As-deposited near-single crystalline high Tc and Jc superconducting thin films by a pulsed lased deposition process

As-deposited high Tc superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x films with zero resistance temperatures of similar, equals89 K and critical current densities about 0.7×106 A/cm2 at 77 K have been reproducibly fabricated at a substrate holder temperature at 650°C, using pulsed laser deposition, without post-annealing. One key to these results is the injection of gaseous oxygen into laser produced plume just in front of the target. In this way, the correct amount of oxygen is incorporated into the as-grown film so that post-deposition treatment becomes unnecessary. Axial ion channeling in these as-deposit high Tc superconducting films on (100) SrTiO3 and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on the film surfaces were performed. Angular yield profile near the film surface for Ba, and the surface peak intensity were measured using 3 MeV He ions. For channeling normal to the substrate a minimum yield of 7%, compared to similar, equals3% for single crystals, was obtained. The results of ion channeling and XPS studies indicate that the as-deposited films have good crystallinity as well as toichiometry to within similar, equals1 nm of the film surface. The in-situ growth of such high Tc and Jc films is an important step in the use of the laser deposition technique to fabricate multilayer structures and the surface perfection is of importance in tunneling devices such as Josephson junctions.

Activation barrier for the alpha.-cleavage process in thiones

The Occurrence of the Norrish type I a-cleavage process in some thio compounds has been examined by using the MIND013 method and employing the configuration interaction. Results reveal that where the radiationless process is not efficient, thio compounds can undergo photodissociation into radicals in their lowest triplet and singlet excited states. The activation barriers in all these cases arise from an avoided crossing between two states of different symmetries. The calculations of activation barriers by the CNDO-CI and MINDO-CI procedures reveal that the MINDO-CI method leads to realistic values of the activation energies.

A building-up process in open-framework metal carboxylates that involves a progressive increase in dimensionality

Extensive research work has been carried out in the last few years on the synthesis and characterization of several families of open-framework materials, including aluminosilicates,[1] phosphates,[2] and carboxylates.[3] These studies have shown the occurrence of a variety of three dimensional (3D) architectures containing channels and other features.

Process of burnout: structure, antecedents, and consequences

The major changes that have been witnessed in today's workplaces are challenging the mental well-being of employed people. Stress and burnout are considered to be modern epidemics, and their importance to physical health and work ability has been acknowledged world-wide. The aim of the thesis was to study the concept of burnout as a process proceeding from its antecedents, through the development of the syndrome, and to its outcomes. Several work-related factors considered antecedents of burnout were studied in different occupational groups. The syndrome of burnout is seen as consisting of three dimensions - exhaustion, cynicism and lack of professional efficacy - and different alternatives for the sequential development of these dimensions were tested. Furthermore, several indicators of the severely detrimental health and work ability outcomes of burnout were investigated in a longitudinal study design. The research questions were as follows. 1) Is burnout, as measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS), a three-dimensional construct and how invariant is the factorial structure across occupations (Finnish) and national samples (Finnish, Swedish and Dutch)? How persistent is exhaustion over time? 2) What is the sequential process of burnout? Is it similar across occupations? How do work stressors relate to the process? 3) How does burnout relate to severe health consequences as well as temporary and chronic work disability according to hospitalization periods, sick-leave episodes and receiving disability pensions? The data were collected between 1986 and 2005. The population of the study consisted of respondents to a company-wide questionnaire survey carried out in 1996-1997 (N=9705, response rate 63%). The participants comprised 6025 blue-collar workers and 3680 white-collar workers. The majority were men (N=7494) and the average age was 43.7 years. In addition, a sample from the population had responded to a questionnaire survey in 1988, which was combined with the 1996 data to form panel data on 713 respondents. The register-based data were collected between 1986 and 2005 from 1) the company's occupational health services' records for a sample of respondents from the 1996 questionnaire survey (sick-leave data), 2) hospitalization records from the Hospital discharge register, and 3) disability pension records from the Finnish Centre for Pensions. These data were combined person by person with the 1996 questionnaire survey data with the help of personal identification numbers which were saved with the study numbers by the researchers. The results showed that burnout consists of three separate but correlating symptoms: exhaustion, cynicism and lack of professional efficacy. As a syndrome, burnout was strongly related to job stressors at work, and seemed to develop from exhaustion through cynicism to lack of professional efficacy in a similar manner among white-collar and blue-collar employees. The results also showed that exhaustion persisted even after eight years of follow-up but did not predict cynicism or lack of professional efficacy after that amount of time. Nor were job stressors longitudinally related to burnout. Longitudinal results were obtained for the severe health-related consequences of burnout. The investigated outcomes represented different phases of health deterioration ranging from sick-leaves and hospitalization periods to receiving work disability pensions. The results showed that burnout syndrome, and its elements of exhaustion and cynicism, were related to future mental and cardiovascular disorders as indicated by hospitalization periods. Burnout was also related to future sick-leave periods due to mental, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders. Of the separate elements, exhaustion was related to the same three categories of disorder, cynicism to mental, musculoskeletal and digestive disorders, and lack of professional efficacy to mental and musculoskeletal disorders. Burnout also predicted receiving disability pensions due to mental and musculoskeletal disorders among initially healthy subjects. Exhaustion was related to receiving disability pensions even when self-reported chronic illness was taken into account. The results suggest that burnout is a multidimensional, chronic, work-related syndrome, which may have serious consequences for health and work ability.

Synthesis of FeCu Nanopowder by Levitational Gas Condensation Process

Condensation from the vapor state is an important technique for the preparation of nanopowders. Levitational gas condensation is one such technique that has a unique ability of attaining steady state. Here, we present the results of applying this technique to an iron-copper alloy (96Fe-4Cu). A qualitative model of the process is proposed to understand the process and the characteristics of resultant powder. A phase diagram of the alloy system in the liquid-vapor region was calculated to help understand the course of condensation, especially partitioning and coring during processing. The phase diagram could not explain coring in view of the simultaneous occurrence of solidification and the fast homogenization through diffusion in the nanoparticles; however, it could predict the very low levels of copper observed in the levitated drop. The enrichment of copper observed near the surface of the powder was considered to be a manifestation of the lower surface energy of copper compared with that of iron. Heat transfer calculations indicated that most condensed particles can undergo solidification even when they are still in the proximity of the levitated drop. It helped us to predict the temperature and the cooling rate of the powder particles as they move away from the levitated drop. The particles formed by the process seem to be single domain, single crystals that are magnetic in nature. They, thus, can agglomerate by forming a chain-like structure, which manifests as a three-dimensional network enclosing a large unoccupied space, as noticed in scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. This also explains the observed low packing density of the nanopowders.