Sosiaalisen median välineet tieteellisissä lehdissä

Abstrakti

Enhancing performance of paper coatings by tailor-made plastic pigments

The paper industry is constantly looking for new ideas for improving paper products while competition and raw material prices are increasing. Many paper products are pigment coated. Coating layer is the top layer of paper, thus by modifying coating pigment also the paper itself can be altered and value added to the final product. In this thesis, synthesis of new plastic and hybrid pigments and their performance in paper and paperboard coating is reported. Two types of plastic pigments were studied: core-shell latexes and solid beads of maleimide copolymers. Core-shell latexes with partially crosslinked hydrophilic polymer core of poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) and a hard hydrophobic polystyrene shell were prepared to improve the optical properties of coated paper. In addition, the effect of different crosslinkers was analyzed and the best overall performance was achieved by the use of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Furthermore, the possibility to modify core-shell latex was investigated by introducing a new polymerizable optical brightening agent, 1-[(4-vinylphenoxy)methyl]-4-(2-henylethylenyl)benzene which gave promising results. The prepared core-shell latex pigments performed smoothly also in pilot coating and printing trials. The results demonstrated that by optimizing polymer composition, the optical and surface properties of coated paper can be significantly enhanced. The optimal reaction conditions were established for thermal imidization of poly(styrene-co-maleimide) (SMI) and poly(octadecene-co-maleimide) (OMI) from respective maleic anhydride copolymer precursors and ammonia in a solvent free process. The obtained aqueous dispersions of nanoparticle copolymers exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) between 140-170ºC and particle sizes from 50-230 nm. Furthermore, the maleimide copolymers were evaluated in paperboard coating as additional pigments. The maleimide copolymer nanoparticles were partly imbedded into the porous coating structure and therefore the full potential of optical property enhancement for paperboard was not achieved by this method. The possibility to modify maleimide copolymers was also studied. Modifications were carried out via N-substitution by replacing part of the ammonia in the imidization reaction with amines, such as triacetonediamine (TAD), aspartic acid (ASP) and fluorinated amines (2,2,2- trifluoroethylamine, TFEA and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobuthylamine, HFBA). The obtained functional nanoparticles varied in size between 50-217 nm and their Tg from 150-180ºC. During the coating process the produced plastic pigments exhibited good runnability. No significant improvements were achieved in light stability with TAD modified copolymers whereas nanoparticles modified with aspartic acid and those containing fluorinated groups showed the desired changes in surface properties of the coated paperboard. Finally, reports on preliminary studies with organic-inorganic hybrids are presented. The hybrids prepared by an in situ polymerization reaction consisted of 30 wt% poly(styrene- co-maleimide) (SMI) and high levels of 70 wt% inorganic components of kaolin and/or alumina trihydrate. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images and characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spcetroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that the hybrids had conventional composite structure and inorganic components were covered with precipitated SMI nanoparticles attached to the surface via hydrogen bonding. In paper coating, the hybrids had a beneficial effect on increasing gloss levels.

Miten käy Itämeren?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Ruumiita faktan ja fiktion rajalla

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Kasvien etäsuojelu ja ENSCONET-siemenpankkihanke

ENSCONET-hanke (European Native Seed Conservation Network).

Potencial de produção de óleo-resina de copaíba (Copaifera spp) de populações naturais do sudoeste da Amazônia

O potencial de produção de óleo-resina extraído de Copaífera spp foi avaliado em duas populações naturais do sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira (municípios de Tarauacá e Xapuri), nos anos de 2000 e 2001. Foram selecionadas 388 árvores adultas de copaíbas das duas populações, sendo identificados em cada árvore o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), a produção de óleo-resina, a posição da árvore no relevo local (baixio ou terra firme) e a tipologia florestal local (floresta aberta ou densa), além do nome regional da copaíba, com base em características morfológicas da casca: Copaifera reticulata: copaíba-branca, vermelha, amarela e preta e Copaifera paupera: mari-mari. Os resultados indicam que a copaíba mari-mari possui maior proporção de indivíduos produtivos (80%), enquanto os demais morfotipos apresentaram apenas de 22 a 40% de seus indivíduos produtivos. Com relação a todas as árvores amostradas, a produção de óleo-resina variou de 0 a 18 L árvore-1, com a copaíba mari-mari tendo a maior produção média (1,33 L árvore-1), porém sem diferir significativamente dos demais morfotipos. Após excluir da análise as árvores não produtivas, a copaíba-preta apresentou significativamente a maior produção média de óleo-resina (2,92 L árvore-1). A tipologia florestal, posição da árvore no relevo e o DAP não se mostraram relacionados a produção de óleo-resina.

Akuutin kriisityön vaikuttavuus tutkimusnäytön valossa

Liite 2 artikkeliin Psykologinen työ akuuteissa kriiseissä : suositus hyvistä käytännöistä.