2 END-TO-SIDE NEURORRHAPHIES AND NERVE GRAFT WITH REMOVAL OF THE EPINEURAL SHEATH - EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY IN RATS

We have studied a new type of end-to-side nerve repair in rats. The healthy (donor) nerve was not divided but an epineural window was created. In our experiment, a nerve graft bridged the tibial nerve to the distal end of the divided peroneal nerve. Electrophysiological studies showed electrical impulses conducted through both end-to-side nerve junctions. Histological studies demonstrated axons leaving the lateral surface of the healthy (donor) nerve. Based on these observations, we suggest that end-to-side neurorrhaphy from a healthy nerve may bridge a neural deficit.

The (CH3OH)-C-13 optically pumped far-infrared laser: New lines and frequency measurements

We report 18 new laser lines from (CH3OH)-C-13 generated in an optically pumped far-infrared laser; the laser lines are in the range of 54.2-420 mu m and are all characterized in wavelength, polarization relative to the pumping CO2 radiation, and pump offset relative to the CO2 center frequency, the frequencies of seven of these new lines along with 10 previously reported lines were measured by an accurate heterodyne technique, mixing them in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) point contact diode, with another laser line of known frequency.

Manipulation of anchoring strength in an azo-dye side chain polymer by photoisomerization

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

OPTICALLY PUMPED (CD3OH)-C-13 - FAR-INFRARED LASER LINES AND ASSIGNMENT

Fourier transform and IR optoacoustic absorption data of (CD3OH)-C-13 were used to search for new FIR laser lines. We have used a waveguide CO2 laser of 300 MHz tunability as the optical pumping source. We report the observation and characterization of 13 new lines. Three of these lines are associated with absorbing transitions appertaining to the weak (CD3)-C-13 asymmetric bending mode.

A finite element free convection model for the side wall heated cavity

This paper presents a finite element numerical solution of free convection in a cavity with side walls maintained at constant but different temperatures. The predictions from the model and the method of solution were validated by comparison with the 'bench mark' solution and Vahl Davis' results and good agreement was found. The present model was used to obtain additional results over a wide range of Rayleigh number (10(3)-10(6)) and L/H ratios varying from 0.1 to 1.0. The predicted stream function patterns, temperature and velocity profiles as well as the mean Nusselt number were presented and discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

A REVIEW OF OPTICALLY PUMPED FAR-INFRARED LASER LINES FROM METHANOL ISOTOPES

The technique of optical pumping in polar molecules is the most efficient for Far-Infrared (FIR) laser generation, providing also a versatile and powerful tool for molecular spectroscopy in this spectral region. Methanol (CH3OH) and its isotopic varieties are the best media for optically pumped FIR laser, with over thousand lines observed, and the most widely used for investigations and applications. In this sense, it is important organize and make available catalogues of FIR laser lines as complete as possible. Since the last critical reviews of 1984 [1] on methanol and its isotopic varieties [2,3,4], over hundred papers have been published dealing with hundreds of new FIR laser lines. In 1992 a review of FIR laser lines from CH3OH was presented [5]. In this communication we extend this work to the other methanol isotopes, namely CH3OD, CD3OH, CD3OD, (CH3OH)-C-13, (CD3OH)-C-13, (CD3OD)-C-13, (CH3OH)-O-18, CH2DOH, CHD2OH and CH2DOD.

Energy transfer between Tm3+ and Er3+ ions in a TeO2-based glass pumped at diode laser wavelength

In this paper we investigate the energy transfer processes in TM3+/Er3+ doped telluride glass pumped at the commercial diode laser pump wavelength similar to 800 nm. Tailoring the rare-earths content in the glass matrix, seven main energy transfer channels within the doping range considered were identified, A 6-fold enhancement of the Er3+ visible frequency upconversion fluorescence at similar to 660 nm is observed due to the inclusion of Tm3+ ions. This is evidence of the relevant contribution of the route Er-1(I-4(11/2)) + Er-2(I-4(13/2)) -> Er-1(I-4(15/2)) + Er-2(F-4(9/2)) to the process. Energy migration among pumped I-4(9/2) level reducing the efficiency of the upconversion emission rate (H-3(11/2), S-4(3/2), and F-4(9/2)) is observed for Er3+ above 1.5 wt%. The rate equations regarding the observed energy transfer routes are determined and a qualitative analysis of the observed processes is reported. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CH3OH optically pumped by a (CO2)-C-13 laser: new laser lines and assignments

We report 12 new THz (far-infrared) laser lines from methanol (CH3OH), ranging from 58.1 mu m (5.2 THz) to 624.6 mu m (0.5 THz). A(13) CO2 laser of wide tunability (110 MHz) has been used for optical pumping, allowing access to previously unexplored spectral regions. Optoacoustic absorption spectra were used as a guide to search for new THz laser lines, which have been characterized in wavelength, polarization, offset, relative intensity, and optimum operation pressure. For 20 laser lines previously observed, we have measured the absorption offset with respect to the (CO2)-C-13 laser line center.

EPR investigation of the influence of side chain protecting groups on peptide-resin solvation of the Asx and Glx model containing peptides

In spite of all progressive efforts aiming to optimize SPPS, serious problems mainly affecting the assembly of aggregating sequences have persisted. Following the study intended to unravel the complex solvation phenomenon of peptide-resin beads, the XING and XAAAA model aggregating segments were labeled with a paramagnetic probe and studied via EPR spectroscopy. Low and high substituted resins were also comparatively used, with the X residue being Asx or Glx containing the main protecting groups used in the SPPS. Notably, the cyclo-hexyl group used for Asp and Glu residues in Boc-chemistry induced greater chain immobilization than its tert-butyl partner-protecting group of the Fmoc strategy. Otherwise, the most impressive peptide chain immobilization occurred when the large trytil group was used for Asn and Gln protection in Fmoc-chemistry. These surprising results thus seem to stress the possibility of the relevant influence of the amino-acid side chain protecting groups in the overall peptide synthesis yield. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Optically pumped submillimeter laser lines from CD2Cl2 using a large tunability CW CO2 laser

Twenty-five new laser lines have been obtained is the wavelength region from 155 to 830 mu m by optically pumping the CD2Cl2 (deuterated dichloromethane) molecule with a CW CO3 laser having a tunability range of 300 MHz. The wavelength, polarization relative to that of CO2 pumping radiation, and offset relative to the CO2 center frequency were determined for all of the new lines and some other already known laser emissions. For all of them we give also the relative intensity and the optimum pressure of operation.

Chromophore relaxation in a side-chain methacrylate copolymer functionalized with 4-[N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]amino-2 '-chloro-4 '-nitroazobenzene

A side-chain methacrylate copolymer functionalized with the nonlinear optical chromophore 4-[N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]amino-2'-chloro-4'-nitroazobenzene, disperse red-13, was prepared and characterized. The chromophore relaxation was investigated measuring the decay of the electrooptic coefficient r(13) and the complex dielectric constant at different temperatures. Results obtained below and above T-g were analyzed using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts(KWW) equation, through the study of the temperature dependence of the KWW parameters. Above T-g the relaxation time experimental data were fitted to the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation and its parameters determined. Chromophore relaxation leading to the decrease of electrooptic properties was found associated with a primary alpha relaxation. The obtained WLF equation parameters were introduced into the Adam-Gibbs-Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan equation, and the overall relaxation time temperature dependence was successfully obtained in terms of the fictive temperature, accounting for the sample thermal treatment and allowing optimized thermal treatment to be found. The copolymer KWW stretching parameter at the glass transition temperature lies close to the limit value for short-range interactions, i.e., 0.6, suggesting that the chromophore group is participating in primary a relaxation.