Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer metastasis via IQGAP1 and caveolin-1

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with several cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia increases intratumoral androgen signaling in prostate cancer, but it is unclear whether androgenindependent mechanisms also exist. Since hypercholesterolemia is associated with advanced, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, in this study, we aimed to determine whether and how hypercholesterolemia affects prostate cancer progression in the absence of androgen signaling. We demonstrate that diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes orthotopic xenograft PC-3 cell metastasis, concomitant with elevated expression of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 in xenograft tumor tissues. In vitro cholesterol treatment of PC-3 cells stimulated migration and increased IQGAP1 and caveolin-1 protein level and localization to a detergent-resistant fraction. Down-regulation of caveolin-1 or IQGAP1 in PC-3 cells reduced migration and invasion in vitro, and hypercholesterolemia-induced metastasis in vivo. Double knock-down of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 showed no additive effect, suggesting that caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 act via the same pathway. Taken together, our data show that hypercholesterolemia promotes prostate cancer metastasis independent of the androgen pathway, in part by increasing IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. These results have broader implications for managing metastasis of cancers in general as IQGAP1 and hypercholesterolemia are implicated in the progression of several cancers.

Time to rest : Signals in shoot apex developmental transitions underlying dormancy

Vuodenajat rytmittävät monivuotisten kasvien elämää pohjoisella pallonpuoliskolla, jolla varmin merkki lähestyvästä talvikaudesta on asteittain lyhenevä päivänpituus. Kun päivänpituus on lyhentynyt tiettyyn raja-arvoon saakka, kasvu hiipuu ja kasvin kehityksessä tapahtuu suuria muutoksia. Väitöskirjatyössäni tutkittiin mekanismeja, jotka liittyvät pituuskasvun päättymiseen, silmujen lepotilan kehittymiseen ja kärkisilmun muodostumiseen hybridihaavan ja koivuntaimilla lyhyen päivänpituuden seurauksena kasvihuoneolosuhteissa. Vain lepotilaiset silmut selviytyvät luonnossa ankaran talvikauden yli, joten etenkin lepotilan kehittymisen tutkiminen on keskeistä pyrittäessä selvittämään monivuotisille kasveille tyypillisen kasvutavan mekanismeja. Jo pitkään on tiedetty, että täysikasvuiset lehdet vastaanottavat tiedon päivänpituudesta ja lähettävät signaaleja varren johtojänteissä ylöspäin kohti kasvin kärkiosaa. Sen sijaan varren kärjen ja kärkikasvupisteen roolia lepotilan kehittymisessä on selvitetty vain vähän. Kuitenkin juuri kärkikasvupisteen selviytyminen vuodesta toiseen on tärkeää, koska sen jakautumiskykyiset solukot tuottavat kasvin maanpäälliset osat. Tässä työssä tehdyissä varttamiskokeissa osoitettiin, että varren kärki ei ainoastaan vastaanota signaaleja lehdistä ja ajoita toimintaansa niiden mukaan, vaan myös kärjellä itsellään on aktiivinen rooli lepotilan kehittymisessä. Erityisesti kiinnitettiin huomiota kärkikasvupisteen eri alueiden, ns. apikaalimeristeemin ja rib-meristeemin erilaisiin tehtäviin ja pääteltiin, että molemmat vaikuttavat lepotilan kehittymiseen. Kokeissa käytettiin normaalien hybridihaapojen lisäksi siirtogeenisiä hybridihaapoja, jotka eivät lopeta kasvuaan lyhyt päivä –olosuhteissa. Siirtogeeniset hybridihaavat ilmensivät voimakkaasti fytokromi A -nimistä valon vastaanottajamolekyyliä rib-meristeemin alueella, mikä saattoi osaltaan vaikuttaa poikkeavaan pituuskasvukäyttäytymiseen. Myös useiden lepotilan kehittymiseen liittyvien geenien ilmenemisessä havaittiin poikkeavuuksia verrattuna ei-siirtogeenisiin kontrolleihin, joiden silmuissa kehittyi lepotila lyhyt päivä –altistuksen seurauksena. Väitöskirjatyössäni havaittiin, että myös kaasumainen kasvihormoni etyleeni toimii viestinvälittäjänä silmujen lepotilan kehittymisessä ja vaikuttaa etenkin lepotilan oikeaan ajoittumiseen. Etyleenillä huomattiin olevan määräävä rooli päätesilmun muodostumisessa: siirtogeeniset koivut, jotka eivät aisti etyleeniä, eivät muodostaneet päätesilmua. Silti siirtogeeniset koivut vaipuivat lepotilaan, joskin myöhemmin kuin ei-siirtogeeniset kontrollit. Tämän perusteella todettiin, että lepotilan ja päätesilmun kehittyminen ovat erillisiä kehitystapahtumia, vaikka ne saattavatkin ajoittua osaksi päällekkäin.

Microbe-induced Innate Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells

Two types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), function at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Through recognition of conserved microbial patterns, they are able to detect the invading pathogens. This leads to activation of signal transduction pathways that in turn induce gene expression of various molecules required for immune responses and eventually pathogen clearance. Cytokines are among the genes induced upon detection of microbes. They play an important role in regulating host immune responses during microbial infection. Chemotactic cytokines, chemokines, are involved in migratory events of immune cells. Cytokines also promote the differentiation of distinct T cell responses. Because of the multiple roles of cytokines in the immune system, the cytokine network needs to be tightly regulated. In this work, the induction of innate immune responses was studied using human primary macrophages or DCs as cell models. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium served as a model for an intracellular bacterium, whereas Sendai virus was used in virus experiments. The starting point of this study was that DCs of mouse origin had recently been characterized as host cells for Salmonella. However, only little was known about the immune responses initiated in Salmonella-infected human DCs. Thus, cellular responses of macrophages and DCs, in particular the pattern of cytokine production, to Salmonella infection were compared. Salmonella-induced macrophages and DCs were found to produce multiple cytokines including interferon (IFN) -gamma, which is conventionally produced by T and natural killer (NK) cells. Both macrophages and DCs also promoted the intracellular survival of the bacterium. Phenotypic maturation of DCs as characterized by upregulation of costimulatory and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, and production of CCL19 chemokine, were also detected upon infection with Salmonella. Another focus of this PhD work was to unravel the regulatory events controlling the expression of cytokine genes encoding for CCL19 and type III IFNs, which are central to DC biology. We found that the promoters of CCL19 and type III IFNs contain similar regulatory elements that bind nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which could mediate transcriptional activation of the genes. The regulation of type III IFNs in virus infection resembled that of type I IFNs a cytokine class traditionally regarded as antiviral. The induction of type I and type III IFNs was also observed in response to bacterial infection. Taken together, this work identifies new details about the interaction of Salmonella with its phagocytic host cells of human origin. In addition, studies provide information on the regulatory events controlling the expression of CCL19 and the most recently identified IFN family genes, type III IFN genes.

Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Reduce Ras Activation and Ameliorate Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Hepatotoxicity due to overdose of the analgesic and antipyretic acetaminophen (A-PAIP) is a major cause of liver failure in adults. To better understand the contributions of different signaling pathways, the expression and role of Ras activation was evaluated after oral dosing of mice with APAP (400-500 mg/kg). Ras-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is induced early and in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. The functional role of Ras activation was studied by a single intraperitoneal injection of the neutral sphingomyelinase and farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) manumycin A (I mg/kg), which lowers induction of Ras-GTP and serum amounts of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). APAP dosing decreases hepatic glutathione amounts, which are not affected by manumycin A treatment. However, APAP-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which plays an important role, is reduced by manumycin A. Also, APAP-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are reduced by manumycin A at a later time point during liver injury. Importantly, the induction of genes involved in the inflammatory response (including iNos, gp91phox, and Fasl) and serum amounts of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which increase greatly with APAP challenge, are suppressed with manumycin A. The FTI ctivity of manumycin A is most likely involved in reducing APAP-induced liver injury, because a specific neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor, GW4869 (I mg/kg), did not show any hepatoprotective effect. Notably, a structurally distinct FTI, gliotoxin (I mg/kg), also inhibits Ras activation and reduces serum amounts of ALT and IFN-gamma after APAP dosing. Finally, histological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effect f manumycin A and gliotoxin during APAP-induced liver damage. Conclusion: This study identifies a key role for Ras activation and demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of FTIs during APAP-induced liver injury.

Extracellular vesicles mediate paracrine signalling in androgen deprived prostate cancer

The androgen receptor (AR) is the main therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Current treatments have focused on inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the AR, however androgens can also induce non-genomic effects by facilitating the initiation of kinase signaling cascades in PCa. Cells, including PCa, secrete extracellular vesicles (EV), which are able to mediate communication between cells and can also contribute towards these processes.

Intracellular Pathogen Sensor NOD2 Programs Macrophages to Trigger Notch1 Activation

Intracellular pathogen sensor, NOD2, has been implicated in regulation of wide range of anti-inflammatory responses critical during development of a diverse array of inflammatory diseases; however, underlying molecular details are still imprecisely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that NOD2 programs macrophages to trigger Notch1 signaling. Signaling perturbations or genetic approaches suggest signaling integration through cross-talk between Notch1-PI3K during the NOD2-triggered expression of a multitude of immunological parameters including COX-2/PGE(2) and IL-10. NOD2 stimulation enhanced active recruitment of CSL/RBP-Jk on the COX-2 promoter in vivo. Intriguingly, nitric oxide assumes critical importance in NOD2-mediated activation of Notch1 signaling as iNOS(-/-) macrophages exhibited compromised ability to execute NOD2-triggered Notch1 signaling responses. Correlative evidence demonstrates that this mechanism operates in vivo in brain and splenocytes derived from wild type, but not from iNOS(-/-) mice. Importantly, NOD2-driven activation of the Notch1-PI3K signaling axis contributes to its capacity to impart survival of macrophages against TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis and resolution of inflammation. Current investigation identifies Notch1-PI3K as signaling cohorts involved in the NOD2-triggered expression of a battery of genes associated with anti-inflammatory functions. These findings serve as a paradigm to understand the pathogenesis of NOD2-associated inflammatory diseases and clearly pave a way toward development of novel therapeutics.

Critical cysteines in Akt1 regulate its activity and proteasomal degradation: implications for neurodegenerative diseases

Impaired Akt1 signaling is observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD models oxidative modification of Akt1 leads to its dephosphorylation and consequent loss of its kinase activity. To explore the underlying mechanism we exposed Neuro2A cells to cadmium, a pan inhibitor of protein thiol disulfide oxidoreductases, including glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), or downregulated Grx1, which led to dephosphorylation of Akt1, loss of its kinase activity, and also decreased Akt1 protein levels. Mutation of cysteines to serines at 296 and 310 in Akt1 did not affect its basal kinase activity but abolished cadmium- and Grx1 downregulation-induced reduction in Akt1 kinase activity, indicating their critical role in redox modulation of Akt1 function and turnover. Cadmium-induced decrease in phosphorylated Akt1 correlated with increased association of wild-type (WT) Akt1 with PP2A, which was absent in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant and was also abolished by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Further, increased proteasomal degradation of Akt1 by cadmium was not seen in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant, indicating that oxidation of cysteine residues facilitates degradation of WT Akt1. Moreover, preventing oxidative modification of Akt1 cysteines 296 and 310 by mutating them to serines increased the cell survival effects of Akt1. Thus, in neurodegenerative states such as PD, maintaining the thiol status of cysteines 296 and 310 in Akt1 would be critical for Akt1 kinase activity and for preventing its degradation by proteasomes. Preventing downregulation of Akt signaling not only has long-range consequences for cell survival but could also affect the multiple roles that Ala plays, including in the Akt-mTOR signaling cascade. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mycobacterium bovis BCG promotes tumor cell survival from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis

Background: Increased incidence of lung cancer among pulmonary tuberculosis patients suggests mycobacteria-induced tumorigenic response in the host. The alveolar epithelial cells, candidate cells that form lung adenocarcinoma, constitute a niche for mycobacterial replication and infection. We thus explored the possible mechanism of M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-assisted tumorigenicity in type II epithelial cells, human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and other cancer cells. Methods: Cancer cell lines originating from lung, colon, bladder, liver, breast, skin and cervix were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in presence or absence of BCG infection. p53, COP1 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling markers were determined by immunoblotting and luciferase assays, and quantitative real time PCR was done for p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes and SHH signaling markers. MTT assays and Annexin V staining were utilized to study apoptosis. Gain-and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the role for SHH and COP1 signaling during apoptosis. A549 xenografted mice were used to validate the contribution of BCG during TNF-alpha treatment. Results: Here, we show that BCG inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells via downregulation of p53 expression. Substantiating this observation, BCG rescued A549 xenografts from TNF-alpha-mediated tumor clearance in nude mice. Furthermore, activation of SHH signaling by BCG induced the expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, COP1. SHH-driven COP1 targeted p53, thereby facilitating downregulation of p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes and inhibition of apoptosis. Similar effects of BCG could be shown for HCT116, T24, MNT-1, HepG2 and HELA cells but not for HCT116 p53(-/-) and MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: Our results not only highlight possible explanations for the coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer but also address probable reasons for failure of BCG immunotherapy of cancers.

Whole exome sequencing in an Indian family links Coats plus syndrome and dextrocardia with a homozygous novel CTC1 and a rare HES7 variation

Background: Coats plus syndrome is an autosomal recessive, pleiotropic, multisystem disorder characterized by retinal telangiectasia and exudates, intracranial calcification with leukoencephalopathy and brain cysts, osteopenia with predisposition to fractures, bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension. It is caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the CTC1 gene. Case presentation: We encountered a case of an eight-year old boy from an Indian family with manifestations of Coats plus syndrome along with an unusual occurrence of dextrocardia and situs inversus. Targeted resequencing of the CTC1 gene as well as whole exome sequencing (WES) were conducted in this family to identify the causal variations. The identified candidate variations were screened in ethnicity matched healthy controls. The effect of CTC1 variation on telomere length was assessed using Southern blot. A novel homozygous missense mutation c.1451A > C (p.H484P) in exon 9 of the CTC1 gene and a rare 3'UTR known dbSNP variation (c.*556 T > C) in HES7 were identified as the plausible candidates associated with this complex phenotype of Coats plus and dextrocardia. This CTC1 variation was absent in the controls and we also observed a reduced telomere length in the affected individual's DNA, suggesting its likely pathogenic nature. The reported p.H484P mutation is located in the N-terminal 700 amino acid regionthat is important for the binding of CTC1 to ssDNA through its two OB domains. WES data also showed a rare homozygous missense variation in the TEK gene in the affected individual. Both HES7 and TEK are targets of the Notch signaling pathway. Conclusions: This is the first report of a genetically confirmed case of Coats plus syndrome from India. By means of WES, the genetic variations in this family with unique and rare complex phenotype could be traced effectively. We speculate the important role of Notch signaling in this complex phenotypic presentation of Coats plus syndrome and dextrocardia. The present finding will be useful for genetic diagnosis and carrier detection in the family and for other patients with similar disease manifestations.

Electrically driven intracellular and extracellular nanomanipulators evoke neurogenic/cardiomyogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells

Nanomechanical intervention through electroactuation is an effective strategy to guide stem cell differentiation for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In the present study, we elucidate that physical forces exerted by electroactuated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have a strong influence in regulating the lineage commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). A novel platform that combines intracellular and extracellular GNPs as nano-manipulators was designed to trigger neurogenic/cardiomyogenic differentiation in hMSCs, in electric field stimulated culture condition. In order to mimic the native microenvironment of nerve and cardiac tissues, hMSCs were treated with physiologically relevant direct current electric field (DC EF) or pulsed electric field (PEF) stimuli, respectively. When exposed to regular intermittent cycles of DC EF stimuli, majority of the GNP actuated hMSCs acquired longer filopodial extensions with multiple branch-points possessing neural-like architecture. Such morphological changes were consistent with higher mRNA expression level for neural-specific markers. On the other hand, PEF elicited cardiomyogenic differentiation, which is commensurate with the tubelike morphological alterations along with the upregulation of cardiac specific markers. The observed effect was significantly promoted even by intracellular actuation and was found to be substrate independent. Further, we have substantiated the participation of oxidative signaling, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and intracellular calcium Ca2+] elevation as the key upstream regulators dictating GNP assisted hMSC differentiation. Thus, by adopting dual stimulation protocols, we could successfully divert the DC EF exposed cells to differentiate predominantly into neural-like cells and PEF treated cells into cardiomyogenic-like cells, via nanoactuation of GNPs. Such a novel multifaceted approach can be exploited to combat tissue loss following brain injury or heart failure. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Polimorfismo genético de citocinas na população do Rio de Janeiro

Citocinas são moléculas que controlam e modulam a atividade de numerosas células por se ligarem a seus receptores específicos. As diferenças observadas na produção de citocinas entre indivíduos podem ser, pelo menos em parte, explicadas pelos polimorfismos genéticos como o polimorfismo de um único nucleotídeo (SNP). Em 181 indivíduos saudáveis não-aparentados da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (região Sudeste - Brasil), nós analisamos os polimorfismos de citocinas em genes que codificam para Fator de Necrose Tumoral-alfa (TNF-a), Fator de Crescimento Transformante-beta (TGF-b), Interleucina-10, Interleucina-6 e Interferon-gama (IFN-g). Reação em cadeia da polimerase utilizando-se iniciadores sequencia-específicos foi realizada com auxílio do kit comercial CytGen (One Lambda Inc. Canoga Park, CA, USA). Ao todo, 8 polimorfismos foram analisados: TNF-a (-308G/A); TGF-b (códon 10C/T, códon 25C/G); IL-10 (-1082A/G, -819T/C, -592A/C); IL-6 (-174C/G) e IFN-g (+874T/A). Os dados observados foram comparados a três grupos de população de diferentes regiões do Brasil (São Paulo, Paraná e Bahia) e a três populações de outros continentes (Itália, Eslováquia e Negros Norte-Americanos). O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as comparações. Nossa análise da população do Rio de Janeiro mostrou que os as freqüências alélicas em IL-10, IL-6 e IFN-g são desigualmente distribuídos entre Brancos, Mulatos e Negros (p<0,05). A comparação com populações de outras regiões do Brasil revelou que Rio de Janeiro e Bahia possuem freqüências alélicas e genotípicas de TGF-b (códon 25) estatisticamente diferentes (p=0,004 e p=0,002, respectivamente). Ainda, a freqüência alélica na população do Rio de Janeiro é significativamente diferente quando comparada à população da Itália [IL-6 (-174), p=0,0092; e IFN-g (+874) p=0,0418)]; Eslováquia [IL-10(-1082), p=0,006; IL-6(-174), p=0,0002; e IFN-g(+874), p=0,0335]; e Afro-Americanos [IL-10(-819), p=0,0446; IL-6(-174), p<0,0001; e IFN-g(+874), p<0,0001]. Adicionalmente, observamos que a diferença na distribuição dos haplótipos em IL-10 (-1082/-819/-592) na população do Rio de Janeiro em comparação com a da Itália (p=0,0293) e Afro-Americanos (p=0,0025) é significativa. Portanto, concluímos que os polimorfismos em IL-10, IL-6 e IFN-g estão distribuídos de acordo com a etnia na população do Rio de Janeiro. A população do Rio de Janeiro possui freqüências de polimorfismos diferentes das populações de Bahia, Itália, Eslováquia e Afro-Americanos, mas semelhantes à população de São Paulo/Paraná. Nossas observações poderão ser úteis para futuros estudos e associação entre polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas e doenças na população do Rio de Janeiro.

Efeito da hiperalimentação na lactação sobre a regulação da adiposidade corporal e sinalização da grelina no tecido adiposo branco de camundongos jovens e adultos

A obesidade é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública que cresce em todo o mundo, resultante de um desequilíbrio entre ingestão alimentar e gasto energético. O aumento da adiposidade leva ao desenvolvimento de alterações funcionais. Pode-se dizer que a obesidade é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas de maior prevalência como dislipidemias, doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes do tipo 2, acarretando na redução da qualidade e expectativa de vida. A Grelina é um hormônio sintetizado pelo estômago, que atua em diferentes tecidos através de um receptor específico (GHS-R1a), incluindo hipotálamo e tecido adiposo. A grelina tem uma ação direta sobre a regulação hipotalâmica da ingestão alimentar, induzindo um efeito orexígeno. Por outro lado, a grelina também modula o armazenamento de energia nos adipócitos. Esta dupla ação sugere que este hormônio pode atuar como uma ligação entre o sistema nervoso central e mecanismos periféricos. Portanto, considerando que a hiperalimentação neonatal induz obesidade na idade adulta por mecanismos desconhecidos, neste estudo foram pesquisados os efeitos da hiperalimentação no início da vida sobre o desenvolvimento da obesidade e, em particular, a sinalização da grelina no tecido adiposo em ratos jovens e adultos. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss hiperalimentados através do modelo de redução da ninhada. Para induzir a hiperalimentação as ninhadas foram reduzidas a 3 filhotes machos por lactante no 30 dia de vida pós-natal. As ninhadas controles foram ajustadas em 9 filhotes por lactante. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos como: massa corporal e massa do tecido adiposo visceral. A glicemia de jejum foi avaliada utilizando glicosímetro e fitas teste. A análise do conteúdo das proteínas envolvidas na via de sinalização da grelina foram detectadas pelo método de Western Blotting. Os grupos controle (C) e hiperalimentado (H) foram estudados aos 21 e 180 dias de vida. Os dados demonstram que a hipernutrição no início da vida induz um aumento significativo no peso corporal dos camundongos jovens, começando aos 10 dias, e este aumento de peso persistiu até à idade adulta (180 dias de idade). A glicemia e o peso da gordura visceral foram significativamente maiores no grupo hiperalimentado aos 21 e 180 dias, quando comparado com o grupo controle. Os níveis plasmáticos de grelina acilada apresentaram uma redução de 70% nos animais jovens e 49% adultos obesos. Além disso, no tecido adiposo branco, observamos um maior conteúdo (242%) do receptor de grelina (GHSR1a) nos animais hiperalimentados com 21 dias, e este aumento foi associado à modulação positiva do conteúdo e fosforilação de proteínas envolvidas no estoque e utilização de energia celular, tais como AKT, PI3K, AMPK, GLUT-4, e CPT1. No entanto, ao chegar à idade adulta os animais hiperalimentados não apresentaram diferença significativa no conteúdo de GHS-R1a e das proteínas AKT, PI3K, AMPK, GLUT-4, e CPT1. O conteúdo de PPARɣ foi menor no grupo obeso aos 21e 180 dias. Basicamente, mostramos que o metabolismo do tecido adiposo está alterado na obesidade adquirida no início da vida e, provavelmente, devido a essa modificação, ocorre um novo padrão da via de sinalização da grelina.

DLK1 and DLK2 characterization in mouse salivary gland development

103 p.; 102 p.

A representação social do cuidado ao paciente soropositivo ao HIV/Aids entre profissionais de saúde

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a estrutura representacional do cuidado em saúde ao paciente soropositivo ao HIV/Aids entre os profissionais da equipe de saúde, descrever a representação do cuidado em saúde através das abordagens estrutural e processual, analisar o cuidado em saúde a partir das representações construídas por essa equipe e discutir a mudança de conhecimentos e práticas de cuidado em saúde a partir das representações. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, orientada pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os sujeitos do estudo foram profissionais de saúde atuantes em instituições públicas no Rio de Janeiro, sendo na primeira etapa, 148 profissionais de 20 instituições e, na segunda, 23 de duas instituições. A coleta de dados deu-se através de questionários de caracterização, evocações livres e entrevista semiestruturada. A análise dos dados utilizou o quadro de quatro casas a partir do software EVOC 2003, a análise de similitude e a análise lexical pelo software Alceste 4.10. Com relação à estrutura da Representação, destaca-se que o Núcleo Central foi composto por: amor, acolhimento, informação, respeito, adesão-tratamento e não-discriminação, que indicam uma dimensão relacionada aos aspectos afetivos, práticos e funcionais do cuidado. Na zona de contraste, ressalta-se a presença da proteção-profissional. A partir da análise de similitude foi possível perceber a tendência à centralidade do léxico amor. Ele organiza a representação e possui forte ligação com o termo solidariedade. Na análise realizada pelo Alceste, foram definidas seis classes: A constituição da equipe de saúde e o processo de cuidar: definições, práticas e dificuldades; As práticas de proteção adotadas pelos profissionais frente ao HIV; As formas de enfrentamento diante do diagnóstico positivo ao HIV; Atitudes profissionais: avaliações e julgamentos; As memórias sociais sobre a aids: origem, circulação, informação e imagens e, por fim, A epidemia de aids nos dias atuais. Conclui-se que a representação social do cuidado entre profissionais de saúde tem, em sua estrutura e organização, a interação sustentada por uma arqueologia que se liga aos considerados sentimentos nobres e às ações de abnegação e de superação humanas, tendo como elemento central o amor que caracteriza suas ações e influencia sua práxis. A importância da oferta desse cuidado amoroso está em sua relação com a humanização das ações assistenciais, atendendo à demanda do indivíduo durante a manifestação da doença, respeitando sua singularidade como ser humano e facilitando seu processo de adoecimento e busca pela melhoria da saúde.

Influência do polimorfismo genético de citocinas na hepatite C crônica em uma população do Rio de Janeiro

A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é uma das mais comuns infecções ao redor do mundo. Aproximadamente, 20% dos pacientes infectados eliminam espontaneamente o vírus, porém a maioria dos indivíduos infectados desenvolve infecção crônica com amplo espectro de lesões hepáticas, desde inflamação leve até cirrose. A resposta imune do hospedeiro exerce grande influência sobre o desfecho da infecção pelo VHC. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência dos polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas na susceptibilidade ou persistência da infecção por VHC e no clareamento espontâneo em uma amostra de pacientes da população do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os polimorfismos genéticos das citocinas TNFA (-308), TGFB1 (codon 10 e 25), IL10 (-1082, -592), IL6 (-174) e IFNG (+874) foram analisados por PCR-SSP em 245 pacientes com hepatite C crônica (HCC), 41 pacientes que alcançaram o clareamento viral espontâneo e 189 indivíduos controle saudáveis. Além disso, os polimorfismos próximos ao gene da citocina IL28B (rs12979860, rs12980275 e rs8099917) foram analisados por PCR em tempo real em todos os grupos. O grau de fibrose e inflamação, a resposta ao tratamento e o genótipo do vírus também foram levados em consideração quanto ao desfecho da HCC Os genótipos IL28B rs12979860 CC e CT e rs12980275 AA e AG foram significativamente associados ao clareamento espontâneo e à resposta à terapia anti-viral. Da mesma forma, o alelo C (rs12979860) e o alelo A (rs12980275) foram significativamente maior no grupo Clareamento. O alelo C de IL6 (-174) foi associado com o Clareamento. Nenhuma associação entre as demais citocinas e o desfecho da HCC foi encontrada. O Genótipo TNFA (-308) GG parece estar associado com menor grau de inflamação. Além disso, a etnia auto declarada influencia a distribuição dos polimorfismos em IL6 (-174) e IL28B rs12979860 e rs8099917. Nossas observações indicam que os polimorfismos próximos ao gene da IL28B estão associados com o clareamento viral e resposta ao tratamento na população do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, nossos resultados podem ser úteis para futuras investigações entre os polimorfismos de citocinas e a infecção por VHC numa população heterogênea como a Brasileira.