um elo de comunicação entre os vários países e povos lusófonos, a exemplo daquilo que se passa com o inglês e o francês nas respectivas comunidades. A língua portuguesa oferece um vasto leque de possibilidades, ou seja, possui um potencial muito forte e ligado a vários sectores, desde o económico, o social, o cultural e jurídico até ao técnico-científico. Porém, para que a língua portuguesa se venha a universalizar, acredita-se que seja necessária uma maior vontade política por parte dos governantes.

Terrorism, cosmopolitanism and globalization: Joseph O'Neill's Netherland and Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist

This paper examines two “9/11 novels,” Joseph O’Neill’s Netherland (2008) and Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007). Written by writers of different backgrounds but with similarly cosmopolitan career paths, both novels attempt to achieve a transnational perspective on the climate of fear created by the 9/11 attacks. Both novels unveil a history of violence which links colonial legacy and new imperial formations resulting from neoliberal capitalism, ultimately highlighting difficulties in forging an encompassing cosmopolitan perspective at a time of international insecurity.

Frente a negras pasiones… una pasión negra: claves para entender la vigencia del pensamiento (afro) latinoamericanista de Juan Montalvo (Estudios)

El autor relee algunas propuestas culturales de los ensayos de Montalvo. Comienza por defender el rasgo de la polémica, en cuanto una herramienta estética y ética: la emplea con afán literario –en el mismo estilo de Sarmiento, González Prada, entre otros– y también como escritor vinculado a la política militante, para incentivar así a una audiencia poco letrada. En su pensamiento, señala oscilaciones entre ideas europeizantes, hispanoamericanistas y claramente latinoamericanistas. Hay coincidencias entre Montalvo y Pedro Henríquez Ureña al pensar lo latinoamericano, su noción se mueve entre aquella de lo nacional y del sujeto popular (vínculos con Martí y Bello). Considera a la nación como una totalidad cooperativa, en una propuesta anticolonial, de carácter republicano: donde prevalecieran la libertad de opinión, la fraternidad, y la democracia. Analiza las ideas de Montalvo sobre las masas populares, destacando el rasgo humanista en las acepciones de civilización y barbarie (que sería lo opuesto a la paz que se obtiene por el respeto y no por el miedo a los gobernantes o a la Iglesia). Montalvo aboga por la creación de un pueblo virtuoso a partir del trabajo y de un equilibrio entre la razón y los placeres, justifica la necesidad de la ilustración popular y de que un héroe guíe al pueblo (no que lo esclavice). Sin embargo, al momento de definir las clases sociales significativamente no considera las nociones de casta. Al referirse al pueblo afro, vuelve a sostener que es la esclavitud la que los coloca en una situación inferior, insistiendo en que no existe una inferioridad innata.

Fragmentos de un discurso no amoroso: Thomas Jefferson y la América Hispana. Una aproximación a las relaciones sur-norte (Estudios)

A lo largo del siglo XIX, el pensamiento de Thomas Jefferson fue un punto de encuentro entre Hispanoamérica y los Estados Unidos. Esas aproximaciones estuvieron cruzadas al mismo tiempo por un sentido de admiración y por una serie de temores. Este ensayo reúne y analiza algunos de los fragmentos en que la imagen de Jefferson, su pensamiento y sus escritos evidencian esa relación ambigua en escritores decimonónicos clave como Andrés Bello, Domingo Sarmiento y Esteban Echeverría. Por otra parte, el ensayo reúne fragmentos de las cartas escritas por Jefferson a Alexander von Humboldt, en las que manifiesta su escaso interés por las independencias hispanoamericanas y su desconocimiento sobre los procesos ilustrados que allí se habían desarrollado.

The French Constitutional Council as the Rottweiler of the Republican Ideal in the Language Field: Does Jurisprudence Really Reflect Reality? EDAP 03/2012, 2012

France is known for being a champion of individual rights as well as for its overt hostility to any form of group rights. Linguistic pluralism in the public sphere is rejected for fear of babelization and Balkanization of the country. Over recent decades the Conseil Constitutionnel (CC) has, together with the Conseil d’État, remained arguably the strongest defender of this Jacobin ideal in France. In this article, I will discuss the role of France’s restrictive language policy through the prism of the CC’s jurisprudence. Overall, I will argue that the CC made reference to the (Jacobin) state-nation concept, a concept that is discussed in the first part of the paper, in order to fight the revival of regional languages in France over recent decades. The clause making French the official language in 1992 was functional to this policy. The intriguing aspect is that in France the CC managed to standardise France’s policy vis-à-vis regional and minority languages through its jurisprudence; an issue discussed in the second part of the paper. But in those regions with a stronger tradition of identity, particularly in the French overseas territories, the third part of the paper argues, normative reality has increasingly become under pressure. Therefore, a discrepancy between the ‘law in courts’ and the compliance with these decisions (‘law in action’) has been emerging over recent years. Amid some signs of opening of France to minorities, this contradiction delineates a trend that might well continue in future.

Crocodile crimes: people versus wildlife and the politics of postcolonial conservation on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

This article is about the politics of conservation in postcolonial Southern Africa. It focuses on the process and consequences of redefining the Nile crocodile as an endangered species and explores the linked local and international, commercial and conservationist interests that allowed the animal to re-establish itself in state-protected waterways in colonial and postcolonial contexts. It investigates the effects of the animal's successful re-accommodation by examining conflicts between crocodiles and the fishing communities sharing space on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Fishermen's hostile representations of the animal emphasize competition for fish, harassment, fear, loss of assets and loss of life. Their fear of crocodiles is heightened by the animal's entanglement in local social life, through its association with witchcraft. The article emphasizes the importance of considering both hegemonic and marginalized ideas about animals in the light of the material interactions, relations of power and historical contexts that shape them. Understanding the attitudes and circumstances of the local communities who bear the physical and economic costs of living with dangerous animals is important-it threatens the future of conservation programmes and reveals the potential for significant abuses to accompany the conservation of wildlife in postcolonial contexts. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Remaking place and securitising space: Urban regeneration and the strategies, tactics and practices of policing in the UK

Urban regeneration programmes in the UK over the past 20 years have increasingly focused on attracting investors, middle-class shoppers and visitors by transforming places and creating new consumption spaces. Ensuring that places are safe and are seen to be safe has taken on greater salience as these flows of income are easily disrupted by changing perceptions of fear and the threat of crime. At the same time, new technologies and policing strategies and tactics have been adopted in a number of regeneration areas which seek to establish control over these new urban spaces. Policing space is increasingly about controlling human actions through design, surveillance technologies and codes of conduct and enforcement. Regeneration agencies and the police now work in partnerships to develop their strategies. At its most extreme, this can lead to the creation of zero-tolerance, or what Smith terms 'revanchist', measures aimed at particular social groups in an effort to sanitise space in the interests of capital accumulation. This paper, drawing on an examination of regeneration practices and processes in one of the UK's fastest-growing urban areas, Reading in Berkshire, assesses policing strategies and tactics in the wake of a major regeneration programme. It documents and discusses the discourses of regeneration that have developed in the town and the ways in which new urban spaces have been secured. It argues that, whilst security concerns have become embedded in institutional discourses and practices, the implementation of security measures has been mediated, in part, by the local socio-political relations in and through which they have been developed.

Nitrosospira spp. can produce nitrous oxide via a nitrifier denitrification pathway

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from soils is a major contributor to the atmospheric loading of this potent greenhouse gas. It is thought that autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are a significant source of soil-derived N2O and a denitrification pathway (i.e. reduction of NO2- to NO and N2O), so-called nitrifier denitrification, has been demonstrated as a N2O production mechanism in Nitrosomonas europaea. It is thought that Nitrosospira spp. are the dominant AOB in soil, but little information is available on their ability to produce N2O or on the existence of a nitrifier denitrification pathway in this lineage. This study aims to characterize N2O production and nitrifier denitrification in seven strains of AOB representative of clusters 0, 2 and 3 in the cultured Nitrosospira lineage. Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 and ATCC 25978 were analysed for comparison. The aerobically incubated test strains produced significant (P < 0.001) amounts of N2O and total N2O production rates ranged from 2.0 amol cell(-1) h(-1), in Nitrosospira tenuis strain NV12, to 58.0 amol cell(-1) h(-1), in N. europaea ATCC 19718. Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 was atypical in that it produced four times more N2O than the next highest producing strain. All AOB tested were able to carry out nitrifier denitrification under aerobic conditions, as determined by production of N-15-N2O from applied N-15-NO2-. Up to 13.5% of the N2O produced was derived from the exogenously applied N-15-NO2-. The results suggest that nitrifier denitrification could be a universal trait in the betaproteobacterial AOB and its potential ecological significance is discussed.

Management of grass weeds in overwintering stubbles

With uncertainty concerning the future of set-aside, over-wintering stubble is an attractive management option within the agri-environment scheme. Over-wintering stubbles could be included as part of rotational set-aside, benefiting farmland biodiversity. However, there is little research on managing stubbles to maximise weed seed loss, so farmers may be reluctant to adopt this option for fear of increased weed infestation. The purpose of this investigation is to develop effective management of over-wintering stubbles to minimise pernicious grass weeds in sequential crops, whilst maintaining beneficial species diversity. Research has focused on four annual grass-weeds (Alopecurus myosuroides, Anisantha sterilis, Bromus commutatus and Lolium multiflorum) of increased occurrence and/or resistance to herbicides. Hitherto, work has concentrated on the effects of stubble manipulation on weed seed germination and mortality, in particular by straw spreading or removal after harvest. The dynamics of artificially inoculated weed populations were monitored from harvest until early spring. Results obtained indicate that where straw is retained on the soil surface, it provides a favourable microclimate for seed depletion of Anisantha sterilis and Bromus commutatus through germination. Conversely, greater depletion of Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium multiflorum seed occurred from stubbles in which a straw layer was absent. Seed recovery work provided evidence that most seeds remaining ungerminated throughout the trial period were still viable, but a large proportion of the seeds sown were unaccounted for. As these species are not generally favoured as a food source, the as yet unknown fate of these seeds has implications for subsequent grass-weed infestations.