A análise ambiental integrada para o estudo de fragilidade turística: um estudo de caso para o município de Duas Barras (RJ)

O turismo na natureza é uma das modalidades de turismo que mais tem crescido no Brasil, sendo visto como alternativa econômica para municípios de médio e pequeno porte que possuem Unidades de Conservação em seus territórios ou áreas com remanescentes florestais ou ainda áreas de interesse geológico, geomorfológico, concentração hídrica que possam atrair o turista. A preocupação quanto ao sustento da atividade turística desta categoria ocorre, quando o ambiente natural na qual se pretende instalar os empreendimentos turísticos não possui estudos pretéritos sobre o meio físico e nem instrumento legal de planejamento ambiental que apoie a tomada de decisão. Neste contexto, esta dissertação versa sobre o estudo da fragilidade turística do município de Duas Barras Rio de Janeiro com objetivos de balizar os resultados obtidos, com estudos pretéritos sobre potencialidades turísticas da região, assim como os empreendimentos turísticos já instalados e verificando se há conformidade entre o ambiente explorado e a atividade turística em curso. Como metodologia, a presente pesquisa utilizou técnicas de fragilidade ambiental desenvolvida de Ross (2010), a análise da fragilidade turística teve adaptações com base em Costa (2009), o modelo de indicadores turísticos de Barbosa (2009) e os dados sobre a potencialidade turística local foram extraídos de Goes (2007). Utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento foram fundamentais para desenvolvimento de análises espaciais, geográficas e a visão integrada dos dados. Como resultados, foram gerados mapas temáticos do meio físico, socioeconomia e a avaliação das atuais instalações turísticas na região.

História ambiental e paisagens simbólicas no município de São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ): a Lagoa de Araruama e a Serra de Sapiatiba

Este trabalho visa contribuir com os estudos de História Ambiental e de Geografia ao abordar a interação entre os aspectos culturais e a natureza da Lagoa de Araruama e da Serra de Sapiatiba, localizado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa propõe uma análise das paisagens simbólicas do município de São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ) por intermédio do 3 nível da História Ambiental. Além de caracterizar estas áreas como paisagens simbólicas inseridas na Região dos Lagos numa Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA de Sapiatiba), destaca-se a importância do capital imaterial e da história ambiental na conservação da diversidade de um pequeno fragmento de Mata Atlântica e também da natureza das águas em um importante trecho da maior lagoa hipersalina do mundo. Portanto, nosso objetivo neste estudo é desvendar a História Ambiental da Lagoa de Araruama e da Serra de Sapiatiba no município de São Pedro da Aldeia (RJ), a partir da análise da transformação da paisagem.

River Wyre salmon and sea trout spawning habitat restoration / creation project. Final report April 1995

Adult salmon and sea trout rod catches in the River Wyre have been subject to considerable variability over the years. Annual rod catches ranging from 6 to 401 have been reported since records began in 1905. It has long been suspected that the physical nature of the catchment, combined with anthropogenic influences, has resulted in a deleterious effect on the Wyre fishery. Acidification problems in the head water streams (Marshaw Wyre and Tarnbrook Wyre) have been reported and are thought to threaten salmon juvenile survival. The construction of Abbeystead Reservoir and an increased tendency towards rapidly rising water levels during storms (flashiness) 1 are thought to have a significant impact on spawning gravel quality and quantity, both of which are thought to be deteriorating. As part of an overall desire to maintain and improve the migratory salmonid population in the River Wyre, this project has been commissioned to investigate remedial action which may improve and enhance spawning success, leading to an eventual improvement in the status of adult stocks. The primary objective is to establish whether the quantity and/or quality of available spawning gravels are limiting migratory salmonid productivity. The investigations undertaken confirm the general observation that useable spawning gravels appear to be in short supply in the River Wyre, and may be the limiting factor influencing returning adult stock.

Arctic charr from Ennerdale Water: a pilot study

There are three fish species in the north west of England, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus, L.), schelly (Coreqonus lavaretus. L.), and vendace (C. albula, L.), which have been reported as rare and vulnerable and have been identified as requiring the preparation and implementation of a conservation management plan. The presence of Arctic charr in Ennerdale Water has resulted in it being designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. These fish and one race of the species in Lake Windermere are the only English populations of charr known to spawn in running water. Associated with Ennerdale charr is the copepod parasite Salmincola edwardsii which has not been recorded from any other charr inhabited waters of the Lake District. However, it has been recorded on charr from four Scottish Lochs (Stack, Lee, Tay and Doon). The unique nature of Ennerdale is further highlighted by the presence of two crustaceans, Mysis relicta and Limnocalanus macrurus. The former has been recorded in Ireland while the latter is not known to exist anywhere else in the British Isles. The aim of this pilot study was to obtain baseline data on charr that spawn in Smithy Beck and the River Liza. This would indicate the current status of the population and help identify areas requiring further investigation. A total of 161 fish (95 males and 66 females) was caught and tagged over the 3 day period, 141 from Smithy Beck and 20 from the Liza. The raw data of the findings is presented in two appendices.

The proposed Lune net limitation order 1999 and associated byelaws

The River Lune rises in the hills around Tebay in thje North of England and runs through rural farming country to Morecambe bay. It is generally considered as a river of high purity and unspoiled nature. The salmon fishery was at one time considered amongst the best in England and Wales, with very high catches to both rod and net fishermen. During the late 1960's the disease UDN decimated the stock. Since then there has been a recovery of the stock, but this is considered by most anglers and netsmen to be a partial recovery of some of the previous stock components. In recent years anglers and netsmen have voiced their concerns over the Lune stock and have lobbied for action to improve the Lune fishery. This net limitation order (NLO) and the separate byelaw in conjunction with habitat improvement are proposed as part of the strategy for future conservation and management of this salmon fishery. The fishery is currently exploited by 37 licensed netsmen, the highest number of any single estuary in England and Wales. There are 26 haaf, 10 drift and 1 seine nets available. Current estimates of the rod fishery are that 1100 to 1400 anglers fish 14 000 days per year. The River Luhe is one of the few rivers within England and Wales that has the benefit of an accurate fish counter. The counter is at Forge Weir approximately 4 km upstream of the tidal limit. The counts, together with records of the catches from the rod and net fishery, enable a reasonably accurate assessment of both rod and net exploitation. Extensive surveys of the juvenile population, carried out in 1991 and 1997, provide additional information. The purpose of this document is to describe and explain the current state of the salmon population in the River Lune and in doing so, demonstrate the current need for stock conservation. A second purpose is to demonstrate that the proposed NLO and byelaw package should allow the salmon population to reach its conservation target (spawning escapement target).

A working guide to the assessment, implementation and post project monitoring of fisheries habitat improvement schemes in South Cumbria

Due to changes in land use over the last century, the physical nature of many streams and rivers in the British Isles has probably changed. In some cases this change may be large for example as a result of flood defence schemes and is easily observed, whilst in other cases altered land use, farming, forestry or urbanization may have resulted in more subtle changes to river features. This working guide draws together a way of assessing habitat in any stream or river and determine sites or reaches on the assessed watercourse that may benefit from habitat improvement schemes. It will determine a method of measuring existing habitat in a broad sense, whilst referring to R and D studies currently being undertaken in this area. A method of prioritising any proposed habitat restoration work will be suggested. The limitations of fisheries improvement schemes in terms of cross functional acceptance (flood defence and conservation) will be examined along with suggested proposals for some example watercourses. The need for pre and post enhancement monitoring will be discussed as will the requirement for maintenance programs on schemes. Finally methods for determining the cost benefits of small schemes will be examined, compared to other currently used enhancement strategies. This will allow small scale revenue schemes to be used to back up pre project cost benefit analysis as required in future capital submissions.

Use of biological reference points for the conservation of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)in the River Lune, North West England.

This paper deals with the development and use of biological reference points for salmon conservation on the River Lune, England. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches in the region of 1,000 and 1356 salmon respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, biological reference points exclusive to the Lune were developed; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs and between 1989 and 1998 was exceeded in two years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60 % of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. The paper discusses the management actions taken in order to ensure that the management target of the conservation limit being met four years out of five is delivered. It also discusses the balance between conservation and exploitation and the socio-economic decisions made in order to ensure parity of impacts on the rod and net fisheries. The regulations have been enforced since 1999 and the paper concludes with an assessment of the actions taken to deliver the management targets, over the last five years.

Asymmetric conservation benefits of circle hooks in multispecies billfish recreational fisheries: a synthesis of hook performance and analysis of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) postrelease survival

We evaluated the conservation benefits of the use of circle hooks compared with standard J hooks in the recreational fishery for Atlantic istiophorid billfishes, noting hooking location and the presence of trauma (bleeding) for 123 blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), 272 white marlin (Kajikia albida), and 132 sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) caught on natural baits rigged with one of the two hook types. In addition, we used pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) to follow the fate of 61 blue marlin caught on natural baits rigged with circle hooks or on a combination of artificial lure and natural bait rigged with J hooks. The frequencies of internal hooking locations and bleeding were significantly lower with circle hooks than with J hooks for each of the three species and were significantly reduced for blue marlin caught on J hooks than for white marlin and sailfish taken on the same hook type. Analysis of the data received from 59 PSATs (two tags released prematurely) indicated no mortalities among the 29 blue marlin caught on circle hooks and two mortalities among the 30 blue marlin caught on J hooks (6.7%). Collectively, the hook location and PSAT data revealed that blue marlin, like white marlin and sailfish, derive substantial conservation benefits from the use of circle hooks, and the negative impacts of J hooks are significantly reduced for blue marlin relative to the other two species.

Interações próximas com o boto-da-Amazônia (Inia geoffrensis)

O turismo vem sendo considerado como solução de problemas econômicos em muitas comunidades de baixa renda, mas também pode ser causador de impactos negativos. O condicionamento de animais selvagens através da alimentação artificial facilita o trabalho dos operadores de turismo de natureza ao criar mais situações de encontro e diminuir as distâncias entre os turistas e esses animais, mas casos ao redor do mundo demonstram numerosos impactos negativos resultantes de tais atividades. No estado do Amazonas, Brasil, cinco casos de atividade turística onde botos-da-Amazônia (Inia geoffrensis) foram condicionados ao contato humano através da alimentação articial vêm ocorrendo, sendo o caso do Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas (PNA), em Novo Airão (NA), o precursor. Assim, os objetivos da presente tese são: descrever os casos de condicionamento de botos como atração turística no estado do Amazonas, avaliar se as atividades turísticas de alimentação artificial influenciam a agressividade e o comportamento social dos botos condicionados do PNA, produzir uma avaliação acurada da percepção da comunidade local de NA com relação aos possíveis impactos socioeconômicos desta atividade turística, acessar a percepção dos pescadores locais quanto às interações entre cetáceos (incluindo o tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis) e atividades de pesca e os impactos do condicionamento de botos nessas interações, na região de NA e conduzir uma análise das expectativas prévias e experiências realizadas pelos turistas participantes das atividades de interação com os botos em NA, avaliando também sua percepção geral sobre este tipo de turismo, em especial com relação à sua proximidade com os animais. Os métodos utilizados para a coleta dos dados foram: entrevistas etnográficas semi-estruturadas, observação participante, questionários auto-aplicáveis e métodos de amostragem comportamental. Os resultados demonstraram que as atividades baseadas no condicionamento geram vários impactos negativos. Pode-se concluir que a atividade turística baseada no condicionamento de botos através da alimentação artificial: tem se dispersado pelo estado do Amazonas ao longo dos últimos anos, altera o comportamento social e causa o aumento da competição entre os botos condicionados em NA, apesar de gerar empatia pelo boto em parte da população de Novo Airão, é percebida pelos moradores como gerando poucos benefícios econômicos, sendo que a maioria se sente excluída do compartilhamento de benefícios gerados pela mesma, aparentemente não resulta em uma grande mudança na percepção negativa dos botos por parte dos pescadores, que também se percebem como estando excluídos do compartilhamento de benefícios gerados pela atividade e geram um alto grau de satisfação nos turistas participantes e atendem às atuais expectativas dos turistas, mas através de atividades invasivas que provavelmente disseminam a ideia de que condicionar animais silvestres ao contato humano através da alimentação artificial é correto. Assim, possivelmente a atividade em questão não está em completo acordo com as leis brasileiras, conceitos de ecoturismo e funções das unidades de conservação. Propostas de manejo para superar a controversa questão relacionada à alimentação artificial como prática turística e fortalecimento de práticas menos negativamente impactantes de caráter participativo para NA são sugeridas.

Parity-dependent State Engineering and Tomography in the ultrastrong coupling regime

Reaching the strong coupling regime of light-matter interaction has led to an impressive development in fundamental quantum physics and applications to quantum information processing. Latests advances in different quantum technologies, like superconducting circuits or semiconductor quantum wells, show that the ultrastrong coupling regime (USC) can also be achieved, where novel physical phenomena and potential computational benefits have been predicted. Nevertheless, the lack of effective decoupling mechanism in this regime has so far hindered control and measurement processes. Here, we propose a method based on parity symmetry conservation that allows for the generation and reconstruction of arbitrary states in the ultrastrong coupling regime of light-matter interactions. Our protocol requires minimal external resources by making use of the coupling between the USC system and an ancillary two-level quantum system.

Meso-scale transboundary units for the management of coral reefs in the South China Sea area

Local communities and local government units are recognized as the primary stakeholders and participants in the management of coral reef resources and the primary beneficiaries of small-scale fishing activities in the nearshore areas of the coastal zone. The issues relating to the management of the coastal zone are multi-faceted and some issues are largely intertwined with national policy and development goals. Thus, national governments have jurisdiction over these nearshore coastal resources to harmonize policies, monitor resource use and provide incentives for sustainable use. However, the natural boundaries of these reef resources, the processes that support reef ecosystems, and the local or national affiliation of the people who benefit from them may transcend the boundaries of the local and national management units. Therefore, efforts to arrest the decline in fish catch and loss of biodiversity for reefs require management interventions and assessment activities to be carried out at varying scales. In Southeast Asia, some aspects of reef and reef resources management — particularly in deciding the allocation of catch among competing fisheries, development of sustainable harvest strategies, use of broodstock for restocking or stock enhancement programs, protection of nursery and spawning areas, designation of systems of marine protected areas, and the identification of representative, adequate and comprehensive areas for biodiversity conservation in the region — may require the definition of larger management units. At the regional level, multi-country initiatives will need to define units for the transboundary management of resources. The use of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) to identify and manage fisheries resources may be a starting point; however, given the relatively sedentary nature of coral reef-dwelling and reef-associated organisms compared with other pelagic and demersal species, meso-scale transboundary units within the LMEs have to be defined. This paper provides suggestions for transboundary management units for coral reef and reef-associated resources in Southeast Asia based on information from genetic structures of model organisms in the region. In addition, specific reef areas are identified, which may be important beyond their national boundaries, as potential sources of recruits.