Deontological and altruistic guilt: evidence for distinct neurobiological substrates.

The feeling of guilt is a complex mental state underlying several human behaviors in both private and social life. From a psychological and evolutionary viewpoint, guilt is an emotional and cognitive function, characterized by prosocial sentiments, entailing specific moral believes, which can be predominantly driven by inner values (deontological guilt) or by more interpersonal situations (altruistic guilt). The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a distinct neurobiological substrate for these two expressions of guilt in healthy individuals. We first run two behavioral studies, recruiting a sample of 72 healthy volunteers, to validate a set of stimuli selectively evoking deontological and altruistic guilt, or basic control emotions (i.e., anger and sadness). Similar stimuli were reproduced in a event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm, to investigate the neural correlates of the same emotions, in a new sample of 22 healthy volunteers. We show that guilty emotions, compared to anger and sadness, activate specific brain areas (i.e., cingulate gyrus and medial frontal cortex) and that different neuronal networks are involved in each specific kind of guilt, with the insula selectively responding to deontological guilt stimuli. This study provides evidence for the existence of distinct neural circuits involved in different guilty feelings. This complex emotion might account for normal individual attitudes and deviant social behaviors. Moreover, an abnormal processing of specific guilt feelings might account for some psychopathological manifestation, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.

Isothermal sections of the Ru-Si-Ge, Ru-Ge-Sn and Ru-Si-Sn systems at 900°C

The ternary systems Ruthenium-Silicon-Germanium, Ruthenium-Germanium-Tin and Ruthenium-Silicon-Tin were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Relations at 900 degrees C between solid phases are given and no ternary compound was found. Solubilities and evolution of lattice parameters have been correlated. Maximum mutual solubilities in the Si-Sn and Ge-Sn systems are given. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.

Evolution pondérale des patients au cours du traitement par autogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques

Introduction et But de l'étude. - La transplantation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques est un des traitements proposés dans le cadre de certaines hémopathies malignes. Elle est fréquemment associée à une anorexie, des nausées et des douleurs buccales limitant les ingesta. Chez ces patients, il a été démontré qu'une altération du statut nutritionnel était associée à une durée de séjour hospitalier augmentée. Si l'évolution hospitalière est généralement bien documentée, peu d'informations nutritionnelles sur la période post-greffe sont disponibles. L'objectif de cette étude est de documenter l'évolution pondérale en fonction des différentes phases de traitement.Matériel et Méthodes. - Cette étude rétrospective a porté sur un collectif de patients suivis par la consultation ambulatoire d'onco-hématologie. Ont été inclus tous les dossiers de patients ayant bénéficié d'une autogreffe depuis plus de 100 jours. Les variables démographiques, médicales, nutritionnelles et fonctionnelles ont été recueillies aux périodes suivantes de prise en charge : lors du diagnostic (P1), à l'admission (P2) et à la sortie de l'hôpital lors de l'autogreffe (P3) et au 100e jour post-autogreffe (P4).Résultats. - L'échantillon était composé de 22 hommes et 11 femmes, ayant une moyenne d'âge de 52 ± 11 ans, un BMI moyen de 26,7 ± 4,2 et souffrant de lymphome (49 %), myélome (45 %), maladie de Hodgkin (3 %) ou amyloïdose (3 %). La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation pour l'autogreffe est de 21 ± 4 jours. À P1 et P3, seul 1 patient présentait un BMI < 18,5, et aucun patient aux autres périodes étudiées. Un BMI supérieur à 25 kg/m2 était présent chez 64 % à P1, 67 % à P2, 45 % à P3, 48 % à P4. Trente pour cent des patients perdent plus de 5 % de leur poids entre P1 et P4 dont 80 % sont des hommes. Leur BMI moyen à P1 est de 28,8 ± 3,3 kg/m2 (10 % de normal, 60 % de surpoids et 30 % d'obésité) et à P4 de 26,7 ± 3,1 kg/m2 (30 % de normal, 60 % de surpoids et 10 % d'obésité). Ces patients ont une perte de poids de 2,4 ± 4,5 % entre P1 et P2, de 8,6 ± 4,4 % entre P1 et P3 et de 7,4 ± 1,7 % entre P1 et P4.Durant le séjour hospitalier, les patients perdent en moyenne 5,6 ± 2,9 % de leur poids d'entrée (P2). Les jours qui suivent l'autogreffe50 % des sujets perdent 6 ± 3,5 %, Durant l'hospitalisation, 33 % des patients ont reçu un support nutritionnel. La prescription d'un support nutritionnel est corrélé avec la présence de candidose (r = 0,350 ; p = 0,044).Conclusion. - La majorité de ces patients oncohématologiques traités par autogreffe de cellules souches perdent du poids pendant l'hospitalisation et ceci persiste au 100e jour post-greffe pour 21 % de l'échantillon. Le BMI est élevé au moment du diagnostic et le reste tout au long de la prise en charge. Une étude prospective sur un échantillon plus large pourrait dans le futur permettre de déterminer les facteurs prédictifs d'une perte de poids persistante 3 mois après une autogreffe.

Sonate en si mineur pour flûte et clavier / J. S. Bach, comp.

Titre uniforme : [Sonates. Flûte, clavier. BWV 1030. Si mineur]

Sonate en si mineur pour flûte et clavier / J. S. Bach, comp.

Titre uniforme : [Sonates. Flûte, clavier. BWV 1030. Si mineur]

Cultivation of Flammulina velutipesmushroom using various agro-residues as a fruiting substrate

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of different agro-residues as a carbon source in the fruiting substrates of Flammulina velutipesmushroom and the effect of supplementation with the nitrogen sources spent brewer's yeast and rice bran. The following fruiting substrates were evaluated: rubber wood sawdust (SD), paddy straw (PS), palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), and palm-pressed fiber (PPF). Cultivation was done on each agro-residue, based on formulations consisting of two substrates at the ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. Mycelial growth rate and basidiocarp yield were evaluated. The best fruiting substrates were PS+EFB (25:75), PS+PPF (50:50), and PPF (100), with biological efficiency of 185.09±36.98, 150.89±50.35, and 129.06±14.51%, respectively. No significant effects of supplementation with rice bran and spent yeast were observed on mycelial growth rate and biological efficiency. The cultivation of F. velutipes on oil palm wastes does not require additional nitrogen sources.

0 AND 02 ADSORPTION ON Ag/Cu[100]

In this work the adsorption mechanisms of atomic and molecular oxygen on Cu(100) surface are studied using ab initio simulation methods. Through the atomistic scale under-standing of the elementary oxidation processes we can further understand the large-scale oxidation. Copper is a material widely used in industry which makes it an interesting subject, and also understanding the oxidation of copper helps us understand the oxidation mechanism of other metals. First we have a look on some theory on surface alloys in general and behaviour of Ag on Cu(100) surface. After that the physical background there is behind the methods of density functional calculations are discussed, and some methods, namely potential energy surfaces and molecular dynamics, are introduced. Then there is a brief look on the numerical details used in the calculations, and after that, the results of the simulations are exhibited.

Análise de associação quanto à produtividade e seus caracteres componentes em linhagens e cultivares de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio da análise de mapeamento associativo, os marcadores moleculares relacionados à produtividade do arroz de terras altas e aos seus caracteres componentes. Foram usadas 113 linhagens e cultivares de arroz de terras altas, da Coleção Nuclear de Arroz da Embrapa, com reduzido vínculo genético entre si. Os seguintes caracteres componentes da produtividade foram avaliados: número de panículas por metro, número de grãos por panícula e peso de 100 grãos. Dos 115 marcadores utilizados, 25 (21,7%) associaram-se significativamente a um ou mais caracteres. Entre os 29 SSR ("simple sequence repeats") colocalizados em QTL ("quantitative trait loci") de produtividade de arroz, 12 foram associados aos caracteres avaliados e considerados como candidatos para uso na seleção assistida por marcadores. Os marcadores NP914540, Q6ZGD1 e Q69JE3, associados ao número de grãos por panícula, ainda não foram anotados no arroz e podem constituir o ponto de partida para estudos de genômica funcional. Entre os marcadores derivados de sequências transcritas, NP914526 e NP914533 destacam-se por pertencer a rotas metabólicas relacionadas ao aumento do potencial produtivo de arroz.

Oxygen adsorption on Cu(211) and structurally and chemically modified Cu(100)

Kuparipinnan hapettuminen on viimevuosina ollut suosittu tutkimuskohde materiaalitieteissä kuparin laajan teollisuuskäytön vuoksi. Teollisuussovellusten, kuten suojaavien pintaoksidien kehittäminen vaatii kuitenkin syvällistä tuntemusta hapettumisprosessista ja toisaalta myös normaaliolosuhteissa materiaalissa esiintyvien hilavirheiden vaikutuksesta siihen. Tässä työssä keskitytäänkin tutkimaan juuri niitä mekanismeja, joilla erilaiset pintavirheet ja porrastettu pintarakenne vaikuttavathapen adsorptioprosessiin kuparipinnalla. Tutkimus on tehty käyttämällä laskennallisia menetelmiä sekä VASP- ja SIESTA-ohjelmistoja. Työssätutkittiin kemiallisia ja rakenteellisia virheitä Cu(100)-pinnalla, joka on reaktiivisin matalanMillerin indeksin pinta ja porrastetun pinnan tutkimuksessa käytettiin Cu(211)-pintaa, joka puolestaan on yksinkertainen, stabiili ja aiemmissa tutkimuksissa usein käytetty pintarakenne. Työssä tutkitut hilavirheet, adatomit, vähentävät molekyylin dissosiaatiota kuparipinnalla, kun taas vakanssit toimivat dissosiaation keskuksina. Kemiallisena epäpuhtautena käytetty hopeakerros ei estä kuparin hapettumista, sillä happi aiheuttaa mielenkiintoisen segregaatioilmiön, jossa hopeatyöntyy syvemmälle pinnassa jättäen kuparipinnan suojaamattomaksi. Porrastetulla pinnalla (100)-hollow on todennäköisin paikka molekyylin dissosiaatiolle, kun taas portaan bridge-paikka on suotuisin molekulaariselle adsorptiolle. Lisäksi kuparin steppipinnan todettiin olevan reaktiivisempi kuin tasaiset kuparipinnat.

Glutamate reduces glucose utilization while concomitantly enhancing AQP9 and MCT2 expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.

The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate has been reported to have a major impact on brain energy metabolism. Using primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, we observed that glutamate reduces glucose utilization in this cell type, suggesting alteration in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The aquaglyceroporin AQP9 and the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2, two transporters for oxidative energy substrates, appear to be present in mitochondria of these neurons. Moreover, they not only co-localize but they interact with each other as they were found to co-immunoprecipitate from hippocampal neuron homogenates. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to glutamate 100 μM for 1 h led to enhanced expression of both AQP9 and MCT2 at the protein level without any significant change at the mRNA level. In parallel, a similar increase in the protein expression of LDHA was evidenced without an effect on the mRNA level. These data suggest that glutamate exerts an influence on neuronal energy metabolism likely through a regulation of the expression of some key mitochondrial proteins.

Teores de nutrientes na folha, qualidade do suco e massa seca de raizes de laranja-"Valência" em função da irrigação e fertirrigação

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Área Experimental de Irrigação da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal/Unesp, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da fertirrigação sobre o teor foliar de macro e de micronutrientes, a massa fresca de raízes e a qualidade do suco de frutos em um pomar de laranja-'Valência'. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: (SI) sem irrigação e adubação com fertilizante sólido parcelado em quatro vezes; (MI-100) fertirrigação por microaspersão com 100% da evapotranspiração; (MI-50) fertirrigação por microaspersão com 50% da evapotranspiração; (G-100) fertirrigação por gotejamento com 100% da evapotranspiração; e (G-50) fertirrigação por gotejamento com 50% da evapotranspiração. Os teores de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas não foram alterados pela irrigação, pelos sistemas de fertirrigação e pela lâmina de água aplicada. A acidez total titulável foi superior no tratamento sem irrigação, e a % de suco no fruto e "ratio" não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos com e sem irrigação. A massa fresca de raiz foi maior nos tratamentos irrigados, porém não foram constatadas para esse parâmetro diferenças entre os sistemas de gotejamento e microaspersão. A maior concentração de raízes ocorreu até 10 cm de profundidade e até 30 cm de distância do emissor.

Outcome of intravenous thrombolysis in stroke patients weighing over 100 kg.

Background: Intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for ischemic stroke is fixed at a maximal dose of 90 mg for safety reasons. Little is known about the clinical outcomes of stroke patients weighing >100 kg, who may benefit less from thrombolysis due to this dose limitation. Methods: Prospective data on 1,479 consecutive stroke patients treated with intravenous alteplase in six Swiss stroke units were analyzed. Presenting characteristics and the frequency of favorable outcomes, defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1, a good outcome (mRS score 0-2), mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) were compared between patients weighing >100 kg and those weighing ≤100 kg. Results: Compared to their counterparts (n = 1,384, mean body weight 73 kg), patients weighing >100 kg (n = 95, mean body weight 108 kg) were younger (61 vs. 67 years, p < 0.001), were more frequently males (83 vs. 60%, p < 0.001) and more frequently suffered from diabetes mellitus (30 vs. 13%, p < 0.001). As compared with patients weighing ≤100 kg, patients weighing >100 kg had similar rates of favorable outcomes (45 vs. 48%, p = 0.656), good outcomes (58 vs. 64%, p = 0.270) and mortality (17 vs. 12%, p = 0.196), and SICH risk (1 vs. 5%, p = 0.182). After multivariable adjustment, body weight >100 kg was strongly associated with mortality (p = 0.007) and poor outcome (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Our data do not suggest a reduced likehood of favorable outcomes in patients weighing >100 kg treated with the current dose regimen. The association of body weight >100 kg with mortality and poor outcome, however, demands further large-scale studies to replicate our findings and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Superação da dormência em sementes de atemóia e fruta-do-conde

As anonáceas cultivadas comercialmente têm sido propagadas através de enxertia, sendo o porta-enxerto obtido por sementes. Entretanto, as sementes dessas plantas apresentam substâncias inibidoras de germinação que, juntamente com um tegumento resistente e impermeável, dificultam a germinação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação de sementes de fruta-do-conde (Annona squamosa L.) e dos cultivares de atemóia 'PR-1', 'PR-3' e 'Gefner' (Annona cherimola Mill. X Annona squamosa L.), que foram escarificadas com lixa e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos por 24 horas: ácido giberélico (GA3) a 50 ppm; GA3 a 100 ppm; água a 5ºC; água a 30ºC. A testemunha não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento. As sementes das cultivares de atemóia tratadas a 50 e 100 ppm de GA3 não apresentaram diferença entre si, proporcionando 55 a 67 % de germinação para 'Gefner' e 'PR-3', significativamente superiores aos demais tratamentos, que tiveram de 1 a 21 %. Para 'PR-1' esta diferença também foi verificada, com germinação de 35 a 36 % para os tratamentos com GA3 e 1,25 a 2,5 % para os demais. O tratamento de 50 ppm de GA3 foi significativamente superior aos demais tratamentos para a fruta-do-conde, com 75 % de germinação, enquanto que em 100 ppm de GA3 apresentou 44 % e os demais tiveram de 2,5 a 3,7 %. O índice de velocidade de germinação foi significativamente maior para sementes tratadas com GA3 a 50 e 100 ppm.

Disseny de la instal·lació de climatització amb energia geotèrmica i terra radiant d'una vivenda unifamiliar al terme municipal de la Sentiu de Sió

El treball es centra principalment en el disseny de la instal·lació geotèrmica exterior i del terra radiant de l'interior. El disseny es basa en aconseguir el confort de calefacció i s'aprofita el fet de que s'utilitza un sistema reversible per aportar el màxim confort durant l'èpocade refrigeració. Es realitza un estudi de les possibles alternatives per a la instal·lació, també s'observaran els aparells i accessoris escollits per a la implantació de la instal·lació.