965 resultados para TONIC CONTRACTION


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To date there is no documented procedure to extrapolate findings of an isometric nature to a whole body performance setting. The purpose of this study was to quantify the reliability of perceived exertion to control neuromuscular output during an isometric contraction. 21 varsity athletes completed a maximal voluntary contraction and a 2 min constant force contraction at both the start and end of the study. Between pre and post testing all participants completed a 2 min constant perceived exertion contraction once a day for 4 days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (R=O.949) and standard error of measurement (SEM=5.12 Nm) concluded that the isometric contraction was reliable. Limits of agreement demonstrated only moderate initial reliability, yet with smaller limits towards the end of 4 training sessions. In conclusion, athlete's na"ive to a constant effort isometric contraction will produce reliable and acceptably stable results after 1 familiarization sessions has been completed.

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This document could not have been completed without the hard work of a number of individuals. First and foremost, my supervisor, Dr. David Gabriel deserves the utmost recognition for the immense effort and time spent guiding the production of this document through the various stages of completion. Also, aiding in the data collection, technical support, and general thought processing were Lab Technician Greig Inglis and fellow members of the Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory Jon Howard, Sean Lenhardt, Lara Robbins, and Corrine Davies-Schinkel. The input of Drs. Ted Clancy, Phil Sullivan and external examiner Dr. Anita Christie, all members ofthe assessment committee, was incredibly important and vital to the completion of this work. Their expertise provided a strong source of knowledge and went to ensure that this project was completed at exemplary level. There were a number of other individuals who were an immense help in getting this project off the ground and completed. The donation of their time and efforts was very generous and much needed in order to fulfill the requirements needed for completion of this study. Finally, I cannot exclude the contributions of my family throughout this project especially that of my parents whose support never wavers.

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The human neuromuscular system is susceptible to changes within the thermal environment. Cold extrinsic temperatures can significantly reduce muscle and nervous system function and communication, which can have consequences for motor performance. A repeated measures design protocol exposed participants to a 12°C cold water immersion (CWI) up to the ankle, knee, and hip to determine the effect that reduced skin and muscle temperature had on balance and strength task execution. Although a linear reduction in the ability to perform balance tasks was seen from the control condition through to the hip CWI, results from the study indicated a significant reduction in dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test reach distance) performance from only the hip CWI (P<0.05). This reduced performance could have been due to an increase in joint stiffness, increased agonist-antagonist co-contraction, and/or reduced isokinetic muscular strength. Reduced physical performance due to cold temperature could negatively impact outdoor recreational athletics.

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Please consult the paper edition of this thesis to read. It is available on the 5th Floor of the Library at Call Number: Z 9999 B56 M68 2007

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This thesis investigated the subcellular location of skeletal muscle PLIN proteins (PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5) as well as protein interactions with ATGL and HSL at rest and following lipolytic stimulation. In addition, the serine phosphorylation state of PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5 was determined at rest and following lipolytic stimulation. An isolated whole muscle technique was used to study the effects of contraction and epinephrine-induced lipolysis. This method allowed for the examination of the effects of contraction and epinephrine alone and in combination. Further, the soleus was chosen for investigating the role of PLIN proteins in skeletal muscle lipolysis due to its suitability for isolated incubation, and the fact that it is primarily oxidative in nature (~80% type I fibres). It has also been previously shown to have the greatest reliance on lipid metabolism and for this reason is ideal for investigating the role of PLIN proteins in lipolysis. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that skeletal muscle lipid droplets are partially co-localized to both PLIN2 and PLIN5 and that contraction does not affect the amount of colocalization, indicating that PLIN5 is not recruited to lipid droplets with contraction (PLIN2 ~65%; PLIN5 ~56%). Results from the immunoprecipitation studies revealed that with lipolysis in skeletal muscle the interaction between ATGL and CGI-58 is increased (study 2: 128% with contraction, p<0.05; study 3: 50% with contraction, 25% epinephrine, 80% contraction + epinephrine, p>0.05). Further PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5 all interact with ATGL and HSL, while only PLIN3 and PLIN5 interact with CGI-58. Among these interactions, the association between PLIN2 and ATGL decreases with lipolytic stimulation (study 2: 21% with contraction, p<0.05). Finally our results demonstrate that PLIN3 and PLIN5 are serine phosphorylated at rest and that the level of phosphorylation remains unchanged in the face of either contractile or adrenergic stimulation. In summary, the regulation of skeletal muscle lipolysis is a complex process involving multiple proteins and enzymes. The skeletal muscle PLIN proteins likely play a role in skeletal muscle lipid droplet dynamics, and the data from this thesis indicate that these proteins may work together in regulating lipolysis by interaction with both ATGL and HSL.

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The present study examined a wrist extension-to-flexion contraction pattern that was theorized to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. However, the “reversal of antagonists” contraction pattern may have, alternatively, interfered with motor learning-related increases in strength. Participants (N=24) were matched on predicted strength and randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. Training occurred during three test sessions within a one-week period. Retention and transfer (crossed-condition) tests were administered during a fourth test session two- weeks later. Both groups exhibited comparable increases in strength (20.2%) and decreases in muscle coactivation (35.2%), which were retained and transferred. Decreases in error and variability of the torque traces were associated with parallel decreases in variability of muscle activity. The reversal of antagonists technique did not interfere with motor learning-related increases in strength and decreases in variability. However, the more complex contraction pattern failed to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of strength.

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Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) play important roles in homeostatic mechanisms, behavior, and modulation of neuromuscular junctions in arthropods. However, direct actions of these amines on muscle force production that are distinct from effects at the neuromuscular synapse have not been well studied. We utilize the technical benefits of the Drosophila larval preparation to distinguish the effects of OA and TA on the neuromuscular synapse from their effects on contractility of muscle cells. In contrast to the slight and often insignificant effects of TA, the action of OA was profound across all metrics assessed. We demonstrate that exogenous OA application decreases the input resistance of larval muscle fibers, increases the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs), augments contraction force and duration, and at higher concentrations (10−5 and 10−4 M) affects muscle cells 12 and 13 more than muscle cells 6 and 7. Similarly, OA increases the force of synaptically driven contractions in a cell-specific manner. Moreover, such augmentation of contractile force persisted during direct muscle depolarization concurrent with synaptic block. OA elicited an even more profound effect on basal tonus. Application of 10−5 M OA increased synaptically driven contractions by ∼1.1 mN but gave rise to a 28-mN increase in basal tonus in the absence of synaptic activation. Augmentation of basal tonus exceeded any physiological stimulation paradigm and can potentially be explained by changes in intramuscular protein mechanics. Thus we provide evidence for independent but complementary effects of OA on chemical synapses and muscle contractility.

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An advertisement for David Nicholson's Liquid Bread "a pure extract of Malt". The reverse of the advertisement describes the uses for liquid, "...an unsurpassed tonic; a promoter of appetite, a source of muscular strength, an augmenter of nervous energy and a fat-producing hydro-carbon."

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Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) play important roles in homeostatic mechanisms, behavior, and modulation of neuromuscular junctions in arthropods. However, direct actions of these amines on muscle force production that are distinct from effects at the neuromuscular synapse have not been well studied. We utilize the technical benefits of the Drosophila larval preparation to distinguish the effects of OA and TA on the neuromuscular synapse from their effects on contractility of muscle cells. In contrast to the slight and often insignificant effects of TA, the action of OA was profound across all metrics assessed. We demonstrate that exogenous OA application decreases the input resistance of larval muscle fibers, increases the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs), augments contraction force and duration, and at higher concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) affects muscle cells 12 and 13 more than muscle cells 6 and 7. Similarly, OA increases the force of synaptically driven contractions in a cell-specific manner. Moreover, such augmentation of contractile force persisted during direct muscle depolarization concurrent with synaptic block. OA elicited an even more profound effect on basal tonus. Application of 10(-5) M OA increased synaptically driven contractions by ≈ 1.1 mN but gave rise to a 28-mN increase in basal tonus in the absence of synaptic activation. Augmentation of basal tonus exceeded any physiological stimulation paradigm and can potentially be explained by changes in intramuscular protein mechanics. Thus we provide evidence for independent but complementary effects of OA on chemical synapses and muscle contractility.

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This thesis investigated the modulation of dynamic contractile function and energetics of work by posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Mechanical experiments were conducted in vitro using software-controlled protocols to stimulate/determine contractile function during ramp shortening, and muscles were frozen during parallel incubations for biochemical analysis. The central feature of this research was the comparison of fast hindlimb muscles from wildtype and skeletal myosin light chain kinase knockout (skMLCK-/-) mice that does not express the primary mechanism for PTP: myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. In contrast to smooth/cardiac muscles where RLC phosphorylation is indispensable, its precise physiological role in skeletal muscle is unclear. It was initially determined that tetanic potentiation was shortening speed dependent, and this sensitivity of the PTP mechanism to muscle shortening extended the stimulation frequency domain over which PTP was manifest. Thus, the physiological utility of RLC phosphorylation to augment contractile function in vivo may be more extensive than previously considered. Subsequent experiments studied the contraction-type dependence for PTP and demonstrated that the enhancement of contractile function was dependent on force level. Surprisingly, in the absence of RLC phosphorylation, skMLCK-/- muscles exhibited significant concentric PTP; consequently, up to ~50% of the dynamic PTP response in wildtype muscle may be attributed to an alternate mechanism. When the interaction of PTP and the catchlike property (CLP) was examined, we determined that unlike the acute augmentation of peak force by the CLP, RLC phosphorylation produced a longer-lasting enhancement of force and work in the potentiated state. Nevertheless, despite the apparent interference between these mechanisms, both offer physiological utility and may be complementary in achieving optimal contractile function in vivo. Finally, when the energetic implications of PTP were explored, we determined that during a brief period of repetitive concentric activation, total work performed was ~60% greater in wildtype vs. skMLCK-/- muscles but there was no genotype difference in High-Energy Phosphate Consumption or Economy (i.e. HEPC: work). In summary, this thesis provides novel insight into the modulatory effects of PTP and RLC phosphorylation, and through the observation of alternative mechanisms for PTP we further develop our understanding of the history-dependence of fast skeletal muscle function.

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Cette communication situe la théorie des grands cycles économiques dans le contexte général des économies de marché. Il y est postulé que le cycle financier et économique international de longue période (50-60 ans) n'est pas une aberration statistique, mais est le résultat de conditions institutionnelles, politiques, financières et économiques récurrentes dans l'économie mondiale. Il y est proposé comme hypothèse que la source des cycles financiers et économiques de longue durée origine d'un déréglement monétaire, lequel met en marche un processus auto-généré de sur-endettement, d'inflation des actifs financiers, de sur-investissement généralisé dans les équipements et de sur-production. Ce processus se résorbe par une liquidation des dettes, une déflation monétaire et par une contraction de l'activité économique, pouvant résulter en une récession alongée ou une dépression économique. L'information imparfaite et l'asymétrie dans l'information expliquent les erreurs de décisions des firmes à différentes périodes du grand cycle économique. Les chocs qui provoquent ces erreurs peuvent être géopolitiques (guerres), économiques, monétaires ou financiers. Les guerres sont des facteurs déclencheurs du grand cycle d'inflation-désinflation-déflation. (Communication pour le 53ème congrès de l'Association Internationale des économistes de langue française AIELF, Athènes mai 2003)

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Single-peaked preferences have played an important role in the literature ever since they were used by Black (1948) to formulate a domain restriction that is sufficient for the exclusion of cycles according to the majority rule. In this paper, we approach single-peakedness from a choice-theoretic perspective. We show that the well-known axiom independence of irrelevant alternatives (a form of contraction consistency) and a weak continuity requirement characterize a class of single-peaked choice functions. Moreover, we examine the rationalizability and the rationalizability-representability of these choice functions.

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Le complexe actomyosine, formé de l’association de la myosine II avec les filaments d’actine, stabilise le cytosquelette d’actine et génère la contraction cellulaire nécessaire à plusieurs processus comme la motilité et l’apoptose dans les cellules non-musculaires. La myosine II est un hexamère formé d’une paire de chaînes lourdes (MHCs) et de deux paires de chaînes légères MLC20 et MLC17. La régulation de l’activité de la myosine II, c'est-à-dire son interaction avec les filaments d’actine, est directement liée à l’état de phosphorylation des MLC20, mais il reste beaucoup à découvrir sur l’implication des MHCs. Il existe trois isoformes de MHCs de myosine II, MHCIIA, MHCIIB et MHCIIC qui possèdent des fonctions à la fois communes et distinctes. Notre but est de mettre en évidence les différences de fonction entre les isoformes de myosine II, au niveau structurale, dans la stabilisation du cytosquelette d’actine, et au niveau de leur activité contractile, dans la génération des forces de tension. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle des isoformes des MHCs dans l’activité du complexe actomyosine qui est sollicité durant le processus de contraction cellulaire de l’apoptose. Dans quatre lignées cellulaires différentes, le traitement conjoint au TNFα et à la cycloheximide causait la contraction et le rétrécissement des cellules suivi de leur détachement du support de culture. Par Western blot, nous avons confirmé que la phosphorylation des MLC20 est augmentée suite au clivage de ROCK1 par la caspase-3, permettant ainsi l’interaction entre la myosine II et les filaments d’actine et par conséquent, la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Cette contraction est bloquée par l’inhibition des caspases et de ROCK1. MHCIIA est dégradée suite à l’activation de la caspase-3 alors que MHCIIB n’est pas affectée. En utilisant une lignée cellulaire déficiente en MHCIIB, ou MHCIIB (-/-), nous avons observé que la contraction et le détachement cellulaires durant l’induction de l’apoptose se produisaient moins rapidement que dans la lignée de type sauvage (Wt) ce qui suggère que l’isoforme B est impliquée dans la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Parallèlement, la kinase atypique PKCζ, qui phosphoryle MHCIIB et non MHCIIA, est activée durant l’apoptose. PKCζ joue un rôle important puisque son inhibition bloque la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modulation de la morphologie cellulaire par la myosine II. Les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-), présentent un large lamellipode dont la formation semble dû uniquement à l’absence de l’isoforme MHCIIB, alors que les fibroblastes Wt ont une morphologie cellulaire étoilée. La formation du lamellipode dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-) est caractérisée par l’association de la cortactine avec la membrane plasmique. L’observation en microscopie confocale nous indique que MHCIIA interagit avec la cortactine dans les fibroblastes Wt mais très peu dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-). Le bFGF active la voie des MAP kinases dans les fibroblastes Wt et MHCIIB (-/-) et induit des extensions cellulaires aberrantes dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-). Nos résultats montrent que l’implication de l’isoforme B de la myosine II dans la modulation de la morphologie cellulaire. L’ensemble de nos résultats participe à distinguer la fonction structurale et contractile de chacune des isoformes de myosine II dans la physiologie cellulaire.

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La thérapie de resynchronisation cardiaque (CRT) est un traitement qui diminue la mortalité et améliore la qualité de vie des patients atteints d’insuffisance cardiaque et présentant un dyssynchronisme de la contraction ventriculaire gauche. Malgré le succès de cette thérapie, plus de 30% des patients ne présentent pas l’amélioration désirée. Plusieurs études portant sur le synchronisme électrique ou mécanique de la contraction ont été effectuées mais peu d’entres elles se sont attardées sur le couplage électromécanique à l'échelle macroscopique. Ce projet a comme objectif d’observer le comportement électromécanique des ventricules canins en présence d’un resynchronisateur cardiaque. Un logiciel a été développé pour permettre l’analyse des informations provenant de la cartographie endocardique sans contact et de la ventriculographie isotopique tomographique chez 12 sujets canins insuffisants. Pour observer la réponse mécanique suite à l’activation électrique, nous avons premièrement recalé les surfaces issues des 2 modalités. Ensuite, nous avons défini les limites du cycle cardiaque, analysé les signaux électriques et les courbes de déplacement de la paroi endocardique. Le début de la contraction est défini par un déplacement radial de 10% vers le centre du ventricule. Les résultats démontrent que la durée d’activation du ventricule gauche et la largeur du QRS augmentent en présence d’une stimulation externe et que les délais électromécaniques sont indépendants dans les modes de stimulation étudiés (sinusal, LVbasal, RVapex ou BIV) avec une moyenne de 84,56±7,19 ms. Finalement, nous avons noté que la stimulation basolatérale procure une fonction cardiaque optimale malgré une durée prolongée du QRS.

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Le canal calcique de type L, Cav1.2, joue un rôle clé dans le couplage excitation-contraction des myocytes ventriculaires. Il a été montré que la sous-unité Cavα1 était sujette à l’épissage alternatif et que ce phénomène pouvait mener à une protéine tronquée en C-terminal au niveau de l’exon 45 (Liao, Yong et al. 2005). D’autres groupes ont étudié différentes délétions au niveau de l’extrémité C-terminale (De Jongh, Warner et al. 1991; Gao, Cuadra et al. 2001). Les courants mesurés dans la configuration cellule entière, était significativement plus grands que le canal « pleine longueur ». Nous avons décidé de tester certaines de ces délétions (ΔC2030, ΔC1935, ΔC1856, ΔC1733, ΔC1700) en présence ou en absence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3, susceptible d’interagir avec l’extrémité C-terminale de la sous-unité Cavα1 par l’intermédiaire de son domaine SH3 (Lao, Kobrinsky et al. 2008). Les résultats obtenus dans les ovocytes de Xénope ont mis en évidence que les sous-unités Cavα1.2 tronquées montraient des courants globaux plus élevés que le canal « pleine longueur » en présence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3 et que les sous-unités Cavα1.2 tronquées donnaient des courants en absence de la sous-unité Cavβ3 contrairement à la sous-unité Cavα1.2 « pleine longueur ». Afin de vérifier si l’augmentation des courants macroscopiques était le résultat d’une augmentation du nombre de sous-unités Cavα1.2 à la membrane, nous avons choisi de quantifier la fluorescence spécifiquement due à cette sous-unité en utilisant la méthode de cytométrie de flux (FACS : « Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting »). L’épitope HA a été inséré dans une région extracellulaire de la sous-unité Cavα1 du canal calcique Cav1.2 et un anticorps anti-HA couplé au FITC (« Fluorescein IsoThioCyanate ») a été utilisé pour observer la fluorescence. Nos résultats confirment que la sous-unité Cavα1-HA du canal calcique Cav1.2, s’exprime à la membrane plasmique en présence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3, et qu’en absence de celle-ci, ne s’exprime que peu ou pas à la membrane. Les mêmes résultats ont été obtenus pour les trois délétions testées dans les mêmes conditions soit Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1935, Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1856 et Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1733. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation des courants macroscopiques observés après une délétion partielle du C-terminal n’est pas causée par une augmentation du nombre de protéines Cavα1.2 à la membrane.