Mujeres y teología de la liberación en Riobamba y Quito: los decenios de 1970 y 1980

La presente investigación analiza el diálogo que se estableció entre distintos grupos de mujeres: religiosas, laicas e indígenas con la Teología de la Liberación y la influencia que ejerció Monseñor Leonidas Proaño en el compromiso pastoral y socio-político que asumieron las mujeres en Riobamba y Quito Sur durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980. La confluencia entre las mujeres y la Teología de la Liberación ocurre desde los inicios de la década del 1970. A ellas se las encuentra en los distintos espacios de acción pastoral que se lleva adelante en la Diócesis de Riobamba como en las comunidades religiosas insertas, comunidades eclesiales de base, equipos de pastoral, campañas de alfabetización, grupos de cantoras y aportes a la reflexión teológica. En la parroquia Quito sur la vinculación de las mujeres con la pastoral liberadora se refleja en las memorias a partir de la década de 1980. A través de la memoria y los testimonios de las mujeres que fueron partícipes de la pastoral liberadora, se reconstruye esta historia de aportes a los procesos históricos que realizan las mujeres desde la Teología de la Liberación y la incidencia que ésta ejerce en el empoderamiento y construcción de nuevas identidades. Desde las comunidades de base y a través de la metodología del “ver, juzgar y actuar”, las mujeres realizaron un cuestionamiento a las desigualdades sociales y una crítica a la propia Teología de la Liberación que asume los problemas de exclusión social, pero deja a un lado la exclusión de género. La incursión de las mujeres en los espacios de compromiso socio-político y pastoral supuso procesos permanentes de deconstrucción y reelaboración de su identidad, en los que dan cuenta de tensiones entre la invisibilización y desvalorización de sus experiencias.

Ubicación de las mujeres en la estructura eclesial católica. Caso Parroquia “María Reina de la Paz”

Desentrañar los mecanismos de exclusión de las mujeres laicas como grupo subalternizado dentro de una estructura eclesial católica eminentemente patriarcal, es el tema central de esta investigación. A través de un acercamiento a la comunidad parroquial escogida como estudio de caso, se ha buscado conocer la magnitud del trabajo femenino dentro de ella, conocer la condición socio económica de las mujeres laicas que allí trabajan y establecer de qué manera esta condición influye o no en su participación dentro de la Iglesia; se ha intentado además, determinar en qué medida ellas han sido valoradas, incluidas o excluidas dentro de su comunidad eclesial, así como las formas en que se presentan esas exclusiones. El estudio se lo ha realizado con perspectiva de género y la novedad en él, es la utilización del aporte de la Teología Feminista como lugar de resistencia al discurso hegemónico eclesial. La fuente de recolección de datos para el análisis, ha sido el escuchar las voces de las mujeres agentes de pastoral, como principales actoras en el trabajo de la Iglesia, a través de las entrevistas a ellas realizadas. Como recurso metodológico, se ha adaptado el método pastoral propio de los católicos: ver, juzgar y actuar. En este método se parte de la realidad a investigar, se juzga esa realidad a la luz de la bibliografía escogida y se vuelve a ella con nuevos elementos para su transformación. Se analizan cuatro formas en las que se expresa el poder dentro de la Iglesia: la estructura jerárquica tanto a nivel de la Iglesia universal como de la parroquia en estudio, el discurso androcéntrico del aparato doctrinal católico que la legitima, la valoración del trabajo femenino en la comunidad eclesial y los espacios de poder (Diaconado, Sacerdocio, Episcopado y Pontificado) donde las mujeres no han sido incluidas. El resultado del estudio resumido en las conclusiones, gira en torno a la premisa confirmada: “una Iglesia sostenida con el trabajo de mujeres y gobernada por hombres”, se cierra con algunas recomendaciones recogidas de las propias entrevistadas durante el proceso de observación de la realidad, que se resumen en la necesidad de emprender con elementos de formación permanentes que hagan conciencia de la situación de marginación femenina en el campo eclesial, para lograr un real empoderamiento de las mujeres de la parroquia investigada.

Spatial and temporal scale issues in determining biomass burning regimes in Bolivia and Peru

ATSR-2 active fire data from 1996 to 2000, TRMM VIRS fire counts from 1998 to 2000 and burn scars derived from SPOT VEGETATION ( the Global Burnt Area 2000 product) were mapped for Peru and Bolivia to analyse the spatial distribution of burning and its intra- and inter-annual variability. The fire season in the region mainly occurs between May and October; though some variation was found between the six broad habitat types analysed: desert, grassland, savanna, dry forest, moist forest and yungas (the forested valleys on the eastern slope of the Andes). Increased levels of burning were generally recorded in ATSR-2 and TRMM VIRS fire data in response to the 1997/1998 El Nino, but in some areas the El Nino effect was masked by the more marked influences of socio-economic change on land use and land cover. There were differences between the three global datasets: ATSR-2 under-recorded fires in ecosystems with low net primary productivities. This was because fires are set during the day in this region and, when fuel loads are low, burn out before the ATSR-2 overpass in the region which is between 02.45 h and 03.30 h. TRMM VIRS was able to detect these fires because its overpasses cover the entire diurnal range on a monthly basis. The GBA2000 product has significant errors of commission (particularly areas of shadow in the well-dissected eastern Andes) and omission (in the agricultural zone around Santa Cruz, Bolivia and in north-west Peru). Particular attention was paid to biomass burning in high-altitude grasslands, where fire is an important pastoral management technique. Fires and burn scars from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data for a range of years between 1987 and 2000 were mapped for areas around Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo (Peru) and Parque Nacional Carrasco (Bolivia). Burn scars mapped in the grasslands of these two areas indicate far more burning had taken place than either the fires or the burn scars derived from global datasets. Mean scar sizes are smaller and have a smaller range in size between years the in the study area in Peru (6.6-7.1 ha) than Bolivia (16.9-162.5 ha). Trends in biomass burning in the two highland areas can be explained in terms of the changing socio-economic environments and impacts of conservation. The mismatch between the spatial scale of biomass burning in the high-altitude grasslands and the sensors used to derive global fire products means that an entire component of the fire regime in the region studied is omitted, despite its importance in the farming systems on the Andes.

New evidence for the antiquity of the intestinal parasite Trichuris (whipworm) in Europe

The whipworm, Trichuris trichiura L., is one of the most common human intestinal parasites worldwide, yet little is known of its origin and global spread. Archaeological records for this nematode have all been of Neolithic or later date, suggesting a possible association between the spread of pastoral farming and human acquisition of whipworm. This paper reports the discovery of eggs of the genus Trichuris in late Mesolithic deposits from south Wales, indicating that whipworm was present in Europe before the arrival of agriculture. This raises the possibility that human infection by Trichuris arose through contact with wild animals in parts of the landscape frequented by both human and animal groups.

Influence of agricultural management, sward structure and food resources on grassland field use by birds in lowland England.

Agricultural management of grassland in lowland Britain has changed fundamentally in the last 50 years, resulting in spatial and structural uniformity within the pastoral landscape. The full extent to which these changes may have reduced the suitability of grassland as foraging habitat for birds is unknown. This study investigated the mechanisms by which these changes have impacted on birds and their food supplies. We quantified field use by birds in summer and winter in two grassland areas of lowland England (Devon and Buckinghamshire) over 3 years, relating bird occurrence to the management, sward structure and seed and invertebrate food resources of individual fields. Management intensity was defined in terms of annual nitrogen input. There was no consistent effect of management intensity on total seed head production, although those of grasses generally increased with inputs while forbs were rare throughout. Relationships between management intensity and abundance of soil and epigeal invertebrates were complex. Soil beetle larvae were consistently lower in abundance, and surface-active beetle larvae counts consistently higher, in intensively managed fields. Foliar invertebrates showed more consistent negatively relationships with management intensity. Most bird species occurred at low densities. There were consistent relationships across regions and years between the occurrence of birds and measures of field management. In winter, there was a tendency towards higher occupancy of intensively managed fields by species feeding on soil invertebrates. In summer, there were few such relationships, although many species avoided fields with tall swards. Use of fields by birds was generally not related to measures of seed or invertebrate food abundance. While granivorous species were perhaps too rare to detect a relationship, in insectivores the strong negative relationships (in summer) with sward height suggested that access to food may be the critical factor. While it appears that intensification of grassland management has been deleterious to the summer food resources of insectivorous birds that use insects living within the grass sward, intensification may have been beneficial to several species in winter through the enhancement of soil invertebrates. Synthesis and applications. We suggest that attempts to restore habitat quality for birds in grassland landscapes need to create a range of management intensities and sward structures at the field and farm scales. A greater understanding of methods to enhance prey accessibility, as well as abundance, for insectivorous birds is required.

The influence of livestock management on habitat quality for farmland birds

This review covers research linking foraging habitat quality for birds to livestock management in lowland farmland. Based on this research we propose a framework for predicting the value of grazing systems to birds. This predictive framework is needed to guide the development of agri-environment measures to address farmland bird declines in pastoral areas. We show that the exacting requirements of declining granivorous birds pose the greatest challenges, while the needs of soil invertebrate feeding species are more easily met.

Leaving final-cut grass silage in situ overwinter as a seed resource for declining farmland birds

The loss of seed-rich wintering habitats has been a major contributory cause of farmland bird population declines in western Europe. Agricultural grasslands are particularly poor winter foraging habitats for granivorous birds, which have declined most in the pastoral farming regions of western Britain. We describe an experiment to test the utility of fertile ryegrass (Lolium) swards as a potentially rich source of winter seed for declining farmland birds. Four patches of final-cut grass silage were allowed to set seed and were left in situ overwinter. Half of each patch was lightly aftermath grazed in an attempt to increase the accessibility of the seed to foraging birds and reduce the perceived predation risk. Large numbers of yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) and reed buntings (E. schoeniclus) foraged on the seeded plots throughout the winter. They preferred to forage on ungrazed seeded plots, where the accumulation of senescent foliage resulted in a 14% average loss in silage yield in the following season. However, seed produced on the plots also led to sward regeneration, increasing subsequent yields on some plots. The technique offers clear benefits as a potential future agri-environment measure for declining granivorous birds, with wide applicability, but requires further development to minimise sward damage and costs to the farmer. Autumn grazing should reduce sward damage, but at the cost of reduced usage by buntings. Using the technique just prior to reseeding would be one way of avoiding any costs of sward damage.

Facebook faith - social networking in a faith based community

This paper views the increasing social networking as an efficient emerging ministry to the moveable generation. Through social network such as Facebook, ministry from a pastoral perspective can become more authentic and meaningful. Ministry is relational. Social Networking sites provide a strong platform to being part in other people’s life. Social networking and living online builds community beyond geographical boarders. Young adults and youths digital identity often reflects their faith, this is supported by research which suggests a practice of more openness to share and expose private issues online. Spiritual and religious views are freely shared, creating sacred spaces in the midst of life practising a holistic faith identity in a secular community. Providing a strong platform for information flow, Social Network is attractive in a postmodern society where inviting people to join in events are perceived as non threatening, making church community events transparent and available to people who do not attend church, inviting spiritual friendships and relationships. Social Networking strengthens relationship in a non hierarchical manner and invites the minister into lives where there previously would have been barriers, engaging in prayer and bible study as well as pastoral care through social networking, thus relationships deepens via social networking making people real. It has been observed that, although community building happens on the net, church affiliation loyalty remains to the local community. Therefore presence ministry though social networks emerges as a core form of ministry, where relations to youth who move from local church to university campuses are kept alive. The asynchronous nature of communication within social networking eases the minister in her work. The minister is able to engage with many individuals at the same time. Before the minister could visit one person at a time, now she visits 5-6 individuals at any given time. Therefore social networking not only increases the quality of the work, but also empowers the minister to be more efficient.

Modelling the likely impact of healthy eating guidelines on agricultural production and land use in England and Wales

Quadratic programming techniques were applied to household food consumption data in England and Wales to estimate likely changes in diet under healthy eating guidelines, and the consequences this would have on agriculture and land use in England and Wales. The first step entailed imposing nutrient restrictions on food consumption following dietary recommendations suggested by the UK Department of Health. The resulting diet was used, in a second step as a proxy for demand in agricultural commodities, to test the impact of such a scenario on food production and land use in England and Wales and the impacts of this on agricultural landscapes. Results of the diet optimisation indicated a large drop in consumption of foods rich in saturated fats and sugar, essentially cheese and sugar-based products, along with lesser cuts of fat and meat products. Conversely, consumption of fruit and vegetables, cereals, and flour would increase to meet dietary fibre recommendations. Such a shift in demand would dramatically affect production patterns: the financial net margin of England and Wales agriculture would rise, due to increased production of high market value and high economic margin crops. Some regions would, however, be negatively affected, mostly those dependent on beef cattle and sheep production that could not benefit from an increased demand for cereals and horticultural crops. The effects of these changes would also be felt in upstream industries, such as animal feed suppliers. While arable dominated landscapes would be little affected, pastoral landscapes would suffer through loss of grazing management and, possibly, land abandonment, especially in upland areas.

Bronze Age human ecodynamics in the Humber estuary

For much of lowland Britain during the Holocene one important factor in determining environmental change was sea level fluctuation. A net rise of circa 20 m, within an oscillating short term picture of transgression and regression, caused significant short to medium term challenges for people exploiting those resources. During transgression phases estuarine creek systems extended landwards, and during the final transgression phase, widespread sedimentation took place, allowing for the development of saltmarshes on tidal flats. In later prehistory the exploitation of lowlands and estuarine wetlands was predominantly for fishing, waterfowling and pastoral use, and this paper explores the human ecodynamics of the intertidal zone in the Humber estuary during the Bronze Age. Results of the Humber Wetlands Project's recent estuarine survey, will be used to argue that following a marine transgression circa 1500 cal BC, the foreshore was fully exploited in terms of food procurement. Furthermore the construction of hurdle trackways allowed access across expanding tidal creek systems to be maintained. This not only shows continued use of the most productive environments, and provides evidence for selective use of woodland, but also the continued exploitation of the intertidal zone may have played a role in the evolution of social and political structures in this area during the Bronze Age.

Agricultural innovations at a Late Iron Age oppidum: archaeobotanical evidence for flax, food and fodder from Calleva Atrebatum, UK

The development of oppida in the late first millennium BC across north-western Europe represents a major change in settlement form and social organisation. The construction of extensive earthwork systems, the presence of nucleated settlement areas, long-distance trade links and the development of hierarchical societies have been evidenced. These imply that changes in the style and organisation of agriculture would have been required to support these proto-urban population centres. Hypotheses of the subsistence bases of these settlements, ranging from a reliance on surplus arable production from local rural settlements, to an emphasis on pastoral activities, are here reviewed and grounded against a wider understanding of the expansion of agriculture in the Late Iron Age. These agricultural models have not been previously evaluated. This paper presents archaeobotanical data from six well fills from large-scale excavations at Late Iron Age and Early Roman Silchester, a Late Iron Age territorial oppidum and subsequent Roman civitas capital located in central-southern Britain. This is the first large-scale study of waterlogged plant macrofossils from within a settlement area of an oppidum. Waterlogged plant macrofossils were studied from a series of wells within the settlement. An assessment of taphonomy, considering stratigraphic and contextual information, is reported, followed by an analysis of the diverse assemblages of the plant remains through univariate analysis. Key results evidence animal stabling, flax cultivation, hay meadow management and the use of heathland resources. The staple crops cultivated and consumed at Late Iron Age and Early Roman Silchester are consistent with those cultivated in the wider region, whilst a range of imported fruits and flavourings were also present. The adoption of new oil crops and new grassland management shows that agricultural innovations were associated with foddering for animals rather than providing food for the proto-urban population. The evidence from Silchester is compared with other archaeobotanical datasets from oppida in Europe in order to identify key trends in agricultural change.

Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land-use pressures in European agricultural landscapes

1. Bees are a functionally important and economically valuable group, but are threatened byland-use conversion and intensification. Such pressures are not expected to affect all species identically; rather, they are likely to be mediated by the species’ ecological traits. 2. Understanding which types of species are most vulnerable under which land uses is an important step towards effective conservation planning.3. We collated occurrence and abundance data for 257 bee species at 1584 European sites from surveys reported in 30 published papers (70 056 records) and combined them with species-level ecological trait data. We used mixed-effects models to assess the importance of land use (land-use class, agricultural use-intensity and a remotely-sensed measure of vegetation),traits and trait 9 land-use interactions, in explaining species occurrence and abundance.4. Species’ sensitivity to land use was most strongly influenced by flight season duration and foraging range, but also by niche breadth, reproductive strategy and phenology, with effects that differed among cropland, pastoral and urban habitats.5. Synthesis and applications. Rather than targeting particular species or settings, conservation action s may be more effective if focused on mitigating situations where species’ traits strongly and negatively interact with land-use pressures. We find evidence that low-intensity agriculture can maintain relatively diverse bee communities; in more intensive settings, added floral resources may be beneficial, but will require careful placement with respect to foraging ranges of smaller bee species. Protection of semi-natural habitats is essential, however; in particular, conversion to urban environments could have severe effects on bee diversity and pollination services. Our results highlight the importance of exploring how ecological traits mediate species responses to human impacts, but further research is needed to enhance the predictive ability of such analyses.

Rural property size drives patterns of upland and riparian forest retention in a tropical deforestation frontier

Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia accounts for a disproportionate global scale fraction of both carbon emissions from biomass burning and biodiversity erosion through habitat loss. Here we use field- and remote-sensing data to examine the effects of private landholding size on the amount and type of forest cover retained within economically active rural properties in an aging southern Amazonian deforestation frontier. Data on both upland and riparian forest cover from a survey of 300 rural properties indicated that 49.4% (SD = 29.0%) of the total forest cover was maintained as of 2007. and that property size is a key regional-scale determinant of patterns of deforestation and land-use change. Small properties (<= 150 ha) retained a lower proportion of forest (20.7%, SD = 17.6) than did large properties (>150 ha; 55.6%, SD = 27.2). Generalized linear models showed that property size had a positive effect on remaining areas of both upland and total forest cover. Using a Landsat time-series, the age of first clear-cutting that could be mapped within the boundaries of each property had a negative effect on the proportion of upland, riparian, and total forest cover retained. Based on these data, we show contrasts in land-use strategies between smallholders and largeholders, as well as differences in compliance with legal requirements in relation to minimum forest cover set-asides within private landholdings. This suggests that property size structure must be explicitly considered in landscape-scale conservation planning initiatives guiding agro-pastoral frontier expansion into remaining areas of tropical forest. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A obra de José de Souza Martins e a reforma agrária no Brasil : uma leitura sociológica

A reflexão sobre o conhecimento produzido pelos autores que marcaram e influenciaram gerações de pesquisadores no Brasil é um instrumental teórico importante para o avanço do pensamento científico na Sociologia. Neste sentido, propõe-se analisar a problemática agrária a partir do Sociólogo brasileiro José de Souza Martins. Esse autor, em uma série de livros e artigos ao longo da sua trajetória intelectual, forneceu-nos vários conceitos e interpretações significativas sobre o mundo rural brasileiro. Assim, dada a importância da contribuição de José de Souza Martins para o tema dos processos agrários, este estudo procura analisar parte da obra do autor, especialmente aquela que trata da reforma agrária, do papel dos mediadores nesse processo e os conceitos-chave principais presentes em sua obra. Os capítulos que se seguem analisam algumas fases do autor, a partir do final da década de 1970 até período recente, buscando evidenciar e analisar, em sua trajetória intelectual, as suas inspirações teóricas, ou seja, os autores que se tornaram referências para a construção do seu conhecimento, os conceitos-chave que marcaram sua obra, o papel dos mediadores – como a Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra, os Partidos Políticos – e, finalmente, ao longo dessa trajetória, os fatos, acontecimentos que interferiram em suas análises Duas hipóteses nortearam este trabalho, sendo a primeira a importância de alguns conceitos-chave como a “renda fundiária”, na análise do autor, e a segunda dizendo respeito à atuação dos mediadores principais da reforma agrária. Tais hipóteses foram, ao longo do trabalho, comprovadas, pois o conceito de “renda fundiária” permanece como referencial na obra de Martins, refletindo os interesses conflitantes existentes no espaço rural. Além disso, segundo a análise do autor, os mediadores continuam a exercer, de uma forma ou de outra, a condução da reforma agrária baseados em concepções do marxismo ortodoxo, que tem como sujeito principal da História a classe operária. Finalmente, esta investigação pôde ser realizada através da seleção de algumas obras emblemáticas do autor.

No tecer da vida, a juventude; no tecer da juventude, a vida : práticas educativas de jovens de Santo Antônio da Patrulha, em grupos de música e religião

Este trabalho tem como tema a juventude. Propõe-se discutir os processos educativos dos jovens da cidade de Santo Antônio da Patrulha, em grupos de música e religião. Tendo como foco dois jovens integrantes de uma banda de hardcore e duas jovens de um grupo da Pastoral da Juventude, procura analisar as experiências dos jovens no grupo, dando visibilidade aos processos educativos e as relações com outras instâncias sociais como a escola, família e trabalho. Significa discutir que existe um educativo para além do escolar. Diário de campo, observação, entrevistas individuais e coletivas foram estratégias importantes usadas na pesquisa. Autores como Alberto Melucci e Marília Sposito constituem as principais referências teóricas deste estudo. A investigação aponta que a imagem que esses jovens colocam em questão é a juventude vista como um tempo de quem não sabe ainda o que quer. Nesta aproximação, foi possível perceber que os conflitos e as incertezas existem entrelaçados com projetos de vida. Nutrem sonhos que expressam o desejo de serem tratados com mais respeito pelas opções que fazem. Denunciam o preconceito como um aspecto que os afasta de outros grupos, do mundo adulto e de uma participação mais ativa na cidade.