The effect of metal transfer stability (spattering) on fume generation, morphology and composition in short-circuit MAG welding

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hypothesis that the greater transfer stability leads also to less volume of fumes. Using an Ar + 25%CO2 blend as shielding gas and maintaining constant the average current, wire feed speed and welding speed, bead-on-plate welds were carried out with plain carbon steel solid wire. The welding voltage was scanned to progressively vary the transfer stability. Using two conditions of low stability and one with high stability, fume generation was evaluated by means of the AWS F1.2:2006 standard. The influence of these conditions on fume morphology and composition was also verified. A condition with greater transfer stability does not generate less fume quantity, despite the fact that this condition produces fewer spatters. Other factors such as short-circuit current, arcing time, droplet diameters and arc length are the likely governing factors, but in an interrelated way. Metal transfer stability does not influence either the composition or the size/morphology of fume particulates. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trits(Pyrazol-1-YL)methane metal complexes for catalytic mild oxidative functionalizations of alkanes, alkanes and ketones

This work concerns recent advances (since 2005) in the oxidative functionalization of alkanes, alkenes and ketones, under mild conditions, catalyzed by homoscorpionate tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane metal complexes. The main types of such homogeneous or supported catalysts are classified, and the critical analysis of the most efficient catalytic systems in the different reactions is presented. These reactions include the mild oxidation of alkanes (typically cyclohexane as a model substrate) with hydrogen peroxide (into alkyl hydroperoxides, alcohols, and ketones), the hydrocarboxylation of gaseous alkanes (with carbon monoxide and potassium peroxodisulfate) into the corresponding Cn+1 carboxylic acids, as well as the epoxidation of alkenes and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of linear and cyclic ketones with hydrogen peroxide into the corresponding esters and lactones. Effects of various reaction parameters are highlighted and the preferable requirements for a prospective homogeneous or supported C-scorpionate-M-based catalyst in oxidative transformations of those substrates are identified. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Taper angle optimization of scarf repairs in carbon-epoxy laminates

The increasing use of Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminates in high responsibility applications introduces an issue regarding their handling after damage. The availability of efficient repair methods is essential to restore the strength of the structure. The availability of accurate predictive tools for the repairs behaviour is also essential for the reduction of costs and time associated to extensive tests. This work reports on a numerical study of the tensile behaviour of three-dimensional (3D) adhesively-bonded scarf repairs in CFRP structures, using a ductile adhesive. The Finite Element (FE) analysis was performed in ABAQUS® and Cohesive Zone Models (CZM’s) was used for the simulation of damage in the adhesive layer. A parametric study was performed on two geometric parameters. The use of overlaminating plies covering the repaired region at the outer or both repair surfaces was also tested as an attempt to increase the repairs efficiency. The results allowed the proposal of design principles for repairing CFRP structures.

A comparative analysis of fault injection methods via enhanced on-chip debug infrastructures

On-chip debug (OCD) features are frequently available in modern microprocessors. Their contribution to shorten the time-to-market justifies the industry investment in this area, where a number of competing or complementary proposals are available or under development, e.g. NEXUS, CJTAG, IJTAG. The controllability and observability features provided by OCD infrastructures provide a valuable toolbox that can be used well beyond the debugging arena, improving the return on investment rate by diluting its cost across a wider spectrum of application areas. This paper discusses the use of OCD features for validating fault tolerant architectures, and in particular the efficiency of various fault injection methods provided by enhanced OCD infrastructures. The reference data for our comparative study was captured on a workbench comprising the 32-bit Freescale MPC-565 microprocessor, an iSYSTEM IC3000 debugger (iTracePro version) and the Winidea 2005 debugging package. All enhanced OCD infrastructures were implemented in VHDL and the results were obtained by simulation within the same fault injection environment. The focus of this paper is on the comparative analysis of the experimental results obtained for various OCD configurations and debugging scenarios.

Derivation methods for hybrid knowledge bases with rules and ontologies

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Efeito de alterações geométricas na resistência de juntas de sobreposição

A utilização de juntas coladas em aplicações industriais tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos anos, em detrimento dos métodos tradicionais de ligação tais como a soldadura, brasagem, ligações aparafusadas e rebitadas. As juntas de sobreposição simples são o tipo de juntas mais frequentemente utilizadas em aplicações industriais, porque são as mais simples de fabricar. No entanto, a aplicação descentrada da carga neste tipo de junta provoca efeitos de flexão que originam o aparecimento de tensões normais na direção da espessura do adesivo (arrancamento), reduzindo assim a resistência da junta colada. De uma maneira geral, existem dois tipos de métodos para reduzir as concentrações de tensões. O primeiro é utilizar alterações no próprio material, otimizando as propriedades do adesivo e do substrato, enquanto o segundo método envolve alterar a geometria da junta, como por exemplo utilizando filetes de adesivo, chanfros nas extremidades dos substratos, aplicar uma geometria ondulada ou dobrar os substratos na zona de sobreposição, ou ainda utilizar rasgos nos substratos ao longo da sobreposição. Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo experimental e numérico por Elementos Finitos de duas alterações efetuadas à geometria de juntas de sobreposição simples, de modo a aumentar a sua resistência comparativamente às juntas sem alteração geométrica. A primeira condição efetuada foi a utilização de rasgos nas extremidades do comprimento de sobreposição e a segunda foi a utilização de rasgos a meio do comprimento de sobreposição. No final do estudo experimental, verificou-se que a resistência da ligação foi significativamente melhorada com algumas das configurações testadas para cada alteração, e foi possível estabelecer em ambos os casos a configuração ótima. Numa fase posterior, procedeu-se à simulação numérica, que incluiu uma análise de tensões e previsão do comportamento das juntas através de modelos de dano coesivo. A análise permitiu obter os modos de rotura, as curvas força-deslocamento e a resistência das juntas. Obteve-se uma concordância bastante boa com os resultados experimentais, o que mostrou a adequabilidade do método de previsão proposto para estimar o comportamento das juntas.

Protein folding, metal ions and conformational states: the case of a di-cluster ferredoxin

Dissertation presented to obtain the PhD degree in Biochemistry at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Aplicação de ferramentas de simulação estocástica na área de planeamento de uma empresa de abastecimento de água

No presente trabalho procura-se evidenciar algumas soluções para aplicação de simulação estocástica num contexto de gestão dos ativos, aplicado a um sistema de abastecimento de água, tirando partido da informação disponível sobre a manutenção que vem realizando, ao longo dos anos. Procura-se também descrever como estas metodologias podem ser aplicadas noutros casos, futuramente, beneficiando ainda da recolha de informação de colaboradores da empresa, com experiência no cargo e com elevado conhecimento do funcionamento das infraestruturas. A simulação estocástica é uma área cujas ferramentas podem dar uma preciosa ajuda no processo de tomada de decisão. Por outro lado, as organizações preocupam-se, cada vez mais, com o tema da gestão de ativos e com os custos a si associados, começando a investir mais tempo e dinheiro nessa matéria com o objetivo de delinearem estratégias para aumentar o período de vida útil dos seus ativos e otimizarem os seus investimentos de renovação. Nesse contexto, evidencia-se que um adequado plano de intervenções de manutenção e operação é uma boa metodologia, para garantir a redução de falhas no sistema de abastecimento de uma empresa desse setor, bem como garantir que as infraestruturas se encontram em condições de funcionamento. Contudo, esta abordagem tradicional não será suficiente para garantir as melhores práticas e os objetivos que se pretendem alcançar com uma gestão de ativos atual. O trabalho inclui, ainda, um estudo de caso com que se aplicaram as ferramentas estudadas a um caso real de um grupo de bombagem, de uma das Estações Elevatórias da empresa.

Development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM

The main purpose of this work was the development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric ows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM. For this aim, tools and procedures were developed apart from this code for the preprocessing and data extraction, which were thereafter applied in the simulation of a real case. For the generation of the computational domain, a systematic method able to translate the terrain elevation model to a native OpenFOAM format (blockMeshDict) was developed. The outcome was a structured mesh, in which the user has the ability to de ne the number of control volumes and its dimensions. With this procedure, the di culties of case set up and the high computation computational e ort reported in literature associated to the use of snappyHexMesh, the OpenFOAM resource explored until then for the accomplishment of this task, were considered to be overwhelmed. Developed procedures for the generation of boundary conditions allowed for the automatic creation of idealized inlet vertical pro les, de nition of wall functions boundary conditions and the calculation of internal eld rst guesses for the iterative solution process, having as input experimental data supplied by the user. The applicability of the generated boundary conditions was limited to the simulation of turbulent, steady-state, incompressible and neutrally strati ed atmospheric ows, always recurring to RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) models. For the modelling of terrain roughness, the developed procedure allowed to the user the de nition of idealized conditions, like an uniform aerodynamic roughness length or making its value variable as a function of topography characteristic values, or the using of real site data, and it was complemented by the development of techniques for the visual inspection of generated roughness maps. The absence and the non inclusion of a forest canopy model limited the applicability of this procedure to low aerodynamic roughness lengths. The developed tools and procedures were then applied in the simulation of a neutrally strati ed atmospheric ow over the Askervein hill. In the performed simulations was evaluated the solution sensibility to di erent convection schemes, mesh dimensions, ground roughness and formulations of the k - ε and k - ω models. When compared to experimental data, calculated values showed a good agreement of speed-up in hill top and lee side, with a relative error of less than 10% at a height of 10 m above ground level. Turbulent kinetic energy was considered to be well simulated in the hill windward and hill top, and grossly predicted in the lee side, where a zone of ow separation was also identi ed. Despite the need of more work to evaluate the importance of the downstream recirculation zone in the quality of gathered results, the agreement between the calculated and experimental values and the OpenFOAM sensibility to the tested parameters were considered to be generally in line with the simulations presented in the reviewed bibliographic sources.

Dimensionamento de um pavilhão industrial metálico com fundações indirectas

Trabalho de projecto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas

Estudo de falha em placas laminadas usando métodos analíticos e numéricos

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Manutenção

Metodologia para otimização da manutenção

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia da Manutenção

Métodos "verdes" de produção de nanomateriais que promovem nanotecnologias sustentáveis

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Project, modelling and simulation of air stripping columns for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for the column design for any particular type of packing and contaminant avoiding the necessity of a pre-defined diameter used in the classical approach. It also renders unnecessary the employment of the graphical Eckert generalized correlation for pressure drop estimates. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion and only afterwards the mass transfer phenomena are incorporated, in opposition to conventional approach. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm using C++ as programming language. A column was built in order to test the models used either in the design or in the simulation of the column performance. The experiments were fulfilled using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. Another model was built to simulate the operational performance of the column, both in steady state and in transient conditions. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting system of ODE can be solved, allowing for the calculation of the concentration profile in both phases inside the column. In transient state the system of PDE was numerically solved by finite differences, after a previous linearization.

A New Approach in the Design of Air Stripping Columns for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated With Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for column design for any type of packing and contaminant which avoids the necessity of an arbitrary chosen diameter. It also avoids the employment of the usual graphical Eckert correlations for pressure drop. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm in C++ language. A column was built in order to test the design, the theoretical steady-state and dynamic behaviour. The experiments were conducted using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. The results allowed for a correction in the theoretical global mass transfer coefficient previously estimated by the Onda correlations, which depend on several parameters that are not easy to control in experiments. For best describe the column behaviour in stationary and dynamic conditions, an original mathematical model was developed. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting ODE can be solved by analytical methods, and in dynamic state the discretization of the PDE by finite differences allows for the overcoming of this difficulty. To estimate the contaminant concentrations in both phases in the column, a numerical algorithm was used. The high number of resulting algebraic equations and the impossibility of generating a recursive procedure did not allow the construction of a generalized programme. But an iterative procedure developed in an electronic worksheet allowed for the simulation. The solution is stable only for similar discretizations values. If different values for time/space discretization parameters are used, the solution easily becomes unstable. The system dynamic behaviour was simulated for the common liquid phase perturbations: step, impulse, rectangular pulse and sinusoidal. The final results do not configure strange or non-predictable behaviours.