Time consistent Pareto solutions in common access resource gameswith asymmetric players

In the analysis of equilibrium policies in a di erential game, if agents have different time preference rates, the cooperative (Pareto optimum) solution obtained by applying the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle becomes time inconsistent. In this work we derive a set of dynamic programming equations (in discrete and continuous time) whose solutions are time consistent equilibrium rules for N-player cooperative di erential games in which agents di er in their instantaneous utility functions and also in their discount rates of time preference. The results are applied to the study of a cake-eating problem describing the management of a common property exhaustible natural resource. The extension of the results to a simple common property renewable natural resource model in in nite horizon is also discussed.

Availability of soil water under tillage systems, mulch management and citrus rootstocks

The increased availability of soil water is important for the management of non-irrigated orange orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of soil water in a Haplorthox (Rhodic Ferralsol) under different tillage systems used for orchard plantation, mulch management and rootstocks in a "Pêra" orange orchard in northwest Paraná, Brazil. An experiment in a split-split-plot design was established in 2002, in an area cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha grass in which three tillage systems (no tillage, conventional tillage and strip-tillage) were used for orchard plantation. This grass was mowed twice a year between the rows, representing two mulch managements in the split plots (no mulching and mulching in the plant rows). The split-split-plots were represented by two rootstocks ("Rangpur" lime and "Cleopatra" mandarin). The soil water content in the plant rows was evaluated in the 0-20 cm layer in 2007 and at 0-20 and 20-40 cm in 2008-2009. The effect of soil tillage systems prior to implantation of orange orchards on soil water availability was less pronounced than mulching and the rootstocks. The soil water availability was lower when "Pêra" orange trees were grafted on "Cleopatra" mandarin than on "Rangpur" lime rootstocks. Mulching had a positive influence on soil water availability in the sandy surface layer (0-20 cm) and sandy clay loam subsurface (20-40 cm) of the soil in the spring. The production of B. brizantha between the rows and residue disposal in the plant rows as mulch increased water availability to the "Pêra" orange trees.

Contribution of humic substances from different composts to the synthesis of humin in a tropical soil

The contribution of humic substances of different composts to the synthesis of humin in a tropical soil was evaluated. Increasing doses (0, 13, 26, 52, and 104 Mg ha-1) of five different composts consisting of agroinpowderrial residues were applied to a Red-Yellow Latosol. These composts were chemically characterized and 13C NMR determined and the quantity of the functional alkyl groups of humic acids applied to the soil as compost was estimated. Thirty days after application of the treatments, organic matter samples were collected for fractionation of humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin (HU), from which the ratios HA/FA and (HA + FA)/HU were calculated. The application of the composts based on castor cake resulted in the highest HU levels in the soil; alkyl groups of the HA fraction of the composts were predominant in the organic components added to the HU soil fraction.

Organic matter quality and dynamics in tropical soils amended with sugar industry residue

Soil organic matter depletion caused by agricultural management systems have been identified as a critical problem in most tropical soils. The application of organic residues from agro-industrial activities can ameliorate this problem by increasing soil organic matter quality and quantity. Humic substances play an important role in soil conservation but the dynamics of their transformations is still poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of compost application to two contrasting tropical soils (Inceptisol and Oxisol) for two years. Soil samples were incubated with compost consisting of sugarcane filter cake, a residue from the sugar industry, at 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha-1. Filter cake compost changed the humic matter dynamics in both content and quality, affecting the soil mineralogical composition. It was observed that carbon mineralization was faster in the illite-containing Inceptisol, whereas humic acids were preserved for a longer period in the Oxisol. In both soils, compost application increased fulvic acid contents, favoring the formation of small hydrophilic molecules. A decrease in fluorescence intensity according to the incubation time was observed in the humic acids extracted from amended soils, revealing important chemical changes in this otherwise stable C pool.

Quantification of aluminium in soil of the Solimões Formation, Acre State, Brazil

The variety of soils in the State of Acre is wide and their chemical profiles are still not fully understood. The nature of the material of origin of these soils is indicated by the high aluminium (Al) content, commonly associated with high calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents. The study objective was to use different methods to quantify Al in soils from toposequences formed from material of a sedimentary nature originating from the Solimões Formation, in Acre, Brazil. Trenches were opened at three distinct points in the landscape: shoulder, backslope and footslope positions. Soil samples were collected for physical, chemical, mineralogical analyses. The Al content was quantified using different methods. High Al contents were found in most of these horizons, associated with high Ca and Mg levels, representing the predominant cations in the sum of exchangeable bases. The mineralogy indicates that the soils are still in a low weathering phase, with the presence of significant quantities of 2:1 minerals. Similar Al contents were determined by the methods of NaOH titration, xylenol orange spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. However, no consistent data were obtained by the pyrocatechol violet method. Extraction with KCl overestimated the exchangeable Al content due to its ability to extract the non-exchangeable Al present in the smectite interlayers. It was observed that high Al contents are related to the instability of the hydroxyl-Al smectite interlayers.

Non-constant discounting in finite horizon: The free terminal time case

This paper derives the HJB (Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman) equation for sophisticated agents in a finite horizon dynamic optimization problem with non-constant discounting in a continuous setting, by using a dynamic programming approach. A simple example is used in order to illustrate the applicability of this HJB equation, by suggesting a method for constructing the subgame perfect equilibrium solution to the problem.Conditions for the observational equivalence with an associated problem with constantdiscounting are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the case of free terminal time. Strotz¿s model (an eating cake problem of a nonrenewable resource with non-constant discounting) is revisited.

Time consistent Pareto solutions in common access resource gameswith asymmetric players

In the analysis of equilibrium policies in a di erential game, if agents have different time preference rates, the cooperative (Pareto optimum) solution obtained by applying the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle becomes time inconsistent. In this work we derive a set of dynamic programming equations (in discrete and continuous time) whose solutions are time consistent equilibrium rules for N-player cooperative di erential games in which agents di er in their instantaneous utility functions and also in their discount rates of time preference. The results are applied to the study of a cake-eating problem describing the management of a common property exhaustible natural resource. The extension of the results to a simple common property renewable natural resource model in in nite horizon is also discussed.

Use of recovered frying oils in chicken and rabbit feeds: effect on the fatty acid and tocol composition and on the oxidation levels of meat, liver and plasma

The addition of some fat co- and by-products to feeds is usual nowadays; however, the regulations of their use are not always clear and vary between countries. For instance, the use of recycled cooking oils is not allowed in the European Union, but they are used in other countries. However, oils recovered from industrial frying processes could show satisfactory quality for this purpose. Here we studied the effects of including oils recovered from the frying industry in rabbit and chicken feeds (at 30 and 60 g/kg, respectively) on the fatty acid (FA) and tocol (tocopherol + tocotrienol) compositon of meat, liver and plasma, and on their oxidative stability. Three dietary treatments (replicated eight times) were compared: fresh non-used oil (LOX); oil discarded from the frying industry, having a high content of secondary oxidation compounds (HOX); and an intermediate level (MOX) obtained by mixing 50 : 50 of LOX and HOX. The FA composition of oil diets and tissues was assessed by GC, their tocol content by HPLC, the thiobarbituric acid value was used to assess tissue oxidation status, and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange method was used to assess the susceptibility of tissues to oxidation. Our results indicate that FA composition of rabbit and chicken meat, liver and plasma was scarcely altered by the addition of recovered frying oils to feed. Differences were encountered in the FA composition between species, which might be attributed mainly to differences in the FA digestion, absorption and metabolism between species, and to some physiological dietary factors (i.e. coprophagy in rabbits that involves fermentation with FA structure modification). The α-tocopherol (αT) content of tissues was reduced in response to the lower αT content in the recovered frying oil. Differences in the content of other tocols were encountered between chickens and rabbits, which might be attributable to the different tocol composition of their feeds, as well as to species differences in the digestion and metabolism of tocols. Tissue oxidation and susceptibility to oxidation were in general low and were not greatly affected by the degree of oxidation of the oil added to the feeds. The relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids/αT in these types of samples would explain the differences observed between species in the susceptibility of each tissue to oxidation. According to our results, oils recovered from the frying industry could be useful for feed uses.

Enhanced degradation of metalaxyl in agricultural soils of São Paulo State, Brazil

This work investigated the effect of repeated applications on enhanced degradation of metalaxyl in two different agricultural soils used for cultivation of orange and lemon from Casa Branca and Itapetininga districts of São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from areas repeatedly treated with commercial ridomil 50GR for six successive years, and from other areas never exposed to this fungicide. At the laboratory, soil samples received a 14C-metalaxyl solution and its degradation was studied through radiometric techniques to measure biomineralization and recovery of extractable- and soil-bound products. Enhanced degradation was verified only in one soil, although partial degradation and mineralization of the fungicide were detected in both soils. The different rates and patterns of metalaxyl degradation in the soils were probably due to their different physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

La pose au cinéma : film et tableau en corps-à-corps

Le motif de la pose et l'arrêt du mouvement qu'elle implique ont, le plus souvent, été rejetés par le médium cinématographique. Cependant certains cinéastes se sont attelés à représenter la pose, en en faisant un véritable lieu d'expérimentation de la mise en scène du corps et de la confrontation entre les codes des arts plastiques et les codes du cinéma. Cette communication montrera comment ces « corps-à-corps » esthétiques ont déterminé le traitement filmique de la pose - tant celle qui, dans l'atelier d'artiste, précède le tableau, que celle qui le rejoue dans l'exercice du tableau vivant -, depuis La Chute de la Maison Usher (Epstein, 1928) jusqu'à La Belle Noiseuse (Rivette, 1991), en passant par La Ricotta (Pasolini, 1962) et Passion (Godard, 1981).

Selection processes in a citrus hybrid population using RAPD markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the processes of selection in a citrus hybrid population using segregation analysis of RAPD markers. The segregation of 123 RAPD markers between 'Cravo' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and 'Pêra' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was analysed in a F1 progeny of 94 hybrids. Genetic composition, diversity, heterozygosity, differences in chromosomal structure and the presence of deleterious recessive genes are discussed based on the segregation ratios obtained. A high percentage of markers had a skeweness of the 1:1 expected segregation ratio in the F1 population. Many markers showed a 3:1 segregation ratio in both varieties and 1:3 in 'Pêra' sweet orange, probably due to directional selection processes. The distribution analysis of the frequencies of the segregant markers in a hybrid population is a simple method which allows a better understanding of the genetics of citrus group.

Somatic hybridization between Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. grandis (L.) Osbeck

This work had as objective to produce citrus somatic hybrids between sweet oranges and pummelos. After chemical fusion of sweet orange embryogenic protoplasts with pummelo mesophyll-derived protoplasts, plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The hybrids of 'Hamlin' sweet orange + 'Indian Red' pummelo and 'Hamlin' sweet orange + 'Singapura' pummelo were confirmed by leaf morphology, chromosome counting and molecular analysis. These hybrids have potential to be used directly as rootstocks aiming blight, citrus tristeza virus, and Phytophthora-induced disease tolerance, as well as for rootstocks improvement programs.

« Testaments de roys, princes et grands seigneurs, et homes doctes; testaments fictifs ». 1306 à 1669. Copies.

Contient : 1 « Testament de GUILLAUME LE HONGRE, chevalier de la ville de Metz... Ceste devise fust faitte devant feste S. Luc euvangeliste, quant il out a millair M.CCC.LIX ans » ; 2 « Testamentum GALESII DE BALMA, domini VALAFINI,... Actum et datum apud Montem Revellum, in castro nostro dicti loci, duodecima mensis augusti, hora meridiei, anno Domini millesimo trecentesimo sexagesimo secundo ». En latin ; 3 « Codicillus GALESII DE BALMA, domini VALAFINI ». Même date. En latin ; 4 « Testament de JEAN DE SAULZ, escuyer, seigneur DE COURTIVRON, chancelier de Bourgongne... Le mardy vint cinquiesme jour du mois de janvier, l'an de grace courant mille trois cent soixante et dix neuf » ; 5 « Testament de CATHERINE D'ESTRABONE, dame D'AUMONT ». Après 1456 ; 6 « Testament de Jean d'Arsonvalle, evesque de Chaalon. Tiré des registres du parlement de Paris ». 23 et 24 août 1416. En latin ; 7 « Testament de messire JEHAN DE CHALLON, prince D'ORENGE et seigneur D'ARLAY,... Faict et donné en mon chastel de Lyons le Saulnyer... le 21 d'octobre 1417... Extraict des registres de l'officialité de l'arcevesché de Bezançon » ; 8 Testament de « CLAUDE DE MONTAGU, chevalier, Sr DE COULCHES, DE LONGVY et D'ESPOISSE,... Le cinquiesme jour de... l'an mil IIII.C. cinquante et trois » ; 9 Extrait du testament de Pierre Berland, archevêque de Bordeaux. Samedi 5 février 1457. En latin ; 10 « Testamentum illustris comitis Troyae, Joannis Cossa, domini de Grimaldo et de Marignana, magni Provinciae senescalli ». Dimanche 15 septembre 1476. En latin ; 11 « Testament d'Olivier, seigneur de La Marche, conseiller et premier maistre d'hostel de Mr l'archiduc d'Austriche ». Bruxelles, 8 octobre 1501 ; 12 « Testament de PHILIPPE DE MONTAGU, comtesse DE JOIGNY » ; 13 « Testament de... Loys, Sr de Graville, admiral de France... Au chasteau de Marcoussys, l'an 1516, le jeudi 26 juing » ; 14 « Testamentum Claudii de Seyssel, archiepiscopi Taurinensis ». Turin, dimanche 27 mai 1520. En latin ; 15 Testament de « GUILLAUME BUDE, conseiller du roy, maistre des requestes ordinaire de son hostel, et maistre de sa librairie... 23 juin 1536 » ; 16 Testament de « Guillaume Du Bellay, seigneur de Langey et Glatigny,... lieutenant general en Italye... Turin, le 13 novembre 1542 » ; 17 « Testament de Michel Nostradamus,... docteur en medecine et astrophile de la ville de Salon... 17 juin 1566 » ; 18 « Testament de Caesar de Nostredame, gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du roy... Salon, 23 janvier 1630 » ; 19 Testament d'« ODINET GODRAN, baron D'ANTILLY, president au parlement de Bourgoigne ». 3 février 1581 ; 20 « Testament de JACQUELINE DE ROHAN, marquise DE ROTHELIN ». Décédée en 1586 ; 21 Testament de FRANÇOIS, duc D'ALENÇON, fils de Henri II, roi de France. Château-Thierry, 8 juin 1584 ; 22 Testament de « JEANNOT PATOILLET, protonotaire du S. Siege... demeurant à S. Ligier ». 22 juillet 1585 ; 23 Lettres de légitimation accordées par HENRI III, roi de France, à « Lune Patouillet, fille naturelle de Jeannot Patouillet et Jeanne Sailliot, du village d'Estrevaut, bailliage de Dijon... Donné à Dijon, au mois de febvrier, l'an 1575 » ; 24 à 26 Épitaphes d'«Odet Patoillet, d'Estrevaux », Richard Patoillet, et Jeannot Patoillet, le protonotaire. 1543, 1546, 1585. La première est en français, les deux autres sont en latin ; 27 Testament de « JAQUES DE GERMIGNY, Sr DE GERMOLLES, chevalier de l'ordre du roy, conseiller et maistre d'hostel ordinaire de sa maison, et cy devant ambassadeur pour S. M. en Levant », et de « JEHANNE BORLETTE, femme dud. Sr de Germigny,... Novembre 1585, en [la] ville de Chalon » ; 28 « Advis de conseil au proces de Mrs [Henri] de Vienne », baron de Chevreau, et François de Vienne, chevalier de Malte, « contre [Claude de La Baume], archevesque de Besançon ». Avant 1582. Commence par un extrait du testament de « dame JEHANNE DE MONBELIARD, [femme de] Loys de Chalon, prince d'Oranges et Sr d'Arlay » ; 29 Testament de « François, filz de feu Henry de Vienne, baron de Chevreaul,... Mostier, 25 octobre 1596 » ; 30 « Testamentum ROBERTI, cardinalis BELLARMINI,... Die 23 januarii, anno 1611 ». En latin ; 31 « Testament de FRANÇOIS PITHOU,... 20 novembre 1617 » ; 32 « Testament de PHILIPPE-GUILLAUME, prince D'ORANGE,... Faict à Bruxelles, le 20 de febvrier 1618 » ; 33 « Testament de messire GUILLAUME DU VAIR, evesque de Lizieux et garde des sceaux de France ». Du 10 juin au 5 juillet 1620 ; 34 « Testament de messire ANTHOINE FAVRE, baron de Peroges, de Domessin,... premier president au senat de Savoye... Faict à Chambery... ce 15 febvrier 1624 » ; 35 « Testamento di Leonor de Semeur, sigr de Tremon,... governatore per il re christianissimo di Francia della citta et paese di Macon di Bergongna... Nel... monasterio di molto reverendi padri capucini... sito sopra le fini d'Asti ». 14 juillet 1625. En italien ; 36 « Testament de Gabriel de Ste Marie, archevesque de Reims... Reims, 27 septembre 1628 » ; 37 « Exemplar testamenti cardinalis LUDOVISII ». Bologne, 10 avril 1629. En latin ; 38 « Testament de Nicolas Claude Fabri, seigneur de Peiresc, seigneur et abbé de Guistres, baron de Rians, conseiller du roy en sa cour de parlement de Provence... Aix, 22 juin 1637 » ; 39 Pièce imprimée, de 16 pages, contenant le « Testament de Mr le cardinal DE RICHELIEU ». Narbonne, 23 mai 1642 ; 40 « Testament d'ANNE DE MONTAFIE, comtesse DE SOISSONS,... Faict en mon chasteau de Creil, le 30 octobre 1642 » ; 41 « Premier testament de Gabriel de Syon,... prestre, docteur on theologie... et professeur royal... es langues orientales... Ligny le Chastel, 8 juin 1648 » ; 42 « Second Testament » du même. « Fontaine en Duesmois, 29 juin 1648 » ; 43 « Testament de CLAUDE DE SAUMAISE, chevalier de l'ordre du roy et conseiller en ses conseils d'Estat et privé... Spa, le 30 aoust 1653 » ; 44 Testament de « JEAN QUENAULT, conseiller du roy en ses conseils, et cy devant secretaire des commandemens de la feue reine Marie de Medicis,... Paris, 4 febvrier 1655 » ; 45 « Testament et codicille de Pierre Gassendi, prestre, prevost de Digne et professeur royal aux mathematiques à Paris ». 17 et 18 septembre 1655 ; 46 « Testament de Jules, cardinal Mazarin, duc de Nivernois et Donziois, pair de France ». Vincennes, 3 à 7 mars 1661 ; 47 « Testament d'Anne d'Autriche, royne de France et de Navarre... S. Germain en Laye, 13 aoust 1665 » ; 48 Pièce imprimée, de 6 pages, contenant le testament de « LOUIS DE LA RIVIERE, evesque de Langres... Petit Bourg, 22 may 1669 » ; 49 « Testamentum THEOPHILI VIAUT,... Datum in aula burgundica ». 1626. En latin ; 50 « Ejusdem epitaphium ». En latin ; 51 « Testamentum christianum cardinalis RICHELII ». En latin ; 52 « Testamentum politicum ». En latin ; 53 « Testamento della citta di Candia. Copia tratta da Pasquino, notaro publico ». En italien ; 54 « Testamento del Ruyseñor de Sa Eminencia ». En espagnol ; 55 « Epitaphio del Ruyseñor ». En espagnol

Citrus asymmetric somatic hybrids produced via fusion of gamma-irradiated and iodoacetamide-treated protoplasts

The objective of this study was to produce citrus somatic asymmetric hybrids by fusing gamma-irradiated protoplasts with iodoacetamide-treated protoplasts. Protoplasts were isolated from embryogenic suspension cells of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) cultivars Ruby Red and Flame, sweet oranges (C. sinensis Osbeck) 'Itaboraí', 'Natal', Valencia', and 'Succari', from 'Satsuma' (C. unshiu Marcow.) and 'Changsha' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) and 'Murcott' tangor (C. reticulata x C. sinensis). Donor protoplasts were exposed to gamma rays and receptor protoplasts were treated with 3 mmol L-1 iodoacetamide (IOA), and then they were fused for asymmetric hybridization. Asymmetric embryos were germinated, and the resulting shoots were either grafted onto sour orange, rough lemon or 'Swingle' (C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) x 'Sunki' mandarin rootstock seedlings, or rooted after dipping their bases in indol-butyric acid (IBA) solution. The products were later acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. Ploidy was analyzed by flow cytometry, and hybridity was confirmed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of plantlet DNAsamples. The best treatment was the donor-recipient fusion combination of 80 Gy-irradiated 'Ruby Red' protoplasts with 20 min IOA-treated 'Succari' protoplasts. Tetraploid and aneuploid plants were produced. Rooting recalcitrance was solved by dipping shoots' stems in 3,000 mg L-1 IBA solution for 10 min.

Faunistic analysis of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in five agroecosystems in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil

The objective of this study was to determined species composition and community structure of Carabidae and Staphylinidae in five areas of forest fragment and soybean/corn crops or orange orchard, from December 2004 to May 2007. Beetles were captured in pitfall traps distributed along two parallel transects of 200 m in length, placed across crop land/forest boundary fragment, with 100 m each. The Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indexes and Morisita similarity index were calculated. The carabids Abaris basistriatus Chaudoir, Calosoma granulatum Perty, Megacephala brasiliensis Kirby, Odontochila nodicornis (Dejean) and Selenophorus seriatoporus Putzeys. are dominant and are widely distributed in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. Point-scale species diversity was greatest at the transition between forest fragment and cultivated area. The carabid and staphylinid communities of the forest fragment were more similar to the community of orange orchard than that of soybean/corn crops.