Variations in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil: A Comparative Analysis between 2002 and 2014

Abstract Background: Due to the importance of coronary artery disease (CAD), continuous investigation of the risk factors (RFs) is needed. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of RFs for CAD in cities in Rio Grande do Sul State, and compare it with that reported in a similar study conducted in the same cities in 2002. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 1,056 healthy adults, investigating the prevalence and absolute and relative frequencies of the following RFs for CAD: obesity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemias, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and family history, as well as age and sex. Data was collected in 19 cities, host of the Offices of the Regional Coordinators of Health, as in the 2002 study. Results: Twenty-six percent of the sample consisted of older adults and 57% were women. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 44%, history family 50%, smoking 23%, overweight/obesity 68%, dyslipidemia (high cholesterol levels) 43%, SAH 40%, and diabetes 11%. When compared to the 2002 study, the prevalence of active smoking and sedentary behavior decreased, whereas the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity increased. Obesity is the most prevalent RF in women, and SAH the most prevalent in men. Conclusions: The prevalence of RFs for CAD in Rio Grande do Sul State remains high. Hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia are still prevalent and require major prevention programs. Smoking and physical inactivity have decreased in the state, suggesting the efficacy of related campaigns.

Early Markers of Atherosclerotic Disease in Individuals with Excess Weight and Dyslipidemia

Abstract Background: Excessive weight is a cardiovascular risk factor since it generates a chronic inflammatory process that aggravates the endothelial function. Objective: To evaluate the endothelial function in individuals with excess weight and mild dyslipidemia using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), and the association of endothelial function with anthropometric and biochemical variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included 74 individuals and evaluated anthropometric variables (body mass index [BMI], waist-hip ratio [WHR], waist circumference [AC], and percentage of body fat [PBF]), biochemical (blood glucose, insulinemia, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol) and endothelial function (BAFMD, evaluated by ultrasound). The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 16.0. To study the association between the variables, we used chi-square, Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests, and Pearson's correlation. Logistic regression analyzed the independent influence of the factors. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The participants had a mean age of 50.8 years, and 57% were female. BMI, WC, WHR, and PBF showed no significant association with BAFMD. The male gender (p = 0.02) and higher serum levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.02) were significantly and independently associated with a BAFMD below 8%. Conclusions: In individuals with excess weight and mild untreated dyslipidemia, male gender and higher levels of fibrinogen were independently associated with worse BAFMD.

Histology of the liver of Oligosarcus jenynsii (Ostariophysi, Characidae) from Los Padres Lake, Argentina

The liver is an organ notable for its sensitivity to a great variety of environmental factors. It is composed of a parenchyma divided into irregular lobules by the exocrine pancreas or hepatopancreas; the pancreatic cells are arranged around a branch of the portal vein. The hepatocytes are radially arranged in cords around a central sinusoid. The liver histomorphology and the organization of exocrine pancreatic tissue of O. jenynsii (Günther, 1864) is similar to the acinar morphology of many teleosts, including freshwater and marine species. The aim of the present work was to carry out the histological analysis of the liver of Oligosarcus jenynsii, one of the most common species inhabiting Los Padres Lake (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina).

Distribució de revistes científiques en format digital

L'aparició de les revistes en format digital posa de nou de manifest la necessitat de disposar de bons mecanismes de distribució i accés a les mateixes. Això encara esdevé més rellevant en els actuals moments de concentració en grans grups empresarials de l'edició i la distribució de les revistes de l'anomenat àmbit científic, tècnic i mèdic (STM: “scientific, technical and medical”). Davant d'aquest fenomen, encara ho tenen més complicat les publicacions amb una circulació més restringida per raons de llengua o d'especialització. És el cas de moltes revistes publicades a Catalunya, editades i distribuïdes per canals diferents als del sistema STM comercial internacional. Davant d’aquesta problemàtica, el Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya (CBUC) ha encarregat el present informe. Un dels objectius fonamentals del CBUC és facilitar l'accés dels usuaris a la informació especialitzada; dins d'aquesta es vol prestar un suport especial als continguts creats a Catalunya per tal de facilitar-ne la seva utilització i contribuir al seu desenvolupament futur. Dins l’actual moment de canvi provocat per la irrupció de l’edició digital, es corre el risc de que els continguts catalans no tinguin la suficient presència i utilització en aquest nou suport, cosa que suposaria un evident endarreriment. Per tal d’evitar-ho, el CBUC vol explorar les implicacions i les possibilitats de crear plataformes o portals per a la difusió de les revistes erudites catalanes, en el cas que no ho puguin fer pels canals comercials internacionals. A nivell operatiu aquest informe intenta respondre a les següents preguntes: Què és un portal de revistes científiques?, Quins elements s’han de preveure en la seva constitució?, Quines alternatives de servei hi ha?, Quines problemàtiques tècniques es plantegen? i Existeixen iniciatives o inquietuds semblants a les plantejades pel CBUC?

La pissarra digital a l'aula de classe

Projecte de recerca realitzat pel Grup de Recerca de Didàctica i Multimèdia (DiM) de la UAB, entre els mesos de gener i maig del 2005. L’objectiu ha estat fer un seguiment, en 22 centres pilot experimentadors de primària i de secundaria (públics i privats) de tot Catalunya, de l’ús que els professors fessin de la PD a les classes, amb la intenció d’avaluar el seu potencial d’innovació pedagògica i identificar les pràctiques docents més eficaces i innovadores. El projecte s'emmarca d'una banda en el paradigma socio-crìtic de recerca educativa, ja que pretén la innovació i millora de les metodologies didàctiques dels professors participants mitjançant uns processos de recerca-acció. Per altra banda, des d'una perspectiva tècnico-etnogràfica (a partir de qüestionaris, entrevistes i observacions directes), se cerquen dades objectives sobre les aportacions de la PD a la millora dels processos d'ensenyament i aprenentatge. Al llarg de la recerca s’han elaborat diversos recursos de suport al professorat que es poden consultar al portal de la pissarra digital &http://dewey.uab.es/pmarques/pdigital/ca/pissarra.htm&

The interaction of Gram negative bacteria and S. mansoni in mice with experimental Schistosomiasis

Animals (122 mice) were infected each with eighty cercariae of S. mansoni and subsequently challenged intravenously eight weeks later with the following gram-negative organisms. S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella-enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enumeration of bacteria in the liver, spleen and blood and S. mansoni from the portal sistem was performed from one to four weeks later in infected animals. A significant difference between infection produced by S. typhi and other gram negative organisms was observed: S. typhi persisted longer in the spleen and liver and could be recovered from S. mansoni worms up to three weeks following bacterial infection. Other gram negative bacteria disappeared from S. mansoni worms after two weeks of initial challenge. Additional animals (51 mice) infected with S. mansoni were given S. typhi, E. coli or sterile saline. After two weeks, animals were sacrificed and the recovery rate of worms from the portal system, and the mesenteric and hepatic oogram were determined. in animals infected with E. coli a significant decrease in the number of worms was observed compared to the saline control group; thirty worms were recovered in the control group compared to two worms in e. coli infected animals. In addition, the patterns of oviposition was significantly different in these latter animals suggesting complete inhibition of this process. Following S. typhi infection the difference in recovery of worms and pattern of oviposition was minimal. These findings suggest a difference in the interaction of various gram negative bacteria and S. mansoni and are consistent with the clinical observation of prolonged salmonella bacteremia in patients with schistosomiasis.

Patologia da infecção experimental de roedores domésticos com diferentes cepas de Yersinia pestis

Os autores estudaram 253 ratos domésticos (Rattus norvegicus e Rattus r. frugivorus), infectados experimentalmente (via subcutânea) com duas cepas de Yersinia pestis (cepas "PEXU-19" e "RANGEL"), isoladas de roedores silvestres capturados no nordeste brasileiro (Exú - Pernambuco) e na Venezuela, respectivamente, as quais foram mantidas em meio de cultura e subinoculadas periodicamente. A sobrevida dos animais infectados variou de dois a sete dias, sendo os sobreviventes sacrificados no 20º dia após a data da inoculação. Para cada uma das duas espécies de rato, foram empregadas cargas infectantes de intensidades diferentes (750 - 4.250; 7.500 - 41.250 e 75.000 - 750.000 bacilos), correspondentes a cada uma das duas cepas de Y. pestis utilizadas. A patologia foi estudada em relação ao fígado, baço, pulmão e linfonodo inguinal, órgãos onde as lesões se mostraram mais exuberantes. As lesões hepáticas foram essencialmente representadas por congestão, necrose coagulativa multifocal e infiltração inflamatória aguda portal e sinusoidal, com formação de microabscessos. No baço ocorreu atrofia acentuada dos folículos linfóides de Malpighi, congestão, hemorragia e esplemite aguda abscedada. No pulmão, foi achado freqüente a pneumonite aguda, ás vezes acompanhada de abscessos. De um modo geral, a cepa PEXU-19 revelou maior poder patogênico que a cepa RANGEL, embora, em relação à espécie de roedor infectado não tenha sido possível surpreender diferenças quanto á sua susceptibilidade frente ás duas cepas Y. pestis utilizadas no presente trabalho.

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum cheatum, 1941 (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae)

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum was completed experimentally in the laboratory. Cairina moschata domestica (domestic duck) and Biomphalaria straminea served respectively as definitive and intermediate hosts. Eggs passed in duck faeces hatch miracidia in 10 minutes when placed in water. Eight days after the snail infection, the mother sporocyst contains daughter sporocysts ready to migrate. Cercariae are present within the daughter sporocysts 23 days after infection and emerge from the snail on the 25th day. They actively penetrate the skin of the duck and after a prepatent of 39 days, sexually mature trematodes are present in the blood vessels of the bird. The adult parasite is predominantly in the renal-portal system and to a lesser degree in the lungs and mesentery. A detailed morphological description of the egg. miracidium, sporocyst and cercaria is presented.

Schistosomal glomerular disease (a review)

In this review paper schistosomal glomerulopathy is defined as an immune-complex disease. The disease appears in 12-15 per cent of the individuals with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Portal hypertension with collateral circulation helps the by pass of the hepatic clearance process and the parasite antigens can bind to antibodies in the circulation and be trapped in the renal glomerulus. Chronic membranousproliferative glomerulonephritis is the most commom lesion present and the nephrotic syndrome is the usual form of clinical presentation. The disease can be experimentally produced, and schistosomal antigens and antibodies, as well as complement, can be demonstrated in the glomerular lesions. Specific treatment of schistosomiasis does not seem to alter the clinical course of schistosomal nephropathy.

Prevalence and clinical importance of mesenteric venous thrombosis in the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study and to correlate MVT with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Abdominal portal phase CT was used to examine patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Two experienced abdominal radiologists retrospectively analyzed the images, focusing on the superior and inferior mesenteric vein branches and looking for signs of acute or chronic thrombosis. The location of abnormalities was registered. The presence of MVT was correlated with IBD-related radiologic signs and complications. RESULTS. The cases of 160 patients with IBD (89 women, 71 men; Crohn disease [CD], 121 patients; ulcerative colitis [UC], 39 patients; median age at diagnosis, 27 years for patients with CD, 32 years for patients with UC) were analyzed. MVT was detected in 43 patients with IBD (26.8%). One of these patients had acute MVT; 38, chronic MVT; and four, both. The prevalence of MVT did not differ between CD (35/121 [28.9%]) and UC (8/39 [20.5%]) (p = 0.303). The location of thrombosis was different between CD and UC (CD, jejunal or ileal veins only [p = 0.005]; UC, rectocolic veins only [p = 0.001]). Almost all (41/43) cases of thrombosis were peripheral. MVT in CD patients was more frequently associated with bowel wall thickening (p = 0.013), mesenteric fat hypertrophy (p = 0.005), ascites (p = 0.002), and mesenteric lymph node enlargement (p = 0.036) and was associated with higher rate of bowel stenosis (p < 0.001) and more intestinal IBD-related surgery (p = 0.016) in the outcome. Statistical analyses for patients with UC were not relevant because of the limited population (n = 8). CONCLUSION. MVT is frequently found in patients with IBD. Among patients with CD, MVT is associated with bowel stenosis and CD-related intestinal surgery.

La biblioteca personal: integrant la biblioteca en la societat en xarxa

El text presenta el "model danès" d'organització d'un sistema bibliotecari únic i coherent com a mitjà per asegurar l'accés universal, personalitzat i quotidià a la informació en tota mena de suports i també la reinterpretació del paper de les biblioteques i dels bibliotecaris en la societat de la informació. La base del model és una llei-marc, combinada amb l'actuació de la Danish Nacional Library Authority (DNLA), que encoratgen la cooperació en tots els àmbits, el desenvolupament professional i la creació de nous serveis, entre els quals destaquen els que es presenten a través del portal nacional de les biblioteques daneses (bibliotek.dk), incloent-hi el cataleg col·lectiu i d'altres com ara la referència electrònica i els portals temàtics.

La biblioteca recombinada: portals i persones

Aquest article explora el disseny i l'ús dels portals en un entorn bibliotecari. Tracta les motivacions per construir portals, així com l'estructura i la tipologia d'aquests. A més, examina l'entorn de l'usuari en què es desenvolupen aquests portals. També argumenta que aporten serveis útils d'integració i presentació, però que s'han de considerar com a component d'un conjunt de serveis més ampli que la biblioteca està construint per tal d'introduir aquests recursos útils als usuaris. Així mateix, considera breument els serveis que els portals ofereixen: consulta distribuïda o metacerca, personalització, demandes, resolució OpenURL, avisos, etc. També considera l'emergent necessitat de serveis de directori o de registre per a coses com la descripció de col·leccions i serveis, dades de drets i polítiques, etc. Tracta l'impacte dels serveis web i el canvi en els models d'investigació i aprenentatge en relació al subministrament i ús d'informació en xarxa. Finalment, considera els serveis bibliotecaris com a part d'un entorn de sistemes, cada vegada més ric, que inclou els sistemes de gestió d'aprenentatge i de programari educatiu, portals de campus, serveis compartits com l'autenticació, i altres sistemes i serveis.

Patogenesis of pipe-stem fibrosis of the liver (experimental observation on murine Schistosomiasis)

Mice infected with 30 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni developed portal and septal fibrosis due to the massive and concentrated deposition of eggs in the periportal areas which occurred following the 16th week after infection. The lesion resembled pipe-stem fibrosis seen in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the following characters: portal fibrosis interconnecting portal spaces as well as portal spaces and central canals; portal inflammation; periovular granulomas; vascular obstruction and telangiectasia. The liver parenchyma maintained its normal architecture. Vascular injection techniques with Indian ink and vinylite revealed that the portal system developed numerous dilated collateral venules coming from the large and medium-sized portal branches, about 10 weeks after schistosome infection. The lodging of schistosome eggs into these collaterals resulted in granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis along all the portal tracts, thus forming the pipe-stem lesion. Although not readily demonstrable grossly, the pipe-stem fibrosis of murine schistosomiasis has many similarities with the human lesion and can be considered to have the same basic pathogenesis.

GLUT2 and the incretin receptors are involved in glucose-induced incretin secretion.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins secreted in response to oral glucose ingestion by intestinal L and K cells, respectively. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intestinal cell glucose sensing are unknown but could be related to those described for beta-cells, brain and hepatoportal sensors. We determined the role of GLUT2, GLP-1 or GIP receptors in glucose-induced incretins secretion, in the corresponding knockout mice. GLP-1 secretion was reduced in all mutant mice, while GIP secretion did not require GLUT2. Intestinal GLP-1 content was reduced only in GIP and GLUT2 receptors knockout mice suggesting that this impairment could contribute to the phenotype. Intestinal GIP content was similar in all mice studied. Furthermore, the impaired incretins secretion was associated with a reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and an impaired glucose tolerance in all mice. In conclusion, both incretins secretion depends on mechanisms involving their own receptors and GLP-1 further requires GLUT2.