Patterns of lipid storage and mobilisation in the female green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Reproductive data from southern Queensland indicate that vitellogenesis in female Chelonia mydas takes approximately 8 months and is followed by a migration to a breeding area. At Heron Island, females lay multiple clutches over approximately 3 months. To investigate how females mobilise and store lipid during the breeding season we collected plasma, yolk, and fat tissue samples from females at a variety of stages during the nesting season. In breeding females, concentrations of plasma triglyceride increased seasonally. They reached peak concentrations during vitellogenesis and courtship, remained high throughout the nesting season, and then declined to a nadir after the last clutch. Plasma protein concentration increased throughout the breeding season, peaking following the last clutch for the season. Yolk lipids were highest during courtship and were similar throughout the nesting season, suggesting that uptake of lipid by ovarian follicles is completed prior to the beginning of the nesting season. Plasma triglyceride decreases in females with prolonged periods of unsuccessful nesting, and total lipid levels in adipose tissue and follicle yolks were significantly lower in atretic females. It appears that: (1) endogenous energy reserves can be reduced by stochastic environmental events (such as those reducing nesting success), and (2) a metabolic shift signalling the end of the nesting season is characterised by a drop in plasma triglycerides and slight increase in total plasma protein.

Interactions among endocrinology, seasonal reproductive cycles and the nesting biology of the female green sea turtle

We collected data on plasma levels of testosterone+5a-dihydrotestosterone (T+DHT) and corticosterone (CORT) from adult female green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from southern Queensland during distinct stages of their reproductive cycle. Those females capable of breeding in a given year had elevated plasma steroid levels (T+DHT 0.91 +/- 0.08; CORT 1.05 +/- 0.29 ng/ml), associated with follicular development, until courtship began in October. At the beginning of the nesting season in November plasma levels of 2 CORT were related to when the female first nested (r(2) = 0.06; F = 10.45; P = 0.01). However, they were not correlated with the number of clutches a female laid in that season (F = 3.65; P = 0.08). We repeatedly sampled 23 turtles over the nesting season and profiled changes in steroids immediately following oviposition of each clutch. Levels of T+DHT (range 0.41-0.58 ng/ml) and CORT (range 2.13-2.81 ng/ml) were similar through the early stages of the nesting season and inter-nesting period, and declined to near basal levels (T+DHT 0.37 +/- 0.03 and CORT 1.85 +/- ng/ml) following the last clutch for the season. Steroid hormone levels were also low (T+DHT 0.38 +/- 0.16; CORT 0.46 +/- 0.21 ng/ml) in four independent post-breeding (atretic) females; samples for these females were taken at a time when body condition was presumably at the lowest for the season. Subtle changes in the nesting environment, such as variation in nesting habitat or the time of night that nesting occurred, were associated with a small and slow CORT increase. We suggest CORT is increased in nesting females to assist in lipid transfer to prepare the ovarian follicles and/or the reproductive organs for ovulation.

The triad of bilateral retinoblastoma, dysplastic naevus syndrome and multiple cutaneous malignant melanomas: a case report and review of the literature

We report a case of a patient with the triad of retinoblastoma, dysplastic naevus syndrome (DNS) and multiple cutaneous melanomas. The combination of retinoblastoma and DNS is a significant risk factor for the development of cutaneous melanoma. This risk extends to family members. We recommend that survivors of (inherited) retinoblastoma and their relatives are closely screened for the presence of dysplastic naevi. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

A case of myoepithelial carcinoma displaying biallelic inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene APC in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation of the APC gene. It is characterised by the appearance of hundreds to thousands of colorectal adenomas in adolescence and the subsequent development of colorectal cancer. Various extracolonic malignancies are associated with FAP, including desmoids and neoplasms of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver, and brain. We present a family affected by FAP with an exon 14 APC mutation displaying two rare extracolonic lesions, a hepatoblastoma and a myoepithelial carcinoma. The hepatoblastoma was found in a male patient aged 2 years. The second lesion, a myoepithelial carcinoma of the right cheek, was found in a female patient aged 14 years. Inactivation of the normal APC allele was demonstrated in this lesion by loss of heterozygosity analysis, thus implicating APC in the initiation or progression of this neoplasm. This is the first reported case of this lesion in a family affected by FAP.

Use of GnRH agonist implants for long-term suppression of fertility in extensively managed heifers and cows

The ability of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist implants to suppress ovarian activity and prevent pregnancies, long-term, was examined in heifers and cows maintained under extensive management. At three cattle stations, heifers (2-year-old) and older cows (3- to 16-year-old) were assigned to a control group that received no treatment, or were treated with high-dose (12 mg, Station A) or low-dose (8 mg, Station B and Station Q GnRH agonist implants. The respective numbers of control and GnRH agonist-treated animals (heifers + cows) at each station were: Station A, 20 and 99; Station B, 19 and 89; Station C, 20 and 76. Animals were maintained with 4% bulls and monitored for pregnancy at 2-monthly intervals for approximately 12 months. Pregnancy rates for control heifers and control cows ranged from 60-90% and 80-100%, respectively, depending on the study site. The respective number of animals (heifers + cows) treated with GnRH agonist that conceived, and days to first conception, were: Station A, 9 (9%) and 336 3 days; Station B, 8 (10%) and 244 +/- 13 days; Station C, 20 (26%) and 231 +/- 3 days. Treatment with high-dose GnRH agonist prevented pregnancies for longer (similar to300 days) than treatment with low-dose GnRH agonist (similar to200 days). In the majority of heifers and cows treated with GnRH agonist, ovarian follicular growth was restricted to early antral follicles (2-4 mm). The findings indicate that GnRH agonist implants have considerable potential as a practical technology to suppress ovarian activity and control reproduction in female cattle maintained in extensive rangelands environments. The technology also has broader applications in diverse cattle production systems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Control of ovulation with a GnRH agonist after superstimulation of follicular growth in buffalo: fertilization and embryo recovery

The potential to use a GnRH agonist bioimplant and injection of exogenous LH to control the time of ovulation in a multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) protocol was examined in buffalo. Mixed-parity buffalo (Bubalus bubalis; 4-15-year-old; 529 13 kg LW) were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n = 6): Group 1, conventional MOET protocol; Group 2, conventional MOET with 12 It delay in injection of PGF(2alpha); Group 3, implanted with GnRH agonist to block the pre-ovulatory surge release of LH; Group 4, implanted with GnRH agonist and injected with exogenous LH (Lutropin(R), 25 mg) 24 h after 4 days of superstimulation with FSH; Group 5, implanted with GnRH agonist and injected with LH 36 h after superstimulation with FSH. Ovarian follicular growth in all buffaloes was stimulated by treatment with FSH (Folltropin-V(R), 200 mg) administered over 4 days, and was monitored by ovarian ultrasonography. At the time of estrus, the number of follicles greater than or equal to8 mm. was greater (P < 0.05) for buffaloes in Group 2 (12.8) than for buffaloes in Groups 1 (8.5), 3 (7.3), 4 (6.1) and 5 (6.8), which did not differ. All buffaloes were mated by AI after spontaneous (Groups 1-3) or induced (Groups 4 and 5) ovulation. The respective number of buffalo that ovulated, number of corpora lutea, ovulation rate (%), and embryos + oocytes recovered were: Group 1 (2, 1.8 +/- 1.6, 18.0 +/- 13.6, 0.2 +/- 0.2); Group 2 (4, 6.1 +/- 2.9, 40.5 +/- 17.5, 3.7 +/- 2.1); Group 3 (0, 0, 0, 0); Group 4 (6, 4.3 +/- 1.2, 69.3 +/- 14.2, 2.0 +/- 0.9); and Group 5 (1, 2.5 +/- 2.5, 15.5 +/- 15.5, 2.1 +/- 2.1). All buffaloes in Group 4 ovulated after injection of LH and had a relatively high ovulation rate (69%) and embryo recovery (46%). It has been shown that the GnRH agonist-LH protocol can be used to improve the efficiency of MOET in buffalo. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Lepocreadiidae (Digenea) from the batfish of the genus Platax Cuvier (Teleostei : Ephippidae) from the southern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia

The following species are described from Platax spp.: Neomultitestis aspidogastriformis n. sp., from P. teira, off Heron Island, Queensland, which can be distinguished from its congeners by the transversely elongate ventral sucker divided into three loculi and probably by testis number; Multitestis magnacetabulum Mamaev, 1970, from P. teira, off Heron Island, Queensland; Diploproctodaeum rutellum ( Mamaev, 1970), from P. teira, off Heron Island, Queensland; Diploproctodaeum tsubameuo n. sp., from P. batavianus, from the Swain Reefs, off Queensland, which differs from its congeners in its overlapping, posteriorly attenuated testes and 38-55 ovarian lobes; and Diplocreadium sp., from P. batavianus, from the Swain Reefs, off Queensland.

Determinação de estanho em tecidos de ratas por ICP-MS

Os organoestânicos, principalmente o tributilestanho (TBT), são contaminantes ambientais, utilizados principalmente em tintas anti-incrustantes para navios. Eles sofrem bioacumulação e podem ser encontrados em mamíferos, inclusive em seres humanos. A principal fonte de exposição é a ingestão de alimentos contaminados. Esse estudo possuiu como objetivo a determinação de estanho em tecidos de ratas expostas cronicamente a TBT utilizando espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS). Ratas Wistar adultas foram usadas na experimentação, sendo divididas dois grupos: o grupo exposto a 100 ng kg-1 dia-1 de TBT por 15 dias e o grupo de referência que recebeu somente o veículo durante o mesmo período de exposição. Ao final da exposição, os animais foram sacrificados e coletados plasma, coração, rim, pulmão, fígado e ovário para análise. As amostras foram secas em estufa por 72 horas e pulverizadas. A determinação de estanho foi realizada por ICP-MS após a digestão ácida assistida por micro-ondas de uma amostra com aproximadamente 100 mg. O limite de detecção (LD) calculado foi 4,3 ng L-1, o que permite a determinação de estanho em amostras de tecidos de animais usados para experimentação. A exatidão foi verificada pela análise do material de referência certificado de urina, Seronorm Urine (54,6 ± 2,7 μg L-1), tendo como resultado 50,1 ± 3,8 μg L-1. A concentração de estanho foi determinada em amostras de plasma, coração, rim, pulmão, fígado e ovário do grupo exposto a TBT e do grupo controle. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos para todas as amostras analisadas. As diferenças entre os grupos foram mais pronunciadas nas amostras de fígado e rim. Além disso, este estudo mostrou que a presença de estanho no organismo de ratas distribui-se pelos tecidos acarretando em alterações morfofisiológicas já descritas em ovários, coração e fígado

Eventos de vida em mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de mama

Introdução: A relação entre eventos de vida e o surgimento e progressão do câncer de mama tem sido investigada por alguns estudos. Objetivo: Identificar os eventos de vida ocorridos em mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de mama, examinar o tempo transcorrido entre o evento e o diagnóstico, examinar a associação entre a sobrecarga ocasionada pelo evento no momento da ocorrência e após o diagnóstico e examinar a associação entre metástase e eventos de vida pós diagnóstico de câncer de mama. Metodologia: Estudo transversal realizado no Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia, Vitória – ES. Compõe-se a amostra por 300 mulheres. Coletaram-se os dados no período de setembro a dezembro de 2014. Utilizou-se o instrumento Life Events Units – LEU/VAS que se baseia na Escala de Avaliação de Reajustamento Social de Holmes e Rahe, que no Brasil foi adaptada por Vasconcellos. Utilizou-se o Pacote Estatístico para Ciências Sociais (SPSS), versão 20.0, para calcular a frequência, média, mediana, desvio padrão e aplicar os testes não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e qui-quadrado. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 53 anos. Predominou-se mulheres de raça/cor não branca (65%), com menos de 8 anos de estudo (64%) e casadas (54%). Identificou-se que a maioria da amostra relatou pelo menos um evento de vida (99,3%). O principal evento de vida relatado foi morte de alguém na família. As medianas do tempo transcorrido entre os eventos de vida mais relatados e o diagnóstico de câncer de mama variaram de 5 a 15 anos. Observou-se diferença significante (p< 0,05) entre a sobrecarga ocasionada pelos eventos de vida nos dois momentos examinados. Em relação à metástase, 31,7% das que tiveram recidivas relataram um ou mais eventos de vida (p= 0,001). Quando considerado o tempo transcorrido entre o diagnóstico e o surgimento da metástase nas 46 mulheres, observou-se uma mediana de 18,0 meses. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo são potencialmente importantes, pois dão suporte a uma possível interação entre eventos de vida pós diagnóstico de câncer de mama e metástase. Estudos futuros são necessários para melhor compreensão desta relação.

Linfoma de células B localizado na cavidade oral num felídeo – Caso Clínico

Um felídeo de 14 anos europeu comum foi apresentado à consulta com história clínica de 1 mês de diminuição de apetite, halitose e deformação facial. O seu estado imunitário foi negativo para FIV e FELV. Os resultados hematológicos e bioquímicos revelaram apenas um aumento de globulinas séricas e a punção aspirativa de gulha fina revelou linfoma localizado sem sinais de envolvimento sistémico nos exames complementares. A cirurgia foi recomendada e consistiu em maxilectomia rostral unilateral, excisão labial, enxerto labial de avanço e colocação de tubo esofágico. O resultado histopatológico revelou linfoma de baixo índice mitótico e os exames imunohistoquímicos revelaram positividade ao marcador CD79a, um marcador de células B. O tumor foi classificado em Estádio I pelo sistema de estadiamento de linfoma felino. Apesar dos resultados histopatológicos sugerirem uma resposta pobre à quimioterapia, iniciou-se um protocolo terapêutico com ciclofosfamida, vincristina e prednisolona. Dois meses após o diagnóstico e seis semanas após início de quimioterapia o animal revelou anorexia e no exame ecográfico de controlo foram detectadas metástases. O gato foi hospitalizado e morreu uma semana depois. O prognóstico de linfoma localizado no gato é desconhecido devido à sua rara ocorrência. Está recomendado o controlo local do tumor com cirurgia ou radioterapia combinadas ou não com quimioterapia. Apesar da sobrevivência do animal ter sido breve após o tratamento cirúrgico os proprietários ficaram satisfeitos com o aumento de qualidade de vida após cirurgia.

Proportional cancer incidence according to selected sites: comparison between residents in the City of S. Paulo, Brazil: Japanese and Brazilian/Portuguese descent

The percentual distributions of selected sites of cancer cases according to origin, sex and age are compared. Data were obtained from the Registry of Cancer of S. Paulo (School of Public Health of the University of S. Paulo, Brazil). The reference period for inhabitants of Japanese descent was 1969/78 and for those of Brazilian descent, the period was 1969/75. Standardized Proportionate Incidence Ratios (SPIR) with approximate 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were evaluated using age specific Incidence Ratios of S. Paulo, 1973, as standards. The results agree with findings of previous works on mortality, but show different patterns according to origin. The well known fact that some sub-groups of a population may be different from the overall group is once again brought to the fore. Attention should be drawn to the differences detected for stomach, skin and prostate, in males, and for stomach, skin, cervix and uterus in females.

A case-control study on the association of hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Northeast Brazil

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers were investigated in 40 incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in two age and sex matched control groups, comprising 40 patients with other cancers and 80 healthy individuals, resident in Bahia, Brazil. Serologic tests were done by radioimmunoassay. The study observed high proportion of seropositivity to HBsAg (42.5%) and of those presenting HBsAg or antiHBc (65.0%) among HCC cases, higher in men than women and in those aged 17 to 30 years old. HBsAg seropositivity among HCC patients was greater than in the control group with other cancers (7.5%) and in healthy controls (2.5%), corresponding to odds ratio estimates of 15.0 (95% CI 3.29, 68.30) and 33.0 (95% CI 9.13, 119.28), both statistically significant. HBeAg was not observed and antiHBe was present in 41.2% of cases, suggesting the absence of viral replication, possibly with viral DNA intergration into the hepatocyte genome. The presence of cirrhosis was associated with HBsAg seropositivity among HCC cases. A history of chronic alcoholism is shown to be more frequently related to those cases with cirrhosis. This study highlights the relevant association between HCC and HBV in Northeast Brazil, particularly for young individuals, and the high risk of development of HCC for HBsAg carriers.

Geographical patterns of proportionate mortality for the most common causes of death in Brazil

Mortality due to chronic diseases has been increasing in all regions of Brazil with corresponding decreases in mortality from infectious diseases. The geographical variation in proportionate mortality for chronic diseases for 17 Brazilian state capitals for the year 1985 and their association with socio-economic variables and infectious disease was studied. Calculations were made of correlation coefficients of proportionate mortality for adults of 30 years or above due to ischaemic heart disease, stroke and cancer of the lung, the breast and stomach with 3 socio-economic variables, race, and mortality due to infectious disease. Linear regression analysis included as independent variables the % of illiteracy, % of whites, % of houses with piped water, mean income, age group, sex, and % of deaths caused by infectious disease. The dependent variables were the % of deaths due to each one of the chronic diseases studied by age-sex group. Chronic diseases were an important cause of death in all regions of Brazil. Ischaemic heart diseases, stroke and malignant neoplasms accounted for more than 34% of the mortality in each of the 17 capitals studied. Proportionate cause-specific mortality varied markedly among state capitals. Ranges were 6.3-19.5% for ischaemic heart diseases, 8.3-25.4% for stroke, 2.3-10.4% for infections and 12.2-21.5% for malignant neoplasm. Infectious disease mortality had the highest (p < 0.001) correlation with all the four socio-economic variables studied and ischaemic heart disease showed the second highest correlation (p < 0.05). Higher socio-economic level was related to a lower % of infectious diseases and a higher % of ischaemic heart diseases. Mortality due to breast cancer and stroke was not associated with socio-economic variables. Multivariate linear regression models explained 59% of the variance among state capitals for mortality due to ischaemic heart disease, 50% for stroke, 28% for lung cancer, 24% for breast cancer and 40% for stomach cancer. There were major differences in the proportionate mortality due to chronic diseases among the capitals which could not be accounted for by the social and environmental factors and by the mortality due to infectious disease.