925 resultados para Palisade grass
Resumo:
UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV) can induce high titer of interferon in cultured CAB (crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae) cells, and thus defend host cells against the virus invasion. The mechanism is proposed that an antiviral state should be established in the host cells by activating expression of a set of antiviral-relevant genes. In this study, suppressive subtractive hybridization is applied to constructing a subtracted cDNA library with mRNAs isolated from UV-inactivated GCHV infected and mock-infected CAB cells. 272 differential cDNA fragments are identified by both PCR and dot blot from the subtractive cDNA library. Sequencing analysis reveals 69 genes, including 46 known gene homologues, and 23 unknown putative genes. The known genes include the genes involved in interferon signaling pathways, such as Stat1 and Jak1, the antiviral genes, such as Mx and Viperin, and a set of interferon-stimulated genes observed in mammalian cells. Most of the unknown putative genes contain AU-rich element in their sequences. Differential expressions of these genes are further confirmed by virtual Northern blot and RT-PCR. The data imply that UV-inactivated GCHV is not only able to induce production of interferon in the infected CAB cells, but also leads to the expression of a series of antiviral-relevant genes or immune-relevant genes, and therefore reveals that the signaling pathway of interferon system and antiviral mechanism in fish are similar to those in mammals.
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An unknown virus was isolated from massive mortality of cultured threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylus) fingerlings. The virus replicated in BF-2 fish cell line and produced a plaque-like cytopathic effect. Electron micrographs revealed non-enveloped, icosahedral particles approximately 70-80 nm in diameter composed of a double capsid layer. Viroplasms and subviral particles approximately 30 run in diameter and complete particles of 70 nm in diameter were also observed in the infected BF-2 tissue culture cells. The virus was resistant upon pH 3 to 11 and ether treatment. It is also stable to heat treatment (3 h at 56 T). Replication was not inhibited by 5-iododeoxyuridine (5-IUdR). Acridine orange stain revealed typical reovirus-like cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Electrophoresis of purified virus revealed 11 segments of double-stranded RNA and five major structural polypeptides of approximately 136, 132, 71, 41 and 33 kDa. Based on these findings, the virus isolated was identified to belong to the genus Aquareovirus and was designated as threadfin reovirus. This virus differed from a majority of other aquareovirus by its increase in virus infectivity upon exposure to various treatments such as high and low pH, heat (56 degreesC), ether and 5-IUdR. The RNA and virion protein banding pattern of the threadfin reovirus was shown to differ from another Asian isolate, the grass carp hemorrhage reovirus (GCV). Artificial injection of the threadfin reovirus into threadfin fingerlings resulted in complete mortality, whereas sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fingerlings infected via bath route showed severe mortality within a week after exposure. These results indicate that the threadfin virus is another pathogenic Asian aquareovirus isolate that could cross-infect into another marine fish, the sea bass. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
A rhabdovirus was found to be associated with a lethal hemorrhagic disease in the cultured Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker. The rhabdovirus was amplified and isolated from the infected GCO, (grass carp ovary) cells. In ultrathin sections of liver cells from the diseased fish, the virus particles exhibited the characteristic bacilliform morphology, and budded through vesicle membranes of the infected cells. The isolated rhabdovirus particles were found to have a bacilliform morphology with 2 rounded ends rather than a typical flat base. The virus particles were measured and ranged in size from 150 to 200 nm in length and 50 to 60 nm in diameter. Most other characteristics, including their size, extensive virus infectivity to fish cell Lines, strong cytopathogenic effects, stability at high temperatures, vesicle formation in infected cells, structure protein electrophoretic patterns and the presence of an RNA genome, very closely resembled those of other fish rhabdoviruses. At present it is not known if this is a novel virus species or if it is an isolate of a known fish rhabdovirus. Until a confirmed identification can be made, we will temporarily refer to this virus as Chinese sucker rhabdovirus (CSRV).
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Seasonal population dynamics of parasitic copepods in the genus Sinergasilus on fanned silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, farmed bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus were investigated in China. Changes in prevalence and abundance were seasonal with higher levels observed in summer. Reproduction of the copepods occurs from spring to early autumn as indicated by the higher ratio of gravid copepods. The frequency distribution of Sinergasilus polycolpus and S. major in their host populations can be fitted well with negative binomial distribution. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Fishes, the biggest and most diverse community in vertebrates are good experimental models for studies of cell and developmental biology by many favorable characteristics. Nuclear transplantation in fish has been thoroughly studied in China since 1960s. Fish nuclei of embryonic cells from different genera were transplanted into enucleated eggs generating nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrids of adults. Most importantly, nuclei of cultured goldfish kidney cells had been reprogrammed in enucleated eggs to support embryogenesis and ontogenesis of a fertile fish. This was the first case of cloned fish with somatic cells. Based on the technique of microinjection, recombinant MThGH gene has been transferred into fish eggs and the first batch of transgenic fish were produced in 1984. The behavior of foreign gene was characterized and the onset of the foreign gene replication occurred between the blastula to gastrula stages and random integration mainly occurred at later stages of embryogenesis. This eventually led to the transgenic mosaicism. The MThGH-transferred common carp enhanced growth rate by 2-4 times in the founder juveniles and doubled the body weight in the adults. The transgenic common carp were more efficient in utilizing dietary protein than the controls. An "all-fish" gene construct CAgcGH has been made by splicing the common carp beta-actin gene (CA) promoter onto the grass carp growth hormone gene (gcGH) coding sequence. The CAgcGH-transferred Yellow River Carp have also shown significantly fast-growth trait. Combination of techniques of fish cell culture, gene transformation with cultured cells and nuclear transplantation should be able to generate homogeneous strain of valuable transgenic fish to fulfil human requirement in 21(st) century.
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The effects of estradiol (E(2)) on growth hormone (GH) production was investigated in gonad-intact female goldfish. It was first necessary to generate a specific antibody for use in immunocytochemistry, Western, and dot-blot analyses of GH production. To accomplish this, grass carp GH (gcGH) cDNA was cloned by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and expressed in Echerichia coli and a specific polyclonal antibody to recombinant gcGH was generated in the rabbit. In Western blot, the anti-gcGH antibody specifically immunoreacted with recombinant gcGH, purified natural common carp GH, and with a single 21.5-kDa GH form from pituitary extracts of grass carp, common carp, goldfish, and zebrafish but not salmon, trout, or tilapia. Intraperitoneal injection of the recombinant gcGH enhanced the growth rates of juvenile common carp demonstrating biological activity of this GH preparation. Electron microscopic studies showed that the anti-gcGH-I antibody specifically reacted with GH localized in the secretory granules of the goldfish somatotroph. Using anti-gcGH-I in a dot-blot assay, it was found that in vivo implantation of solid silastic pellets containing E(2) (100 mu g/g body weight for 5 days) increased pituitary GH content by 150% in female goldfish. In a second, independent study employing a previously characterized anticommon carp GH antibody for radioimmunoassay, it was found that E(2) increased pituitary GH content by 170% and serum GH levels by approximately 350%. The E(2)-induced hypersecretion of GH and increase in pituitary GH levels was not associated with changes in steady-state pituitary GH mRNA levels, suggesting that this sex steroid may enhance GH synthesis at the posttranscriptional or translational level. Previous observations indicate that GH can stimulate ovarian E(2) production. The present results show that E(2) can in turn stimulate GH production, indicating the existence of a novel pituitary GH-ovarian feedback system in goldfish. (C) 1997 Academic Press.
Resumo:
为探讨黄土丘陵区草地植被自然恢复过程中土壤微生物活性的变化特征及其影响因素,采用"时空互代"法采集宁夏云雾山自然保护区8个不同植被恢复年限的春、夏两季0~20cm和20~40cm的土样,用室内密闭静态培养—碱液吸收法测定了新鲜和风干土样的基础呼吸。结果表明:土壤基础呼吸随植被恢复年限增加呈增加趋势,土壤呼吸强度和累积呼吸量都表现为植被恢复73年和78年较高,而耕地和植被恢复3年最低。采样季节对呼吸强度测定有较大影响,春季土样能更好地反映土壤微生物活性的变化。风干土样可以通过预培养后测定土壤的呼吸作用,且能更加稳定地反映不同土壤之间的差异。在测定土壤基础呼吸时,利用1d或3d的培养平均值能更稳定地表现不同土壤的特性。累积呼吸量可较呼吸强度更直观地反映不同土壤的微生物活性。土壤有机质和全氮含量与土壤呼吸强度密切相关。
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通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究黄土区天然草坡的产流、产沙规律。试验设2个地类(草地和裸地)、3个降雨强度水平和3个坡度水平。结果表明:坡面初始产流时间与降雨强度呈负相关关系,与裸地相比,草地在降雨强度较大时(>2.0 mm/min)加快坡面产流,在中(1.0~2.0 mm/min)、小等级降雨强度(<1.0 mm/min)下则延缓产流;降雨强度较大时,裸地大坡度的产流强度随时间呈对数函数形式增长,中小等级降雨强度下的增长方式不符合这一规律;与中、小等级降雨强度不同,裸地在降雨强度较大时的产流产沙过程不一致;与裸地相比,草地的产流过程更为复杂,并不符合产流强度随时间呈对数函数形式增长的一般规律,草地产沙过程线与产流过程线的相对吻合程度受降雨强度的影响不明显。
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选取吴起县为研究对象,着重研究了退耕还林前后吴起县农业产业结构的变动,分析了农、林、牧、渔各产业的特点,同时针对如何优化吴起县农业产业结构提出建议及对策。
Resumo:
基于黄土坡面降雨—径流关系的复杂性且非线性特性,引用3层前馈型BP网络模型,对不同土地利用方式(草灌地、刈割地、翻耕地)径流量进行模拟,以植被盖度、降雨强度、坡度、土壤前期含水率和土壤容重5个因子作为输入层变量,次降雨下径流量作为输出层变量,并利用野外人工模拟降雨试验所得到不同降雨强度下各类土地利用径流小区的径流量实测资料,对网络进行模拟训练和预测,取得了较好的结果,平均误差不超过10%。研究结果表明,与传统回归统计方法进行了误差比较,该模型的预测精度更高。
Resumo:
为研究两种典型黄土的坡面流水力特性变化规律,进行了室内人工降雨试验。以草地盖度为主要影响因子,土壤质地和雨强为辅助影响因子进行分析。结果表明:同一盖度下,随雨强逐渐增大,流量和流速也随之增加;当盖度增加时,流量和流速随之减小。流速随降雨历时的延长而逐渐增大;当雨强增大时,流速曲线整体抬高;当覆盖度逐渐增大,流速曲线整体降低。平均水深随流速增大而减小;同一雨强下,盖度增加时氟汝德数Fr随之增加,雷诺数Re降低,而Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数f及曼宁粗糙系数n均大致呈增加趋势;对同一盖度,雨强增加Fr随之减小,Re逐渐增加,同时f和n均随之减小。因此草地覆盖度增加将改善坡面流水力性质,总体上减小了坡面流速,增加了阻力和粗糙度。
Resumo:
对半干旱区黄土高原草地在封育和放牧条件下土壤种子库种子密度、种子库组成、种子库物种多样性及均匀性进行了比较研究,并得出主要结论:1)封育提高土壤种子库的植物种类和密度,使优良禾草和多年生植物增加。2)种子库的垂直分布规律是随着土层的加深,种子在数量上递减的速度较快。3)坡向和坡位对土壤种子库有较大影响,种子库密度变化趋势是阴坡>阳坡;坡下部>坡中部>坡上部。4)从丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和均匀性3个方面比较分析封育和放牧样地土壤种子库多样性,得出封育样地Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数都高于放牧地,Pielou均匀性指数低于放牧地。
Resumo:
A study was undertaken on the susceptibility of the F-4 generation of "all-fish" growth hormone transgenic carp, Cyprinus carpio L, against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections. When 1-year old, transgenic carp, with non-transgenic carp and non-manipulated carp (controls) were split into three batches, and experimental infections were performed throughout the 3-month period. All 72 fish were successfully infected. It was shown that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) on infection level between transgenics and non-transgenics, and transgenics and controls. It possibly resulted from transgenics that had stronger non-specific immune functions. In addition, fish surface area affected significantly infection level (P<0.001). Carp with larger surface area harboured more parasites for each type of fish, but transgenic with larger surface area than non-transgenics and controls (P<0.01), loaded fewer parasites than others. Besides, the time of infection also greatly influenced (P<0.001) infection level. Results showed that there was a significant decline in parasite infectivity through October to November (P<0.001). It was likely to suggest that there existed senescence resulted in failure of any I. multifiliis isolate maintenance. Significant difference in infectivity between isolate G from grass carp and isolate H from gold fish suggested that different parasite strains may exist. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
稗草是水稻田常见伴生杂草。近年来对稗草化感物质分离鉴定及其在诱导水稻化感作用方面的研究已经成为热点。本文对稗草通过根系释放的化感物质进行了分离鉴定和植物活性测定;研究了稗草及其根系分泌物对3叶期的两个水稻品种化感活性的诱导作用;以及诱导过程中水稻内源水杨酸和茉莉酸的响应关系。 研究结果显示: (1)稗草根系分泌物化感活性较强的极性部分鉴定2,4-二叔丁基酚这一具有强化感活性的物质,2,4-二叔丁基酚对供试的莴苣和两个水稻品种的生长具有明显的抑制作用。 (2)稗草在伴生和诱导条件下可以显著提高水稻化感物质含量,增强水稻的化感活性。用稗草生长过的培养液来培养水稻,使水稻化感物质含量增加,表明稗草诱导水稻化感物质含量的增加是由其根系分泌物引起的,水稻化感活性对稗草根系分泌物的响应比对稗草的响应要快速。稗草根系分泌物中不同极性部分的诱导作用表明,低极性部分的乙酸乙酯相对水稻化感物质诱导作用更强。从稗草根系分泌物低极性部分鉴定出的硬脂酸、2,4-二叔丁基酚和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯对水稻化感物质具有显著的诱导作用,显示出稗草根系分泌物中多个组分对水稻化感物质具有诱导作用,而硬脂酸具有更强的诱导效应。 (3)稗草及其根系分泌物诱导水稻化感活性增强过程中,受试水稻品种的内源水杨酸含量变化都较小,而在化感水稻品种PI312777和非化感水稻品种辽粳9之间含量差异较大,Pearson’s相关分析表明水杨酸基础含量与水稻品种化感潜力特性显著相关。 稗草及其根系分泌物诱导后,在含量高的水稻根部茉莉酸含量成倍增加,表明茉莉酸在水稻识别稗草后的信号传导起着重要作用。暗示水稻是通过内源茉莉酸的含量变化来启动防御机制,产生和释放更多的化感物质来抑制稗草。