Heterotrophic Bacteria Associated with Healthy and Moribund Larvae of Penaeus monodon H.Milne Edwards

Heterotrophic bacterial flora of Pmonadon from an apparently healthy hatchery system as well as a pool with heavy mortality were isolated and studied. In the healthy systems comparatively higher generic diversity with Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and coryneform group in the diminishing order of dominance was recorded. Meanwhile from the moribund larvae and rearing water Aeromonas and Pseudomonas could be isolated in almost equal proportions. Strikingly, Aeromonas could not be isolated from the apparently healthy larval rearing system and its exclusive occurrence in the sick culture system in comparatively higher percentage suggested its possible role in the mortality. They were found to be highly halophilic exhibiting growth at 10% NaCl. On testing their sensitivity to twenty antibiotics, four of them (Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Methamine mandelate and Cloramphenicol) were found to be effective on all the isolates of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas suggesting their possible application in the hatchery system in times of emergency. While doing so, Streptomycin would do comparatively better than the others as the minimum inhibitory dose required was comparatively lower (200ppm) within a period of 24 hours

Mini-trawls for Estuarine Fishing Kasargod District

Mi ni -trawls are operated by the artisanal fishermen from small wooden non-motorised canoes. Shrimp, fish and crab trawls wi th head rope length rang ing from 3.5-8 m, made of Po lyethy lene mon ofila ment (PE) twisted and Polyamide mullifilament (PA) rigged to 6-7 kll fla t rectangular wooden otter boards are common in the lower reaches of Kariango de and Chandrag iri rive rs. Since the trawling speed is less, ca tch is do minated by crus taceans. Less scope ratio also may be affecting the catching efficiency of the gear. This pape r deals with the design, operation and economics of mini traw ling carried out by a group of fisherme n in the above rivers of Kasargod district Kerala state.

Sedimentology and Geochemistry of core sediments from the Ashtamudi estuary and the adjoining coastal plain,central Kerala,India

The evolution of coast through geological time scale is dependent on the transgression-regression event subsequent to the rise or fall of sea level. This event is accounted by investigation of the vertical sediment deposition patterns and their interrelationship for paleo-enviornmental reconstruction. Different methods like sedimentological (grain size and micro-morphological) and geochemical (elemental relationship) analyses as well as radiocarbon dating are generally used to decipher the sea level changes and paleoclimatic conditions of the Quaternary sediment sequence. For the Indian coast with a coastline length of about 7500 km, studies on geological and geomorphological signatures of sea level changes during the Quaternary were reported in general by researchers during the last two decades. However, for the southwest coast of India particularily Kerala which is famous for its coastal landforms comprising of estuaries, lagoons, backwaters, coastal plains, cliffs and barrier beaches, studies pertaining to the marine transgression-regression events in the southern region are limited. The Neendakara-Kayamkulam coastal stretch in central Kerala where the coast is manifested with shore parallel Kayamkulam Lagoon on one side and shore perpendicular Ashtamudi Estuary on the other side indicating existence of an uplifted prograded coastal margin followed by barrier beaches, backwater channels, ridge and runnel topography is an ideal site for studying such events. Hence the present study has been taken up in this context to address the gap area. The location for collection of core samples representing coastal plain, estuarylagoon and offshore regions have been identified based on published literature and available sedimentary records. The objectives of the research work are:  To study the lithological variations and depositional environments of sediment cores along the coastal plain, estuary-lagoon and offshore regions between Kollam and Kayamkulam in the central Kerala coast  To study the transportation and diagenetic history of sediments in the area  To investigate the geochemical characterization of sediments and to elucidate the source-sink relationship  To understand the marine transgression-regression events and to propose a conceptual model for the region The thesis comprises of 8 chapters. The first chapter embodies the preamble for the selection and significance of this research work. The study area is introduced with details on its physiographical, geological, geomorphological, rainfall and climate information. A review of literature, compiling the research on different aspects such as physico-chemical, geomorphological, tectonics, transgression-regression events are presented in the second chapter and they are broadly classified into three viz:- International, National and Kerala. The field data collection and laboratory analyses adopted in the research work are discussed in the third chapter. For collection of sediment core samples from the coastal plains, rotary drilling method was employed whereas for the estuary-lagoon and offshore locations the gravity/piston corer method was adopted. The collected subsurficial samples were analysed for texture, surface micro-texture, elemental analysis, XRD and radiocarbon dating techniques for age determination. The fourth chapter deals with the textural analysis of the core samples collected from various predefined locations of the study area. The result reveals that the Ashtamudi Estuary is composed of silty clay to clayey type of sediments whereas offshore cores are carpeted with silty clay to relict sand. Investigation of the source of sediments deposited in the coastal plain located on either side of the estuary indicates the dominance of terrigenous to marine origin in the southern region whereas it is predominantly of marine origin towards the north. Further the hydrodynamic conditions as well as the depositional enviornment of the sediment cores are elucidated based on statistical parameters that decipher the deposition pattern at various locations viz., coastal plain (open to closed basin), Ashtamudi Estuary (partially open to restricted estuary to closed basin) and offshore (open channel). The intensity of clay minerals is also discussed. From the results of radiocarbon dating the sediment depositional environments were deciphered.The results of the microtextural study of sediment samples (quartz grains) using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) are presented in the fifth chapter. These results throw light on the processes of transport and diagenetic history of the detrital sediments. Based on the lithological variations, selected quartz grains of different environments were also analysed. The study indicates that the southern coastal plain sediments were transported and deposited mechanically under fluvial environment followed by diagenesis under prolonged marine incursion. But in the case of the northern coastal plain, the sediments were transported and deposited under littoral environment indicating the dominance of marine incursion through mechanical as well as chemical processes. The quartz grains of the Ashtamudi Estuary indicate fluvial origin. The surface texture features of the offshore sediments suggest that the quartz grains are of littoral origin and represent the relict beach deposits. The geochemical characterisation of sediment cores based on geochemical classification, sediment maturity, palaeo-weathering and provenance in different environments are discussed in the sixth chapter. In the seventh chapter the integration of multiproxies data along with radiocarbon dates are presented and finally evolution and depositional history based on transgression–regression events is deciphered. The eighth chapter summarizes the major findings and conclusions of the study with recommendation for future work.

Population characteristics and taxonomy of lantern fishes of genus Diaphus (Family Myctophidae) off south west coast of India

Globally most of the conventional fish stocks have reached a state of optimum exploitation or even over-exploitation; efficient utilization of non-conventional resources is necessary to meet the supply-demand gap for protein supply. Mesopelagic fishes can be considered as one such promising resource for the future, if appropriate harvest and post-harvest technologies are developed. Increasing human population and increasing demand for cheaper food fishes has made myctophids a possible potential resource for future exploitation and utilization. Earlier studies indicated the abundance of Diaphus spp. in the eastern and northeastern Arabian Sea. The present study also indicates the dominance of Diaphus spp. in the deep sea trawling grounds of south west coast of India. Commercial viability of the myctophid fishing in the Indian waters has to be worked out. The present catch estimation is based on the Stratified Random Sampling Method from the landing data. As the coverage of sampling area was limited and the gear efficiency was not standardized, the data generated are not precise. A counter check for the estimates is also not possible due to the absence of comparable works in the study area. Fish biomass estimation by acoustics survey coupled with direct fishing would only confirm the accuracy of estimates. Exploratory surveys for new fishing areas to be continued, for gathering the distribution, abundance, biological and ecological data and map the potential fishing ground on a GIS platform and the data should be provided to the commercial entrepreneurs. Generally non-conventional and non-targeted resources are under low fishing pressure and exploitation rates. Low values of fishing mortality and exploitation rates indicate that removal from the stock by fishing was only nominal from the present fishing grounds. The results indicate that the stock is almost at virgin state and remains grossly underexploited. Since the extent of distribution and abundance of the stock in the ecosystem remains to be ascertained, sustainable yield could not be estimated. Also the impact of myctophids harvest, on other commercially important fishes, has to be studied.

Der zweite Golfkrieg (1990-1991)

Die Arbeit analysiert die Gründe, die erst zur Golfkrise führten und dann zum darauf folgenden Golfkrieg. Es geht diesbezüglich darum festzustellen, ob die damalige US Regierung unter George Bush, die Invasion Kuwaits zum Ausbau der US-amerikanischen Hegemonie nicht nur in der Golfregion ausnutzte, sondern ob sie die Invasion begünstigte oder sogar provozierte, um als Hegemon in den internationalen Beziehungen herrschen zu können. Aus Sicht der internationalen Mächte Konstellation ergab sich 1990, nach dem Fall der Berliner Mauer (1989) und letztendlich mit der Disintegration der Sowjet Union 1991, für die USA die Gelegenheit ohne großes realpolitisches Risiko einen Krieg in einer Region zu entfachen, mit dem sie als Sieger sich die Rohstoffe (Ö l, 2/3 der bekannten Welt Ö lreserven, ect) der Golfregion aneignen könnten. Ferner würde eine Dominanz über diese Region, die als geostrategisch äuß erst wichtig gilt ihren Status als Hegemon weiter ausbauen. Um die Entwicklung der US Hegemonie zu eruieren werden kurz weitere Stationen, nach dem Golfkrieg 1991, durchleuchtet: wie z.B. der Kosovo-Krieg 1999, der 11.9.2001, der Afghanistan Krieg 2001 & der 3. Golfkrieg der USA 2003. Theoretisch wird vor allem die Hegemonietheorie auf ihre Stärken und ggf. Schwächen, in Bezug auf den 2. Golfkrieg untersucht, um zu sehen ob sie nicht nur eine Erklärung für den Krieg abgeben kann, sondern auch ob sie den weiteren Verlauf der US Auß enpolitik eruieren kann. Der empirische Teil besteht größt enteils aus der diplomatischen Geschichte zwischen den Hauptakteuren Irak, USA, Kuwait, ect. Ö konomische Aspekte kommen vor allem bei der Analyse über die Auswirkung der damaligen (US) Rezession von 1990 zu Geltung und in wiefern diese die Golfkrise und den drauf folgenden Krieg beeinfluß ten. Gegen Ende der Arbeit werden die theoretischen und die empirischen Daten nochmals auf ihre Koherenz untersucht, um ein in sich geschlossenes Gesamtbild des 2. Golfkriegs und die darauf folgende US Auß enpolitik abzugeben.

Uniformisierbarkeit in Familien von abelschen t-Moduln höheren Ranges

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich in einer Familie von abelschen t-Moduln die Teilfamilie der uniformisierbaren t-Moduln beschreiben lässt. Abelsche t-Moduln sind höherdimensionale Verallgemeinerungen von Drinfeld-Moduln über algebraischen Funktionenkörpern. Bekanntermaßen lassen sich Drinfeld-Moduln in allgemeiner Charakteristik durch analytische Tori parametrisieren. Diese Tatsache überträgt sich allerdings nur auf manche t-Moduln, die man als uniformisierbar bezeichnet. Die Situation hat eine gewisse Analogie zur Theorie von elliptischen Kurven, Tori und abelschen Varietäten über den komplexen Zahlen. Um zu entscheiden, ob ein t-Modul in diesem Sinne uniformisierbar ist, wendet man ein Kriterium von Anderson an, das die rigide analytische Trivialität der zugehörigen t-Motive zum Inhalt hat. Wir wenden dieses Kriterium auf eine Familie von zweidimensionalen t-Moduln vom Rang vier an, die von Koeffizienten a,b,c,d abhängen, und gelangen dabei zur äquivalenten Fragestellung nach der Konvergenz von gewissen rekursiv definierten Folgen. Das Konvergenzverhalten dieser Folgen lässt sich mit Hilfe von Newtonpolygonen gut untersuchen. Schließlich erhält man durch dieses Vorgehen einfach formulierte Bedingungen an die Koeffizienten a,b,c,d, die einerseits die Uniformisierbarkeit garantieren oder andererseits diese ausschließen.

Zur klinischen Bedeutung von Geschwistererfahrungen - hat die Geschwistererfahrung einen Einfluss auf seelische Erkrankungen?

Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Frage, ob bei psychogenen Störungen Geschwistererfahrungen klinische Relevanz haben und ob die erfahrene Geschwisterposition und –konstellation auch im Erwachsenenalter psychodynamisch wirksam ist. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile. Im ersten Teil werden in einem metatheoretischen Vorgehen psychoanalytische Konzepte, psychoanalytische Entwicklungstheorien aus der Objekt- und Selbstpsychologie und empirische Forschungsergebnisse zur Geschwisterbeziehung vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden Annahmen formuliert, welche psychodynamischen Konflikte sich in einer pathologischen Entwicklung als psychische Störungen im Erwachsenenalter manifestieren können.Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden acht Einzelfälle psychoanalytischer Behandlungen von erwachsenen Patienten unterschiedlicher Geschwisterpositionen und -konstellationen dargestellt, die die in Teil 1 beschriebenen pathogenen Geschwistereinflüsse illustrieren. In den untersuchten Einzelfällen ist die erfahrene Geschwisterposition der Patienten konfliktbesetzt und psychodynamisch wirksam gewesen. Dabei haben die Erfahrungen mit den primären Objekten die Basis für die pathologische Beziehungsdynamik der Geschwister gebildet. Den dritten extra-klinisch empirischen Teil der Arbeit stellt eine explorative Pilotstudie dar, die ebenfalls das Ziel verfolgt, persistierende Geschwisterkonflikte in ihren langandauernden Effekten zu explorieren. Es handelt sich um eine Dokumentenanalyse von 215 Patientenakten aus einer psychosomatischen Klinik. Aus den Akten werden als Variablen ICD - und OPD - Diagnosen als auch inhaltsanalytisch ermittelte psychodynamische Konflikte herausgefiltert und mit den Variablen Geschwisterposition und –konstellation korreliert. Dabei wird erstens der Frage nachgegangen, ob es in den Akten von psychisch erkrankten Patienten zwischen Einzel- und Geschwisterkindern Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Diagnosen und hinsichtlich der formulierten psychodynamischen Konflikte gibt. Zweitens geht es um eine weitergehende Exploration dieser Variablen in Bezug auf die erfahrene Geschwisterposition bzw. –konstellation. Es zeigt sich, dass die ICD-10 Diagnostik aufgrund ihres deskriptiven Charakters und ihrer psychiatrischen Orientierung wenig brauchbar ist, diesbezügliche Hypothesen zu formulieren. Im Unterschied zur ICD-10 ergibt sich in Bezug auf die OPD-Diagnostik, besonders aber in Hinsicht auf die psychodynamischen Konflikte ein differenzierteres Bild. So sind z.B. Parentifizierung am häufigsten von Einzelkindern und Erstgeborenen benannt worden. Gleichzeitig berichten Patienten, die mit Geschwistern aufgewachsen sind, am stärksten von erlebtem emotionalem Mangel in der Familie. Unter Dominanzkonflikten leiden die Patienten am meisten, die als jüngstes Kind aufgewachsen sind. Bei Patienten mit der jüngsten und mittleren Geschwisterposition ist als weiteres Beispiel auffallend oft Altruismus ermittelt worden. Fazit der Arbeit ist, dass ungelöste Geschwisterkonflikte langandauernde Effekte haben können und dass - im Gegensatz zur Birth-Order-Forschung - die Variable der Geschwisterposition unter Berücksichtigung geschlechtsspezifischer Aspekte als ein intra- und interpsychisches dynamisches Geschehen begriffen werden kann.

Root parametrized differential equations

The present thesis is about the inverse problem in differential Galois Theory. Given a differential field, the inverse  problem asks which linear algebraic groups can be realized as differential Galois groups of Picard-Vessiot extensions of this field.   In this thesis we will concentrate on the realization of the classical groups as differential Galois groups. We introduce a method for a very general realization of these groups. This means that we present for the classical groups of Lie rank $l$ explicit linear differential equations where the coefficients are differential polynomials in $l$ differential indeterminates over an algebraically closed field of constants $C$, i.e. our differential ground field is purely differential transcendental over the constants.   For the groups of type $A_l$, $B_l$, $C_l$, $D_l$ and $G_2$ we managed to do these realizations at the same time in terms of Abhyankar's program 'Nice Equations for Nice Groups'. Here the choice of the defining matrix is important. We found out that an educated choice of $l$ negative roots for the parametrization together with the positive simple roots leads to a nice differential equation and at the same time defines a sufficiently general element of the Lie algebra. Unfortunately for the groups of type $F_4$ and $E_6$ the linear differential equations for such elements are of enormous length. Therefore we keep in the case of $F_4$ and $E_6$ the defining matrix differential equation which has also an easy and nice shape.   The basic idea for the realization is the application of an upper and lower bound criterion for the differential Galois group to our parameter equations and to show that both bounds coincide. An upper and lower bound criterion can be found in literature. Here we will only use the upper bound, since for the application of the lower bound criterion an important condition has to be satisfied. If the differential ground field is $C_1$, e.g., $C(z)$ with standard derivation, this condition is automatically satisfied. Since our differential ground field is purely differential transcendental over $C$, we have no information whether this condition holds or not.   The main part of this thesis is the development of an alternative lower bound criterion and its application. We introduce the specialization bound. It states that the differential Galois group of a specialization of the parameter equation is contained in the differential Galois group of the parameter equation. Thus for its application we need a differential equation over $C(z)$ with given differential Galois group. A modification of a result from Mitschi and Singer yields such an equation over $C(z)$ up to differential conjugation, i.e. up to transformation to the required shape. The transformation of their equation to a specialization of our parameter equation is done for each of the above groups in the respective transformation lemma.

Nitrogen requirements of cassava in selected soils of Thailand

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important export crops in Thailand, yet the nitrogen requirement is unknown and not considered by growers and producers. Cassava requirements for N were determined in field experiments during a period of four years and four sites on the Satuk (Suk), Don Chedi (Dc), Pak Chong (Pc),and Ban Beung (BBg) soil series in Lopburi, Supanburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Chonburi sites, respectively. The fertilizer treatment structure comprised 0, 62.5, 125, 187.5, 250 and 312.5 kg N ha^(-1) as urea. At each site cassava was harvested at nine months and yield parameters and the minimum datasets were taken. The fertilizer rate which resulted in maximum yield ranged from 187.5 kg N ha^(-1) in Supanburi and Chonburi (fresh weight yield of 47,500 and 30,000 kg ha^(-1) respectively) to 250 kg N ha^(-1) in Lopburi and Nakhon Ratchasima (fresh weight yield of 64,100 and 46,700 kg ha^(-1) respectively). Yield appeared to decrease at the higher, 312 kg ha^(-1), at Supanburi and Lopburi, and 250 kg ha^(-1) (Chonburi) fertilizer N rates. Net revenue was 70.4 and 72.9 % higher than where no N was appliedLopburi and Nakhon Ratchasima sites. Net revenue at the Supanburi and Chonburi sites were 53.8 and 211.0 % higher than that where no N was applied. This study suggests that at all sites improved cassava production and net revenue could be obtained with the judicious application of higher quantities of N. The results provide needed guidance to nitrogen fertilization of the important industrial crop cassava in Thailand.

Determination of the silvo-melliferous regions of Benin: a nationwide categorisation of the land based on melliferous plants suitable for timber production

Perennial plants are the main pollen and nectar sources for bees in the tropical areas where most of the annual flora are burned in dry seasons. Therefore perennial plants constitute the most reliable bio materials for determining and evaluating the beekeeping regions of the Republic of Benin. A silvo-melliferous region (S-MR) is a geographical area characterised by a particular set of homogenous melliferous plants that can produce timber. Using both the prevailing climatic and the agro-ecological conditions six S-MRs could be identified, i.e. the South region, the Common Central region, the Central West region, the Central North region, the Middle North region and the Extreme North region. At the country level, the melliferous plants were dominated by Vitellaria paradoxa which is common to all regions. The most diversified family was the Caesalpiniaceae (12 species) followed by the Combretaceae (10 species) and Combretum being the richest genus. The effect of dominance is particularly high in the South region where Elaeis guineensis alone represented 72.6% of the tree density and 140% of the total plant importance. The total melliferous plant density varied from 99.3 plants ha^(−1) in the Common Central region to 178.0 plants ha^(−1) in the Central West region. On the basis of nectar and pollen source, the best region for beekeeping is the CentralWest region with 46.7% of nectar producing trees, 9.4% of pollen producing trees and 40.6% of plants that issue both, this in opposition to the South region which was characterised by an unbalanced distribution of melliferous trees.

Disseny d’un circuit analògic reconfigurable

En l’actualitat, l’electrònica digital s’està apoderant de la majoria de camps de desenvolupament, ja que ofereix un gran ventall de possibilitats que permeten fer front a gran quantitat de problemàtiques. Poc a Poc s’ha anat prescindint el màxim possible de l’electrònica analògica i en el seu lloc s’han utilitzat sistemes microprocessats, PLDs o qualsevol altre dispositiu digital, que proporciona beneficis enlluernadors davant la fatigosa tasca d’implementar una solució analògica. Tot i aquesta tendència, és inevitable la utilització de l’electrònica analògica, ja que el mon que ens envolta és l’entorn en el que han de proporcionar servei els diferents dissenys que es realitzen, i aquest entorn no és discret sinó continu. Partint d’aquest punt ben conegut hem de ser conscients que com a mínim els filtres d’entrada i sortida de senyal juntament amb els convertidors D/A A/D mai desapareixeran. Així doncs, aquests circuits analògics, de la mateixa forma que els digitals, han de ser comprovats un cop dissenyats, és en aquest apartat on el nostre projecte desenvoluparà un paper protagonista, ja que serà la eina que ha de permetre obtenir les diferents senyals característiques d’un determinat circuit, per posteriorment realitzar els tests que determinaran si es compleix el rang de correcte funcionament, i en cas de no complir, poder concretar quin paràmetre és el causant del defecte

Àlgebra matricial: sistemes d'equacions

Oferim als estudiants universitaris i als lectors interessats aquesta guia didàctica de la matemàtica universitària com a fruit dels nostres anys de docència de les matemàtiques a la Universitat. El resultat final ha esdevingut una col·lecció de setze petits volums agrupats en els dos mòduls d'Àlgebra Lineal i de Càlcul Infinitesimal. En aquest volum es comença definint la terminologia bàsica dels sistemes, utilitzant la nomenclatura i els conceptes apresos en els volums anteriors. A partir del concepte de rang d’una matriu es dedueix l’important teorema de Rouché-Fröbenius en el qual s’analitzen les condicions perquè un sistema sigui compatible, i a continuació s’introdueixen els principals mètodes de resolució de sistemes d’equacions lineals. Finalment, es fa un breu estudi dels sistemes d’equacions no lineals, i dels sistemes d’equacions diofàntiques que són aquells en què només té sentit considerar les solucions enteres de les incògnites

El Cos com a instrument musical: creativitat i activitat grupal col·laborativa com a proposta didàctica més enllà del context de l'aula

Sabem que l’educació no es circumscriu només en l’àmbit acadèmic ni dins el marc físic d’un centre docent, sinó que la societat i els productes que genera són elements importants a tenir en compte. En base a aquests supòsits, els nous corrents pedagògics de l’Escola Nova sorgits a començaments del segle XX ja recomanaven obrir les escoles a l’entorn immediat i aprofitar les seves possibilitats tant com a recurs educatiu com a contingut curricular en sí mateix. Aquesta premissa –plenament vigent a l’actualitat– es fa palesa especialment a l’àrea de música, no només per la gran quantitat d’informació –immediata i diversificada- i per les possibilitats didàctiques i educatives de caràcter multimèdia i interactiu de les Noves Tecnologies (NNTT), les Tecnologies de la Informació i la Comunicació (TIC) i les Tecnologies de l’Aprenentatge i la Comunicació (TAC) que configuren l’actual realitat virtual a la que ens veiem abocats, sinó per l’ampli ventall d’estils i gèneres que inclouen les programacions d’espectacles musicals al nostre abast. De la mateixa manera que l’audició de música en directe és del tot imprescindible en aquesta àrea artística i humanística per tal de desenvolupar les destreses que li són pròpies, també ho és la participació activa. En aquest sentit, constatem que la realització d’activitats educatives a nivell col·lectiu permet la interacció entre iguals i la descoberta, desenvolupament o aprofundiment d’actituds com la cooperació, la tolerància, el respecte mutu, la cohesió, etc., valors imprescindibles en una societat democràtica i plural com la nostra. I encara més, que l’activitat col·lectiva realitzada amb l’objectiu de produir un producte propi, afavoreix la satisfacció personal final que conduirà a la veritable integració dels continguts a assimilar. Per tant, la pràctica aplicada d’aquestes actituds i destreses socials es fa imprescindible en els estudis dels futurs docents. L'Espai Europeu de Educació Superior (EEES) ens aporta la incorporació d'un concepte provinent del món professional, les competències, que són un nou referent de rang superior que orienta globalment els estudis universitaris. Els objectius i continguts d'aquests tindran sentit en la mesura que contribueixin a desenvolupar algunes d'aquestes competències, ja que seran l'objecte principal d'avaluació de les titulacions. Pensem que a través d’activitats que es poden fer fora de l'aula com la que presentem en aquesta comunicació, s'ajuda a mobilitzar algunes d'aquestes competències que permetran configurar el perfil de graduat que tots desitgem

[Ressenya del llibre La sociabilitat epistolar de la família Burgués de Girona (1799-1803)]

Ressenya del llibre La sociabilitat epistolar de la família Burgués de Girona (1799-1803). Es tracta d’un epistolari adreçat a un noble de rang menor i d’àmbit local, en aquest cas Girona. La intenció de l’editor és formulada ben explícitament: «Obrir una finestra al passat i posar a l’abast dels investigadors i de les persones interessades i curioses un recull de les pràctiques socials, culturals, familiars, relacionals i literàries d’una família noble de la ciutat de Girona en el trànsit del segle XVIII al segle XIX»

Disseny conceptual i anàlisi estructural d’una motxilla - cotxet per a transportar de nens en activitats de lleure muntanya

La idea de realitzar aquest projecte sorgeix d’una necessitat en el mercat de productes relacionats amb els nens i nenes petits, dins d’un rang d’edats entre 2 a 5 anys, per poder realitzar activitats de lleure a la muntanya. En ser un producte no existent s’ha hagut de fer el disseny conceptual de tot el producte buscant la solució final adient per a cada part considerada bàsica. Per assegurar-ne la fiabilitat i la seguretat del nen i del pare s’han fet els càlculs pertinents de les seccions més carregades i s’han descrit els processos de fabricació i muntatge de cada peça. La Motxilla – Carretó servirà per circular per pistes de muntanya i forestals. Tindrà dos usos, el primer per quan el nen estigui cansat de caminar i el terreny es poc accidentat,“funció carretó” i el segon ús, per quan el nen està cansat i el terreny és més accidentat, “funció cadireta”. El producte serà transformable en funció d’aquests dos usos principals