Sexual dimorphism in a dioecious population of the wind-pollinated herb Mercurialis annua: the interactive effects of resource availability and competition.

Background and Aims Male-biased sex allocation commonly occurs in wind-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, and is often positively associated with size, notably in terms of height. Currently, it is not well established whether a corresponding pattern holds for dioecious plants: do males of wind-pollinated species exhibit greater reproductive allocation than females? Here, sexual dimorphism is investigated in terms of life history trade-offs in a dioecious population of the wind-pollinated ruderal herb Mercurialis annua.Methods The allocation strategies of males and females grown under different soil nutrient availability and competitive (i.e. no, male or female competitor) regimes were compared.Key Results Male reproductive allocation increased disproportionately with biomass, and was greater than that of females when grown in rich soils. Sexual morphs differentially adjusted their reproductive allocation in response to local environmental conditions. In particular, males reduced their reproductive allocation in poor soils, whereas females increased theirs, especially when competing with another female rather than growing alone. Finally, males displayed smaller above-ground vegetative sizes than females, but neither nutrient availability nor competition had a strong independent effect on relative size disparities between the sexes.Conclusions Selection appears to favour plasticity in reproductive allocation in dioecious M. annua, thereby maintaining a relatively constant size hierarchy between sexual morphs. In common with other dioecious species, there seems to be little divergence in the niches occupied by males and females of M. annua.

Expressão sexual do mamoeiro sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação na Região Norte Fluminense

O aparecimento de flores imperfeitas nas plantas hermafroditas do mamoeiro está relacionado a fatores genéticos, os quais são afetados pelo ambiente. Condições de alta umidade, altos teores de nitrogênio e de água no solo tendem a mudar o sexo das flores hermafroditas, produzindo frutos deformados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento do mamoeiro 'Improved Sunrise Solo 72/12', na produção dos diferentes tipos de flores hermafroditas, em relação à aplicação de diferentes lâminas de água, na região Norte Fluminense. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento em blocos casualizados com sete tratamentos (lâminas de irrigação), três repetições e cinco plantas úteis em cada parcela experimental. Foi utilizado um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão para aplicação de água. Os níveis de irrigação aplicados foram sete percentagens da evapotranspiração de referência (T1 = 0; T2 = 40; T3 = 80; T4 = 120; T5 = 160; T6 = 200 e T7 = 240 % da ET0). Após o início do florescimento foram avaliados, mensalmente, os números de flores estéreis, de frutos carpelóides e pentândricos. A ocorrência de flores estéreis foi responsável pelas maiores perdas na produção e foi maior no verão e agravada pelo déficit hídrico. A adoção de uma lâmina em torno de 120% da ETo minimizou as perdas pela produção de flores imperfeitas.

Evaluación de algunos aspectos del comportamiento sexual: instrumentos de medida para uso clínico

En este artículo se revisa el tema de la evaluación de los trastornos psicosexuales haciendo hincapié en los instrumentos de auto-evaluación. En la bibliografía anglosajona existen muchas referencias a estos inventarios. En los últimos 5 años sólo en la revista Journal of Sex Marital Therapy se citan 23 de los más usuales. En nuestro ámbito existen pocos, y estos son a menudo traducciones y adaptaciones no validadas de los referidos en las revistas anglosajonas. Hemos querido tratar en profundidad dos de los inventarios más conocidos: el Sexual Arousability Inventori (SAI) y el Sexual Interaction Inventory. El primero ha sido validado en muestras españolas. Se proporciona suficiente información para que el lector pueda utilizar estos instrumentos en su práctica clínica, y se le incita a que se ofrezcan datos obtenidos en muestras españolas para corroborar sus características psicométricas y de utilidad clínica.

Validación española del autoinforme de ansiedad y excitación sexual ampliado (SAI-E)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de la fiabilidad y validez de la adaptación española del Sexual Arousability Inventory-Expanded (SAI-E), en una muestra de 350 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 45 años, con un nivel educativo medio o superior, y de considerable experiencia sexual. Los resultados obtenidos muestran niveles de consistencia interna y validez aceptables. Asimismo permiten disponer en nuestro ámbito de un instrumento de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico de los trastornos psicosexuales y para la investigación en epidemiología sexual.

Inventario de excitación y ansiedad sexual ampliado (SAI-E): subescalas por derivación factorial

Se realiza un análisis de componentes principales de las escalas de Excitación y Ansiedad del SAI-E a fin de derivar subescalas que proporcionen mejor y más información sobre el contenido del cuestionario. Los factores obtenidos mantienen una gran afinidad con los resultados de Chambless. Las subescalas de Excitación se encuentran muy correlacionadas con las variables de frecuencia de coito, frecuencia de masturbación y con un listado de variedad de conductas sexuales (Bentler). Las subescalas de Ansiedad muestran correlaciones negativas con las variables sexuales anteriores. La fiabilidad alfa de las subescalas derivadas factorialmente es aceptable.

Sex-linked inheritance, genetic correlations and sexual dimorphism in three melanin-based colour traits in the barn owl.

Theory states that genes on the sex chromosomes have stronger effects on sexual dimorphism than genes on the autosomes. Although empirical data are not necessarily consistent with this theory, this situation may prevail because the relative role of sex-linked and autosomally inherited genes on sexual dimorphism has rarely been evaluated. We estimated the quantitative genetics of three sexually dimorphic melanin-based traits in the barn owl (Tyto alba), in which females are on average darker reddish pheomelanic and display more and larger black eumelanic feather spots than males. The plumage traits with higher sex-linked inheritance showed lower heritability and genetic correlations, but contrary to prediction, these traits showed less pronounced sexual dimorphism. Strong offspring sexual dimorphism primarily resulted from daughters not expressing malelike melanin-based traits and from sons expressing femalelike traits to similar degrees as their sisters. We conclude that in the barn owl, polymorphism at autosomal genes rather than at sex-linked genes generate variation in sexual dimorphism in melanin-based traits.

Flutuação populacional de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (MEYRICK, 1909) (Lep: Tortricidae) com emprego de feromônio sexual sintético na cultura da videira

A lagarta-das-fruteiras, Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), é uma espécie freqüentemente encontrada danificando a cultura da videira e outras frutíferas de clima temperado na região Sul do Brasil e no Uruguai. Estudou-se a flutuação populacional de A. sphaleropa na cultura da videira com emprego do feromônio sexual sintético. Com base na avaliação semanal de machos de A. sphaleropa capturados em armadilha Delta contendo o feromônio sexual sintético (Z11,13-14Ac + Z11,13-14Al + Z11-14Al na proporção 4:4:1, impregnada em liberadores de borracha na dose de 1.000µg/septo), durante a safra 2003-2004, foram observados quatro picos populacionais na cultura da videira cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. O primeiro pico populacional ocorreu no início do mês de outubro, o segundo no início de fevereiro, o terceiro teve o acme em meados do mês de março e o quarto no mês de junho. A temperatura média diária e a precipitação pluviométrica não exerceram influência sobre a captura dos insetos nas armadilhas. As informações deste trabalho permitem direcionar as táticas de controle para os períodos em que a população do inseto é mais elevada nos parreirais.

Utilización de análogos fluorados de la feromona sexual de Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. como inhibidores de su actividad biológica

Se ha estudiado el papel, como inhibidores de la acción feromonal, de determinados fluoroderivados, análogos estructurales del acetato de (Z)-l 1-hexadecenilo, componente principal de la feromona sexual del noctuido Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. Dichos compuestos fueron los análogos fluoroacetato (mono, di y trifluoroacetato de (Z)-l 1-hexadecenilo) y la trifluorometilcetona análoga [(Z)-1,1,1 -trifluoro-14-nonadecen-2-ona]. La acción inhibidora fue evaluada a partir de los resultados de actividad electrofisiológica (pruebas de electroantenograma, EAG), de estudios de comportamiento en pruebas de túnel de viento y de pruebas de capturas en campo. Los acetatos fluorados, especialmente el mono y el trifluoracetato, se mostraron como buenos inhibidores de la acción atrayente de la feromona en los tres tipos de pruebas realizadas, mientras que la trifluorometilcetona análoga mostró una actividad mucho menor.

Optimización de la composición del atrayente sexual de Sesamia nonagrioides Lef.

Se describen una serie de ensayos de campo y laboratorio (pruebas de EAG, Electro-Anteno-Grama), para optimizar el tipo de trampa, la composición y la dosis de la mezcla atrayente, con miras a obtener un nivel máximo de capturas de machos de Sesamia nonagrioides y un mayor grado de selectividad. Igualmente se presentan las curvas de vuelo de la especie en zonas maiceras representativas de Cataluña y Aragón.

Thoracic aortic dissection associated with cocaine abuse.

Cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse include myocardial ischemia and infarction, dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and aortic dissection. The case in point pertains to a 26-year-old, Caucasian male, substance abuser who suffered a thoracic aortic dissection following the use of crack cocaine. The autopsy and histological findings showed a connective tissue abnormality including a focal microcystic medial necrosis and a fragmentation of the elastic fibers in the arterial walls. Blood concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine, taken individually, were considered to be within a potentially toxic range. Blood concentrations of methadone also indicated use of this drug at the same time. The small amounts of morphine found in the blood and urine were compatible with heroine or morphine use more than 24 h before death.

Ethnic sensitive substance abuse work : services for non-Finnish speaking clients in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today

The purpose of this study was to examine the current situation in substance abuse treatment units in Finland in taking non-Finnish speaking clients into consideration. The initiative for this research came from the Development of Alcohol and Drugs Intervention group at Stakes (National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health). Their aim was to gather information about the functioning and relevance of the quality assessment forms based on the quality recommendations for substance abuse work, filled in by substance abuse treatment units. The ethnic issue was chosen as the main approach in the study. The aim of this research was to answer the following questions: what is the readiness and competence in substance abuse treatment units in Finland to receive and encounter non-Finnish speaking clients, how is the quality of these services assessed and/or developed in the units, and what has been the role and functioning of the quality recommendations and quality assessment forms in working with non-Finnish speaking clients. The research methods used in the study were both quantitative and qualitative. The information concerning language services provided in the units was gathered from the quality assessment forms and basic information forms found in the database maintained by Stakes. The total amount of units found in the database was 267. In addition to that, semi-structured theme-interviews were carried out in four substance abuse treatment units in order to get a more deep understanding of how the services function in practice. The few number of non-Finnish speaking clients in the units may explain to a certain degree the results of the research. The results however showed that there is still space for improving the services. In the light of quality recommendations, the degree of language options provided in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today is low. Also the quantity of interpreter services provided in the units is scarce. There could also be unified guidelines specially tailored for substance abuse treatment units on how to work with ethnic minorities, as the knowledge is currently adopted from several different instances. The quality recommendations as well as quality assessment forms were valued and applied in the units appropriately and were also perceived to have an effect on the functioning, and quality, in the units.