Applying life cycle management of colombian cocoa production

The present research aims to evaluate the usefulness of the application of Life Cycle Management in the agricultural sector focusing on the environmental and socio-economic aspects of decision making in the Colombian cocoa production. Such appraisal is based on the application of two methodological tools: Life Cycle Assessment, which considers environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of the cocoa production system, and Taguchi Loss Function, which measures the economic impact of a process' deviation from production targets. Results show that appropriate improvements in farming practices and supply consumption can enhance decision-making in the agricultural cocoa sector towards sustainability. In terms of agri-business purposes, such qualitative shift allows not only meeting consumer demands for environmentally friendly products, but also increasing the productivity and competitiveness of cocoa production, all of which has helped Life Cycle Management gain global acceptance. Since farmers have an important role in improving social and economic indicators at the national level, more attention should be paid to the upgrading of their cropping practices. Finally, one fundamental aspect of national cocoa production is the institutional and governmental support available for farmers in face of socio-economic or technological needs.

Building IT architecture for developing nations using TOGAF

Developing nations vary in data usage techniques with respect to developed nations because of lack of standard information technology architecture. With the concept of globalization in the modern times, there is a necessity of information sharing between different developing nations for better advancements in socio-economic and science and technology fields. A robust IT architecture is needed and has to be built between different developing nations which eases information sharing and other data usage methods. A framework like TOGAF may work in this case as a normal IT framework may not fit to meet the requirements of an enterprise architecture. The intention of the thesis is to build an enterprise architecture between different developing nations using a framework TOGAF

Development of a New Welding Product Quality Control and Management System Model for China

The Chinese welding industry is growing every year due to rapid development of the Chinese economy. Increasingly, companies around the world are looking to use Chinese enterprises as their cooperation partners. However, the Chinese welding industry also has its weaknesses, such as relatively low quality and weak management. A modern, advanced welding management system appropriate for local socio-economic conditions is required to enable Chinese enterprises to enhance further their business development. The thesis researches the design and implementation of a new welding quality management system for China. This new system is called ���welding production quality control management model in China��� (WQMC). Constructed on the basis of analysis of a survey and in-company interviews, the welding management system comprises the following different elements and perspectives: a ���Localized congenital existing problem resolution strategies��� (LCEPRS) database, a ���human factor designed training system��� (HFDT) training strategy, the theory of modular design, ISO 3834 requirements, total welding management (TWM), and lean manufacturing (LEAN) theory. The methods used in the research are literature review, questionnaires, interviews, and the author���s model design experiences and observations, i.e. the approach is primarily qualitative and phenomenological. The thesis describes the design and implementation of a HFDT strategy in Chinese welding companies. Such training is an effective way to increase employees��� awareness of quality and issues associated with quality assurance. The study identified widely existing problems in the Chinese welding industry and constructed a LCEPRS database that can be used in efforts to mitigate and avoid common problems. The work uses the theory of modular design, TWM and LEAN as tools for the implementation of the WQMC system.

Comprehensive school health, the social determinants of health, and the health status of children

As children are becoming increasingly inactive and obese, there is an urgent need for effective early prevention and intervention programs. One solution is a comprehensive school health (CSH) program, a health promotion initiative aimed at educating students about healthy behaviours and lifestyles, which also provides a link between the school, students, families, and the surrounding community. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between different components of CSH programs, as well as three determinants of health (gender, social support, socio-economic status), and physical activity, on the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children. A newly developed and pilot-tested survey derived from Health Canada's fourpart CSH model (instruction, social support, support services, and a healthy physical environment) was sent to elementary school principals. Data on the gender, physical activity, parental education, and social support levels of students from these schools were gathered from a previous study. Multiple regression procedures were conducted to estimate the relationships between CSH components, the social determinants of health, physical activity, and BMI and aerobic fitness. Results showed that three CSH components were significantly associated with both BMI and aerobic fitness values in children, but accounted for less than 5% of the variance in both variables. Physical activity partially mediated the relationship between the significant CSH components, BMI, and particularly aerobic fitness. Furthermore, the social determinant and physical activity variables played independent roles in aerobic fitness values. No moderating effects of the social determinants were discovered.

Self-reported health status and lifestyle behaviours of the residents of the Town of Fort Erie, Ontario, as related to the Canadian Community Health Survey

The purpose of this cross sectional survey design was to examine self-reported health status and lifestyle behaviours of the residents of the Town of Fort Erie, Ontario, as related to the Canadian Community Health Survey. Using a mail-out survey, entitled the Fort Erie Survey of Health (FESH), a probability cluster sampling technique was used to measure self-reported health status (present health, health conditions, health challenges, functional health limitations) and lifestyle behaviour (smoking, alcohol use, drug use, physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, body weight, and gaming). Each variable was described and analyzed in relation to socio-economic variables, age and gender. The findings from this study were compared to the Canadian Community Health Survey 2000/2001. Overall, 640 surveys were completed. The majority of Fort Erie residents rated their present health as good and were satisfied with their overall health and quality of life. The main chronic conditions reported were arthritis, back pain and heart disease. Other main health problems reported were vision, sleeping and chronic pain. Overall, 14.6% smoke; 58.8% engaged in physical activity either occasionally or never as opposed to regularly engaging in physical activity; 52.1% did not eat the required daily fruits and vegetables; and 40.0% were in the overweight category. Persons who practiced one healthy lifestyle behaviour were more likely to practice other healthy promoting behaviours. Therefore, health promotion programs are best designed to address multiple risk factors simultaneously. The ffiSH was generally consistent with the Canadian Community Health Survey in the overall findings. A small number of inconsistencies were identified that require further exploration to determine if they are unique to this community.

"I might be a duck, but I'm human" : an analysis of clothing in Disney cartoons

Mickey Mouse, one of the world's most recognizable cartoon characters, did not wear a shirt in his earliest incarnation in theatrical shorts and, for many years, Donald Duck did not wear pants and still rarely does so. Especially when one considers the era in which these figures were first created by the Walt Disney Studio, in the 1920s and 1930s, why are they portrayed without full clothing? The obvious answer, of course, is that they are animals, and animals do not wear clothes. But these are no ordinary animals: in most cases, they do wear clothing - some clothing, at least - and they walk on two legs, talk in a more or less intelligible fashion, and display a number of other anthropomorphic traits. If they are essentially animals, why do they wear clothing at all? On the other hand, if these characters are more human than animal, as suggested by other behavioral traits - they walk, talk, work, read, and so on - why are they not more often fully clothed? To answer these questions I undertook three major research strategies used to gather evidence: interpretive textual analysis of 321 cartoons; secondary analysis of interviews conducted with the animators who created the Disney characters; and historical and archival research on the Disney Company and on the times and context in which it functioned. I was able to identify five themes that played a large part in what kind of clothing a character wore; first, the character's gender and/or sexuality; second, what species or "race" the character was; third, the character's socio-economic status; fourth, the degree to which the character was anthropomorphized; and, fifth, the context in which the character and its clothing appeared in a particular scene or narrative. I concluded that all of these factors played a part in determining, to some extent, the clothing worn by particular characters at particular times. However, certain patterns emerged from the analysis that could not be explained by these factors alone or in combination. Therefore, my analysis also investigates the individual and collective attitudes and desires of the men in the Disney studio who were responsible for creating these characters and the cultural conditions under which they were created. Drawing on literature from the psychoanalytic approach to film studies, I argue that the clothing choices spoke to an idealized fantasy world to which the animators (most importantly, Walt Disney himself), and possibly wider society, wanted to return.

Closing the summer learning gap for vulnerable junior kindergarten students

Under current academic calendars across North America, summer vacation creates a significant gap in the learning cycle. I t has been argued that this gap actually decreases student achievement levels over the course of the summer. In a synthesis of 39 studies Cooper, Nye, Charlton, Lindsay, & Greathouse (1996) indicated that summer learning loss equaled at least one month of instruction as measured by grade level equivalents on standardized test scores whereby children's test scores were at least one month lower when they returned to school in the fall than scores were when students left in the summer. Specifically, Cooper et aI., (1996) found that the summer learning loss phenomena may be particularly troublesome for less advantaged children including those with speech and language delays, children at-risk for reading disabilities, children from lower socio-economic backgrounds, and children learning English as a second language. In general, research illustrated clearly that the summer learning gap can be particularly problematic for vulnerable children and furthermore, that literacy skills may be the area of achievement that is most affected. A foundational pillar to this research project is including primary caregivers as authentic partners in a summer literacy program designed to support their children's literacy needs. This pillar led the research team to use the Learning Begins at Home: A Research-Based Family Literacy Program Curriculum designed by Antoinette Doyle, Kathleen Hipfner-Boucher, and Janette Pelletier from the Ontario Institute for the Studies of Education. The LBH program is designed to be flexibly adapted to suit the needs of each individual participating family. As indicated by Timmons (2008) literacy interventions are most powerful when they include authentic family involvement. Based on this research, a requirement for participating in the summer literacy program was involvement of a child and one of their primary caregivers. The participating caregiver was integrally involved in the program, participating in workshop activities prior to and following hands-on literacy work with their child. By including primary caregivers as authentic partners, the research team encouraged a paradigmatic shift in the family whereby literacy activities become routine within their household. 5 Participants in this study were 14 children from junior kindergarten classrooms within the Niagara Catholic District School Board. As children were referred to the program, they were assessed by a trained emergent literacy specialist (from Speech Services Niagara) to identify whether they met the eligibility requirements for participation in the summer program. To be eligible to participate, children demonstrated significant literacy needs (i.e. below 25%ile on the Test of Preschool Early Literacy described below). Children with low incidence disabilities (i.e. profound sensory impairments, severe intellectual impairments, developmental disabilities, etc) were excluded as participants. The research team used a standard pre- and posttest design whereby all participating children were assessed with the Test of Preschool Early Literacy (Lonigan et aI., 2007), and a standard measure of letter names and sounds. Pretests were administered two weeks prior to the commencement of the program and the first set of posttests was administered immediately following the program. A second set of posttests was administered in December 2009 to measure the sustainability of the program. As a result of the program, all children scored statistically significantly higher on their literacy scores at the post-program assessment point immediately following the program and also at the Dec-post-program assessment point. These results in general indicated that the summer family literacy program made an immediate impact on the emergent literacy skills of participating children. All participating children demonstrated significant increases in print and phonological awareness as well as their letter sound understanding.

Predicting Physical, Verbal, Social, Racial, and Sexual Bullying with Individual and Environmental Factors from an Evolutionary Ecological Framework

Evidence exists for subtypes of bullying, but there is a lack of studies simultaneously investigating the factors that influence each subtype. The purpose of my thesis was to investigate how individual and environmental factors independently and interactively predict physical, verbal, social, racial, and sexual bullying using an evolutionary ecological framework. Adolescents (N = 225, M = 14.05, SD = 1.54) completed self-reports on demographics, HEXACO personality, Rothbart���s temperament, parenting, friendship quality, school connectedness, and socio-economic status. Subtypes were predicted by low Honesty-Humility in addition to other personality and demographic factors with the exception of physical bullying, which was predicted by environmental factors. Results suggest adolescents adaptively and selectively use bullying to exploit victims and obtain resources, although the subtype used may depend on individual factors bullies possess within Bronfenbrenner���s microsystem, instead of the meso- and exo- systems. Anti-bullying efforts should target these factors and reinforce alternative strategies to obtain resources.

Creating and Enabling a Sustainable Livelihood for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: A Comparative Case Study of Ghana and Canada.

Abstract Despite the plethora of published studies on rights, including employment rights, for persons with intellectual disabilities (Hatton, 2002; Tarulli, et al., 2004; Ward & Stewart, 2008), relatively few have discussed their applicability to individuals with intellectual disabilities to facilitate their full involvement in socio-economic development. This study explored the mechanisms facilitating and inhibiting the full participation of persons with intellectual disabilities in the area of employment through a comparative case analysis of policies and practices in Ontario, Canada (a developed country) and in Ghana (a developing country) both of which are signatories to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). The study employed targeted recruitment based on the nature of the research which is a combination of policy and practice investigation.

'Art is the New Steel': Marketing Creative Urbanism in Twenty-First Century Hamilton, Ontario

As a major manufacturing hub in southern Ontario, Hamilton enjoyed considerable economic stability during the twentieth century. However, like most industrial-based cities, Hamilton���s role as a North American manufacturing producer has faded since the 1970���s. This has resulted in dramatic socio-economic impacts, most of which are centered on the inner city. There have been many attempts to revive the core. This includes Hamilton���s most recent urban renewal plans, based upon the principles of Richard Florida���s creative city hypothesis and Ontario���s Places to Grow Act (2005). Common throughout all of Hamilton���s urban renewal initiatives has been the role of the local press. In this thesis I conduct a discourse analysis of media based knowledge production. I show that the local press reproduces creative city discourses as local truths to substantiate and validate a revanchist political agenda. By choosing to celebrate the creative class culture, the local press fails to question its repercussions

Wage Policy of Firms: an Empirical Investigation.

This paper analyzes the dynamics of wages and workers' mobility within firms with a hierarchical structure of job levels. The theoretical model proposed by Gibbons and Waldman (1999), that combines the notions of human capital accumulation, job rank assignments based on comparative advantage and learning about workers' abilities, is implemented empirically to measure the importance of these elements in explaining the wage policy of firms. Survey data from the GSOEP (German Socio-Economic Panel) are used to draw conclusions on the common features characterizing the wage policy of firms from a large sample of firms. The GSOEP survey also provides information on the worker's rank within his firm which is usually not available in other surveys. The results are consistent with non-random selection of workers onto the rungs of a job ladder. There is no direct evidence of learning about workers' unobserved abilities but the analysis reveals that unmeasured ability is an important factor driving wage dynamics. Finally, job rank effects remain significant even after controlling for measured and unmeasured characteristics.

Regulatory History Material as an Extrinsic Aid to Interpretation: An Empirical Study on the Use of RIAS by the Federal Court of Canada

Since 1986, the Canadian Public Administration is required to analyze the socio-economic impact of new regulatory requirements or regulatory changes. To report on its analysis, a Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement (RIAS) is produced and published in the Canada Gazette with the proposed regulation to which it pertains for notice to, and comments by, interested parties. After the allocated time for comments has elapsed, the regulation is adopted with a final version of the RIAS. Both documents are again published in the Canada Gazette. As a result, the RIAS acquires the status of an official public document of the Government of Canada and its content can be argued in courts as an extrinsic aid to the interpretation of a regulation. In this paper, an analysis of empirical findings on the uses of this interpretative tool by the Federal Court of Canada is made. A sample of decisions classified as unorthodox show that judges are making determinations on the basis of two distinct sets of arguments built from the information found in a RIAS and which the author calls ���technocratic��� and ���democratic���. The author argues that these uses raise the general question of ���What makes law possible in our contemporary legal systems���? for they underline enduring legal problems pertaining to the knowledge and the acceptance of the law by the governed. She concludes that this new interpretive trend of making technocratic and democratic uses of a RIAS in case law should be monitored closely as it may signal a greater change than foreseen, and perhaps an unwanted one, regarding the relationship between the government and the judiciary.

Effets d���un programme pr��natal de groupe adress�� aux couples parentaux pour pr��venir la d��pression postnatale des femmes de classes moyenne et d��favoris��e habitant en Catalogne Nord et en France Sud

La d��pression postnatale (DP) est un probl��me de sant�� publique tr��s fr��quent dans diff��rentes cultures (Affonso et al, 2000). En effet, entre 10% �� 15% des m��res souffrent d���une symptomatogie d��pressive ainsi que l���indiquent Gorman et al. (2004). La pr��vention de la DP est l���objectif de diff��rents programmes pr��natals et postnatals (Dennis, 2005; Lumley et al, 2004). Certains auteurs notent qu���il est difficile d���avoir acc��s aux femmes �� risque apr��s la naissance (Evins et al, 2000; Georgiopoulos et al, 2001). Mais, les femmes fr��quentent les centres de sant�� pendant la grossesse et il est possible d���identifier les cas �� risque �� partir des sympt��mes pr��nataux d��pressifs ou somatiques (Riguetti-Veltema et al, 2006); d���autant plus qu���un grand nombre de facteurs de risque de la DP sont pr��sents pendant la grossesse (O���Hara et Gorman, 2004). C���est pourquoi cette ��tude fut initi��e pendant le premier trimestre de la grossesse �� partir d���une d��tection pr��coce du risque de DP chez n= 529 femmes de classes moyenne et d��favoris��e, et, cela, au moyen d���un questionnaire valid�� utilis�� �� l���aide d���une entrevue. L�����tude s���est effectu��e dans trois villes : Barcelone, Figueres, et B��ziers au cours des ann��es 2003 �� 2005. Objectif g��n��ral : La pr��sente ��tude vise �� ��valuer les effets d���un programme pr��natal de groupes de rencontre appliqu�� dans la pr��sente ��tude chez des couples de classe socio��conomique non favoris��e dont les femmes sont consid��r��es comme �� risque de d��pression postnatale. L���objectif sp��cifique est de comparer deux groupes de femmes (un groupe exp��rimental et un groupe t��moin) par rapport aux effets du programme pr��natal sur les sympt��mes de d��pression postnatale mesur��s �� partir de la 4��me semaine apr��s l���accouchement avec l�����chelle EPDS. Hypoth��se: Les femmes participant au programme pr��natal de groupe adress�� aux couples parentaux, compos�� de 10 s��ances hebdomadaires et inspir�� d���une orientation psychosomatique pr��senteront, au moins, un taux de 6% inf��rieur de cas �� risque de d��pression postnatale que les femmes qui ne participent pas, et cela, une fois ��valu��es avec l�����chelle EPDS (���12) 4 semaines apr��s leur accouchement. Mat��riel et m��thode: La pr��sente ��tude ��valuative est bas��e sur un essai clinique randomis�� et longitudinal; il s�����tend de la premi��re ou deuxi��me visite d�����chographie pendant la grossesse �� un moment situ�� entre la 4��me et la 12��me semaine postnatale. Les participants �� l�����tude sont des femmes de classes moyenne et d��favoris��e identifi��es �� risque de DP et leur conjoint. Toutes les femmes r��pondant aux crit��res d���inclusion �� la p��riode du recrutement ont effectu�� une entrevue de s��lection le jour de leur ��chographie pr��natale �� l���h��pital (n=529). Seules les femmes indiquant un risque de DP furent s��lectionn��es (n= 184). Par la suite, elles furent distribu��es de mani��re al��atoire dans deux groupes: exp��rimental (n=92) et t��moin (n=92), au moyen d���un programme informatique appliqu�� par un statisticien consid��rant le risque de DP selon le questionnaire valid�� par Riguetti-Veltema et al. (2006) appliqu�� �� l���aide d���une entrevue. Le programme exp��rimental consistait en dix s��ances hebdomadaires de groupe, de deux heures et vingt minutes de dur��e ; un appel t��l��phonique entre s��ances a permis d���assurer la continuit�� de la participation des sujets. Le groupe t��moin a eu acc��s aux soins habituels. Le programme exp��rimental commen��ait �� la fin du deuxi��me trimestre de grossesse et fut appliqu�� par un m��decin et des sages-femmes sp��cialement pr��par��es au pr��alable; elles ont dirig�� les s��ances pr��natales avec une approche psychosomatique. Les variables associ��es �� la DP (non psychotique) comme la symptomatologie d��pressive, le soutien social, le stress et la relation de couple ont ��t�� ��valu��es avant et apr��s la naissance (pr��-test/post-test) chez toutes les femmes participantes des deux groupes (GE et GC) utilisant : l�����chelle EPDS (Cox et al,1987), le Functional Social Support Questionnaire (Broadhead et al, 1988), l�����valuation du stress de Holmes et Rahe (1967) et, l�����chelle d���ajustement dyadique de Spanier (1976). La collecte des donn��es pr��natales a eu lieu �� l���h��pital, les femmes recevaient les questionnaires �� la fin de l���entrevue, les compl��taient �� la maison et les retournaient au rendez-vous suivant. Les donn��es postnatales ont ��t�� envoy��es par les femmes utilisant la poste locale. R��sultats: Une fois ��valu��s les sympt��mes d��pressifs postnatals avec l�����chelle EPDS entre la 4��me et la 12��me semaine postnatale et consid��rant le risque de DP au point de c��sure ��� 12 de l�����chelle, le pourcentage de femmes �� risque de DP est de 39,34%; globalement, les femmes ��tudi��es pr��sentent un taux ��lev�� de symptomatologie d��pressive. Les groupes ��tant comparables sur toutes les variables pr��natales, notons une diff��rence dans l�����valuation postnatale de l���EPDS (���12) de 11,2% entre le groupe C et le groupe E (45,5% et 34,3%). Et la diff��rence finale entre les moyennes de l���EPDS postnatal est de 1,76 ( =11,10 ��6,05 dans le groupe C et =9,34 ��5,17 dans le groupe E) ; cette diff��rence s���aproche de la limite de la signification (p=0,08). Ceci est d�� �� un certain nombre de facteurs dont le faible nombre de questionnaires bien compl��t��s �� la fin de l�����tude. Les femmes du groupe exp��rimental pr��sentent une diminution significative des sympt��mes d��pressifs (t=2,50 / P= 0,01) comparativement au pr��-test et indiquant une am��lioration au contraire du groupe t��moin sans changement. Les analyses de r��gression et de covariance montrent que le soutien social postnatal, les sympt��mes d��pressifs pr��natals et le stress postnatal ont une relation significative avec les sympt��mes d��pressifs postnatals (P<0,0001 ; P=0.003; P=0.004). La relation du couple n���a pas eu d���impact sur le risque de DP dans la pr��sente ��tude. Par contre, on constate d���autres r��sultats secondaires significatifs: moins de naissances pr��matur��es, plus d���accouchements physiologiques et un plus faible taux de somatisations non sp��cifiques chez les m��res du groupe exp��rimental. Recommandations: Les r��sultats obtenus nous sugg��rent la consid��ration des aspects suivants: 1) il faudrait appliquer les mesures pour d��tecter le risque de DP �� la p��riode pr��natale au moment des visites d�����chographie dont presque toutes les femmes sont atteignables; il est possible d���utiliser �� ce moment un questionnaire de d��tection valid�� car, son efficacit�� semble d��montr��e; 2) il faudrait intervenir aupr��s des femmes identifi��es �� risque �� la p��riode pr��natale �� condition de prolonger le programme pr��ventif apr��s la naissance, tel qu���indiqu�� par d���autres ��tudes et par la demande fr��quente des femmes ��valu��es. L���intervention pr��natale de groupe n���est pas suffisante pour ��viter le risque de DP chez la totalit�� des femmes. C���est pourquoi une troisi��me recommandation consisterait �� : 3) ajouter des interventions individuelles pour les cas les plus graves et 4) il para��t n��cessaire d���augmenter le soutien social chez des femmes d��favoris��es vuln��rables car cette variable s���est r��v��l��e tr��s li��e au risque de d��pression postnatale.

L���incorporation de la responsabilit�� populationnelle dans la gestion des CSSS

En 2004, le gouvernement qu��b��cois s���est engag�� dans une importante r��organisation de son syst��me de sant�� en cr��ant les Centres de sant�� et des services sociaux (CSSS). Conjugu�� �� leur mandat de production de soins et services, les CSSS se sont vus attribuer un nouveau mandat de �� responsabilit�� populationnelle ��. Les gestionnaires se voient donc attribuer le mandat d���am��liorer la sant�� et le bien-��tre d���une population d��finie g��ographiquement, en plus de r��pondre aux besoins des utilisateurs de soins et services. Cette double responsabilit�� demande aux gestionnaires d���articuler plus formellement au sein d���une gouverne locale, deux secteurs de prestations de services qui ont longtemps ��volu�� avec peu d���interactions, �� la sant�� publique �� et �� le syst��me de soins ��. Ainsi, l���incorporation de la responsabilit�� populationnelle am��ne �� d��velopper une plus grande synergie entre ces deux secteurs dans une organisation productrice de soins et services. Elle appelle des changements importants au niveau des domaines d���activit��s investis et demande des transformations dans certains r��les de gestion. L���objectif g��n��ral de ce projet de recherche est de mieux comprendre comment le travail des gestionnaires des CSSS se transforme en situation de changement mandat�� afin d���incorporer la responsabilit�� populationnelle dans leurs actions et leurs pratiques de gestion. Le devis de recherche s���appuie sur deux ��tudes de cas. Nous avons r��alis�� une ��tude de deux CSSS de la r��gion de Montr��al. Ces cas ont ��t�� choisis selon la variabilit�� des contextes socio-��conomiques et sanitaires ainsi que le nombre et la vari��t�� d�����tablissements sous la gouverne des CSSS. L���un des cas avait au sein de sa gouverne un Centre hospitalier de courte dur��e et l���autre non. La collecte de donn��es se base sur trois sources principales; 1) l���analyse documentaire, 2) des entrevues semi-structur��es (N=46) et 3) des observations non-participantes sur une p��riode de pr��s de deux ans (2005-2007). Nous avons adopt�� une d��marche it��rative, bas��e sur un raisonnement inductif. Pour analyser la transformation des CSSS, nous nous appuyons sur la th��orie institutionnelle en th��orie des organisations. Cette perspective est int��ressante car elle permet de lier l���analyse du champ organisationnel, soit les diff��rentes pressions issues des acteurs gravitant dans le syst��me de sant�� qu��b��cois et le r��le des acteurs dans le processus de changement. Elle propose d���analyser �� la fois les pressions environnementales qui expliquent les contraintes et les opportunit��s des acteurs gravitant dans le champ organisationnel de m��me que les pressions exerc��es par les CSSS et les strat��gies d���actions locales que ceux-ci d��veloppent. Nous discutons de l�����volution des CSSS en pr��sentant trois phases temporelles caract��ris��es par des dynamiques d���interaction entre les pressions exerc��es par les CSSS et celles exerc��es par les autres acteurs du champ organisationnel; la phase 1 porte sur l���appropriation des politiques dict��es par l�����tat, la phase 2 r��f��re �� l���adaptation aux orientations propos��es par diff��rents acteurs du champ organisationnel et la phase 3 correspond au d��veloppement de certains projets initi��s localement. Nous montrons �� travers le processus d���incorporation de la responsabilit�� populationnelle que les gestionnaires modifient certaines pratiques de gestion. Certains de ces r��les sont plus en lien avec la notion d���entrepreneur institutionnel, notamment, le r��le de leader, de n��gociateur et d���entrepreneur. �� travers le processus de transformation de ces r��les, d���importants changements au niveau des actions entreprises par les CSSS se r��alisent, notamment, l���organisation des services de premi��re ligne, le d��veloppement d���interventions de pr��vention et de promotion de la sant�� de m��me qu���un r��le plus actif au sein de leur communaut��. En conclusion, nous discutons des le��ons tir��es de l���incorporation de la responsabilit�� populationnelle au niveau d���une organisation productrice de soins et services. Nous ��changeons sur les enjeux li��s au d��veloppement d���une plus grande synergie entre la sant�� publique et le syst��me de soins au sein d���une gouverne locale. ��galement, nous pr��sentons un mod��le synth��se d���un processus de mise en ��uvre d���un changement mandat�� dans un champ organisationnel fortement institutionnalis�� en approfondissant les r��les des entrepreneurs institutionnels dans ce processus. Cette situation a ��t�� peu analys��e dans la litt��rature jusqu����� maintenant.

Les caract��ristiques de la d��viance des adolescentes judiciaris��es �� Dakar (S��n��gal) en comparaison aux adolescentes judiciaris��es de Montr��al (Canada)

Malgr�� les probl��mes que pose la d��linquance juv��nile au S��n��gal, les r��ponses des d��cideurs semblent inefficaces, surtout pour les filles d��viantes. Ainsi, l���objectif de notre ��tude est de d��terminer les caract��ristiques familiales, scolaires et des amis des adolescentes judiciaris��es �� Dakar en les comparant �� celles de Montr��al. Les enqu��tes se sont d��roul��es �� Dakar sur trente adolescentes interrog��es avec un instrument adapt�� du MASPAQ. Les similitudes entre les ��chantillons concernent l�����ge moyen et le statut judiciaire quasi-identiques, le milieu socio-��conomique d��favoris�� et la structure familiale en majorit�� monoparentale matricentrique. Les autres r��sultats concernent surtout les liens sociaux plus forts chez les dakaroises alors que l���activit�� marginale est plus importante chez les montr��alaises. Les liens sociaux des dakaroises constitueraient une protection contre la d��viance. Le contexte culturel ��galement, en favorisant un contr��le social, pousserait �� d��velopper plus de contraintes internes, autre protection contre la d��viance. Des perspectives sont envisag��es notamment utiliser l���instrument avec des gar��ons.