Historical trajectories of currently shrinking Portuguese cities: A typology of urban shrinkage

Cities develop according to different patterns, undergoing population growth during some periods and decline (shrinkage) during others. Theories attempting to understand these behaviours include: 1) shrinkage is a natural process in the life cycle of a city, alternating with periods of growth, or 2) shrinkage is an extreme event that places cities into a continuous decline process with no return to population growth. We use retrospective data over a period of 130 years to study 25 Portuguese cities currently facing population decline, and show that both theories coexist in time and space. Five types of shrinking city are revealed: “Persistent Early Shrinkage” due to exodus fromthe rural periphery, “Metropolitan Shrinkage” due to the challenges of urban sprawl, “Recent Shrinkage” in de-industrialisation hotspots, “Cyclic Shrinkage” occurring in political transformation cores, and “Mild Shrinkage” due to life-style disamenity. As diversity of city population trajectories appears to be the norm in both Portugal and other Western European countries, the incorporation of this range into the management of urban transitions is recommended in order to reinforce city resilience.

Susceptibility of Triatoma sordida Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to alpha-cypermethrin under natural climatic conditions

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the recommendations by interpretation of resistance ratios obtained in laboratory bioassays, little is known about the actual impact of these results in the effectiveness of vector control activities in the field. In this context, our objective was to determine the mean value of different resistance ratios obtained by laboratory bioassays performed as part of the chemical control strategies of Triatoma sordida in the field.METHODS:Field bioassays were developed in Monte Azul and Coração de Jesus (Southeast, Brazil). In each location, samples were formed with three domestic units treated with alpha-cypermethrin 20.0% (Alfatek (r) 200 SC). One day after spraying, 10 fifth-instar nymphs remained in contact with the surfaces treated (adobe with plaster, adobe without plaster, or wood) with insecticide in plastic cones for 72h. Three cones were exposed inside the intradomicile and the peridomicile. The insects in the control group were exposed to an insecticide-free piece of cardboard. Mortality was measured 72h after removal of the insects from the treated surfaces. The tests were realized in triplicate.RESULTS:Mortality was 100.0% in all locations, except for Monte Azul; Landinho (96.6%) and Coração de Jesus; Barriguda (96.6%).CONCLUSIONS:Although the resistant populations in laboratory tests proved to be susceptible in the field, this observation is not sufficient to suggest that the cut-off points used to justify the resistance ratio should be changed. In this sense, we recommend that laboratory and field bioassays are carried out with a greater number of Triatominae populations to allow more in-depth consideration of the subject.

Severe dengue in the early postoperative period after kidney transplantation: two case reports from Hospital Geral de Fortaleza

Abstract: Dengue is an arbovirosis that ranges from an asymptomatic presentation to a more severe disease, which is characterized by a vascular leakage syndrome where abdominal pain is a major symptom. Transplant recipients are immunosuppressed and are less likely to develop a severe form of the disease because of a reduction in immune-mediated responses that trigger plasma extravasation events. Herein, we report two cases of severe dengue in the early postoperative period of two kidney transplant recipients. Considering the severity of the cases, we emphasize the importance of dengue screening immediately before transplantation in areas endemic for the disease.

Characteristics of Triatomine infestation and natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Natural and artificial ecotope infestation by the kissing bug triatomines and their colonization and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi , the Chagas disease agent, were evaluated in nine municipalities of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODS Following identification, triatomine intestinal contents were analyzed by direct microscopic examination, xenoculture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for parasite detection. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different markers. RESULTS Of 842 triatomines captured, 65% were Triatoma brasiliensis , 17.8% Triatoma pseudomaculata , 12.5% Panstrongylus lutzi , and 4.7% Rhodnius nasutus . Triatoma brasiliensis and P. lutzi adults were found in the intradomicile. T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata , and R. nasutus nymphs and adults were found in the peridomicile and wild environment. Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation indexes were 5.6% and 33.7%, respectively. In the peridomicile, chicken coops were the most infested ecotope. The T. cruzi triatomine infection rate was 30.2%, of which PCR detected 29%. P . lutzi (78.1%), T . brasiliensis (24.5%), and T . pseudomaculata (22.7%) were the most infected species. TcII and III genotypes were detected in T. brasiliensis and TcIII in P. lutzi . CONCLUSIONS T. brasiliensis was found in all environments and most ecotopes with high T. cruzi infection rates. High infection rates were also detected in T . pseudomaculata and P. lutzi , suggesting their role in the interchange between the wild and peridomestic transmission cycles. The combination of PCR, microscopic examination, and xenoculture contributed to improving T. cruzi infection evaluation in triatomine bugs. The TcII and TcIII genotypes were predominant in the study area.

Argamassas de cal hidráulica natural com resíduos de borracha da recauchutagem de pneus

Existe uma consciencialização global e crescente do modo como o ser humano afeta diretamente o ambiente. É notável a preocupação exponencial com a sustentabilidade ambiental aos mais diversos níveis, preocupação esta ligada também ao setor da construção. É um dado adquirido que uma das grandes problemáticas ambientais da nossa geração é a reciclagem de pneus, estando o seu número de produção e consumo a atingir níveis elevadíssimos. Para atenuar estes níveis de poluição, e principalmente para diminuir gastos, as fábricas de recauchutagem reaproveitam grande parte de pneus usados, substituindo-lhes a parte de borracha degradada por nova A problemática é também assunto recorrente em Portugal, onde nas últimas décadas tem havido uma grande preocupação no seu tratamento por forma a evitar um elevado aumento de poluição, embora muitas fábricas de recauchutagens tenham vindo a encerrar nos últimos anos. A presente dissertação insere-se na procura de soluções para os resíduos inerentes à recauchutagem de pneus, estudando argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3,5 com a adição de resíduos de borracha desta indústria. Foram realizadas argamassas com partículas de resíduo de borracha cuja dimensão é inferior a 2,36 mm. Os resíduos foram diferenciados em três tipos: resíduo “fino” (Fr), com partículas de dimensão inferior a 0,212 mm; resíduo “médio” (Mr), com partículas de dimensão entre os 0,212 mm e os 0,6 mm; e resíduo “grosso” (Cr), com partículas entre os 0,6 mm e os 2,36 mm. Com a mistura integral do resíduo, foram feitas formulações de argamassas com adição de 2,5%, 5% e 7,5% relativas à massa de areia, sendo posteriormente feitas argamassas com 5% de adição apenas de cada uma das identificadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as argamassas com resíduo de borracha menor resistência à tração e à compressão, mas apresentam menor módulo de elasticidade dinâmico e condutibilidade térmica, características que as podem tornar mais adequadas para alguns tipos de aplicações na construção. Particularmente a argamassa com 5% de mistura de frações granulométricas apresenta características que justificam o aprofundamento da sua caracterização, para otimização como argamassa a ser industrializada.

Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus prevalence/co-infection rates for a four-year period in a non-metropolitan blood center in Southeast Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) are distributed worldwide and are endemic in specific regions. METHODS: Serological evaluation of the HTLV-1/2 prevalence and co-infection rate [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Chagas disease, and syphilis)] for 2011-2014 was performed with volunteer blood donors from the western part of São Paulo State. RESULTS: Serrana and Araçatuba had higher HTLV seroprevalence rates (0.1%); while Franca, Olimpia, and Bebedouro had lower seroprevalences (0.04%). Co-infection (HBV and syphilis) was present in 12.3% of HTLV-infected blood donors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide data for the prevalence of HTLV in Brazil and demonstrate the importance of regional and global hemovigilance.

Intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: associated risk factors and outcome in the neonatal period

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication in very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns (NB). With the purpose of studying the incidence of IVH, the associated risk factors, and the outcomes for these neonates, we studied all the VLBW infants born in our neonatal unit. Birth weight, gestational age, presence of perinatal asphyxia, mechanical ventilation, length of hospitalization, apnea crisis, hydrocephalus, and periventricular leukomalacia were analyzed. The diagnosis of IVH was based on ultrasound scan studies (Papile's classification) performed until the tenth day of life and repeated weekly in the presence of abnormalities. Sixty-seven/101 neonates were studied. The mortality rate was 30.6% (31/101) and the incidence of IVH was 29.8% (20/67) : 70% grade I, 20% grade III and 10% grade IV. The incidence of IVH in NB <1,000 g was 53.8% (p = 0.035) and for gestational age <30 weeks was 47.3% (p = 0.04), both considered risk factors for IVH. The length of hospitalization (p = 0.00015) and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.038) were longer in IHV NB. The IVH NB had a relative risk of 2.3 of developing apnea (p = 0.02), 3.7 of hydrocephalus (p = 0.0007), and 7.7 of periventricular leukomalacia (p < 0.00001). The authors emphasize the importance of knowing the risk factors related to IVH so as to introduce prevention schemes to reduce IVH and to improve outcomes of affected newborns.

Estudo da distribuição das espécies invasoras Hydrangea macrophylla e Agapanthus praecox nas estradas, levadas e veredas no Parque Natural da Madeira, com vista ao seu controlo

A elaboração desta Dissertação tem como fator relevante a presença de duas espécies exóticas, com caráter invasor, dentro do limite do Parque Natural da Madeira, área protegida que inclui o Património da Humanidade (UNESCO), a Floresta Laurissilva. Foram efetuados levantamentos de campo para o estudo da distribuição de Agapanthus praecox e Hydrangea macrophylla, espécies exóticas invasoras, ao longo de diferentes percursos e determinação dos parâmetros do meio propiciadores à sua dispersão e expansão. Estes levantamentos foram efetuados nos três concelhos em que a presença da Floresta Laurissilva é mais significativa (Porto Moniz, São Vicente e Santana), estando todos eles localizados no Norte da ilha da Madeira. A presença destas espécies em zonas protegidas pode ter impactes extremamente negativos, podendo colocar em risco a sobrevivência das espécies nativas, algumas delas extremamente raras. Desta forma, os levantamentos foram efetuados em estradas, veredas e levadas, de modo a determinar a localização dos núcleos destas invasoras e posteriormente elaborar mapas que permitam, num Sistema de Informação Geográfica, explicar a distribuição, em conjunto com parâmetros ambientais. Estas espécies deverão ter sido introduzidas intencionalmente, dada a localização dos núcleos estar frequentemente próxima de habitações ou de locais com forte influência humana, com atividades como a agricultura e o pastoreio. Este estudo revela uma presença mais significativa da espécie Agapanthus praecox, em relação à espécie Hydrangea macrohylla, notando-se que as zonas consideradas como reservas naturais ou áreas protegidas não se encontram tão afetadas. Foi estudada a relação entre a radiação, altitude, declive, precipitação média anual e temperatura e a distribuição das espécies invasoras em estudo, mas não foi detetado nenhum padrão, pelo que os resultados se revelaram inconclusivos. No entanto, estes dados ambientais não possuíam uma resolução tão fina com a dos dados de campo, pelo que no futuro será de explorar estas relações mas com dados ambientais a uma maior escala. O plano de gestão apresentado para o controlo das espécies invasoras poderá servir de guia para que as ações a desenvolver sejam atempadas, de modo a evitar atuar apenas quando a situação já se encontra descontrolada.

Cost of drugs manufactured by the University Hospital - role of the Central Pharmacy

The hospital pharmacy in large and advanced institutions has evolved from a simple storage and distribution unit into a highly specialized manipulation and dispensation center, responsible for the handling of hundreds of clinical requests, many of them unique and not obtainable from commercial companies. It was therefore quite natural that in many environments, a manufacturing service was gradually established, to cater to both conventional and extraordinary demands of the medical staff. That was the case of Hospital das Clinicas, where multiple categories of drugs are routinely produced inside the pharmacy. However, cost-containment imperatives dictate that such activities be reassessed in the light of their efficiency and essentiality. METHODS: In a prospective study, the output of the Manufacturing Service of the Central Pharmacy during a 12-month period was documented and classified into three types. Group I comprised drugs similar to commercially distributed products, Group II included exclusive formulations for routine consumption, and Group III dealt with special demands related to clinical investigations. RESULTS: Findings for the three categories indicated that these groups represented 34.4%, 45.3%, and 20.3% of total manufacture orders, respectively. Costs of production were assessed and compared with market prices for Group 1 preparations, indicating savings of 63.5%. When applied to the other groups, for which direct equivalent in market value did not exist, these results would suggest total yearly savings of over 5 100 000 US dollars. Even considering that these calculations leave out many components of cost, notably those concerning marketing and distribution, it might still be concluded that at least part of the savings achieved were real. CONCLUSIONS: The observed savings, allied with the convenience and reliability with which the Central Pharmacy performed its obligations, support the contention that internal manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations was a cost-effective alternative in the described setting.

Activity of natural killer cells during HIV-1 infection in Brazilian patients

Natural killer cells are increasingly being considered an important component of innate resistance to viruses, but their role in HIV infection is controversial. Some investigators have found that natural killer cells do not confer a protective effect during the progression of HIV disease, whereas others have shown that natural killer cells may be protective and retard the progression of the disease, either through their lytic activity or by a chemokine-related suppression of HIV replication. In this study, we analyzed functional alterations in the activity of natural killer cells during HIV-1 infection using a natural killer cells activity assay with K562 cells as targets. RESULTS: Our results show that the activity of natural killer cells decreases only in the advanced phase of HIV infection and when high (40:1) effector cell-target cell ratios were used. The depression at this stage of the disease may be related to increased levels of some viral factors, such as gp120 or gag, that interfere with the binding capacity of natural killer cells, or to the decreased production of natural killer cells -activity-stimulating cytokines, such as IFN-a and IL-12, by monocytes, a subset of cells that are also affected in the late stage of HIV infection. The data suggest that decreased natural killer cells cell activity may contribute to the severe impairment of the immune system of patients in the late stages of HIV infection.

The use of stents in the treatment of traumatic intimal flaps: case report

Treatment of arterial traumatic intimal lesions is controversial due to its unknown natural history. Current therapeutical options include arterial reconstruction and clinical observation. The idea of using stents to correct intimal flaps is based on their use to correct dissections, flaps, and arterial irregularities after angioplasty. We report the successful treatment of a traumatic intimal flap of the superficial femoral artery, caused by gunshot trauma, with a Palmaz stent in the acute period. One year after the operation, a duplex scan revealed normal flow in the artery and complete exclusion of the intimal flap; distal pulses were palpable, and the patient was completely asymptomatic.

Influência do óxido de grafeno em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural

A área da Nanotecnologia tem sofrido uma grande evolução nos últimos anos, estando a esta associado o desenvolvimento de novos nanomateriais com a potencialidade de serem aplicados em áreas diversas, otimizando os respetivos produtos. Um dos nanomateriais que tem sido recentemente alvo de estudo no setor da construção é o óxido de grafeno (GO), por possuir elevada superfície específica, ser facilmente disperso em água e, em estudos efetuados, demonstrar contribuir para o aumento das propriedades mecânicas dos produtos cimentícios onde tem sido aplicado. O presente trabalho procura avaliar as vantagens da introdução do GO em materiais de construção, com o objetivo de perceber quais os contributos já detetados da aplicação deste nanomaterial no referido setor. Um outro objetivo foi o de avaliar o contributo que o GO pode ter quando aplicado em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural. Para tal procedeu-se à realização de uma campanha experimental, onde foram produzidas argamassas à base de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 com diferentes dosagens de GO (0,05%, 0,1%, 0,5% e 1% em função da massa da cal). O GO foi aplicado na amassadura disperso ou diretamente em pó, por forma a avaliar a influência nas características das argamassas. A utilização da NHL3.5 tem em vista colmatar uma lacuna existente no estudo do GO e, por outro lado, justifica-se por conduzir a argamassas não só compatíveis com as características de edifícios recentes, mas também aptas para aplicação como argamassas de substituição em edifícios antigos. Na campanha experimental estudaram-se as características microestruturais das argamassas, as propriedades mecânicas, o comportamento face à ação da água e o desempenho térmico. Os resultados obtidos foram pouco significativos, independentemente da forma como foi adicionado o GO. Concluiu-se que as dosagens de GO utilizadas na campanha experimental não foram as mais adequadas para avaliar a influência deste produto em argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 ou que, independentemente dessa dosagem, esta adição não é muito relevante para otimizar as características analisadas neste tipo de argamassas. No entanto, a adição de baixas dosagens de GO disperso (0,05% e 0,1%) parece conduzir a uma ligeira melhoria das características mecânicas e físicas, quando em comparação com as argamassas de referência.

Nutrition for the pediatric surgical patient: approach in the peri-operative period

Nutrition is essential for maintenance of physiologic homeostasis and growth. Hypermetabolic states lead to a depletion of body stores, with decreased immunocompetence and increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update regarding the provision of appropriate nutrition for the pediatric surgical patient, emphasizing the preoperative and postoperative periods. Modern nutritional support for the surgical patient comprises numerous stages, including assessment of nutritional status, nutritional requirements, and nutritional therapy. Nutritional assessment is performed utilizing the clinical history, clinical examination, anthropometry, and biochemical evaluation. Anthropometric parameters include body weight, height, arm and head circumference, and skinfold thickness measurements. The biochemical evaluation is conducted using determinations of plasma levels of proteins, including album, pre-albumin, transferrin, and retinol-binding protein. These parameters are subject to error and are influenced by the rapid changes in body composition in the peri-operative period. Nutritional therapy includes enteral and/or parenteral nutrition. Enteral feeding is the first choice for nutritional therapy. If enteral feeding is not indicated, parenteral nutrition must be utilized. In all cases, an individualized, adequate diet (enteral formula or parenteral solution) is obligatory to decrease the occurrence of overfeeding and its undesirable consequences.

Argamassas de cal hidráulica natural NHL3.5 com metacaulino – Caracterização após três anos em cura laboratorial e marítima

A presente dissertação enquadra-se num estudo que esteve inserido nos projetos FCT-METACAL e FCT-LIMECONTECH, e cujos resultados foram já parcialmente publicados por GRILO et al. (2014a e 2014b). Nesse estudo produziram-se e caraterizaram-se, aos 28, 90 e 180 dias, argamassas de cal hidráulica natural, NHL3.5 produzida em Portugal, com substituições percentuais de ligante por metacaulino (Mk). Outro fator estudado foi a influência do tipo de cura, estando as amostras das argamassas sujeitas a 3 tipos de cura diferentes: standard, marítima e húmida. Aos 180 dias de cura, as argamassas com 10% de substituição de Mk apresentaram melhorias nas resistências mecânicas e melhorias evidentes no comportamento em relação à absorção de água e secagem. No geral as características das argamassas indiciavam a sua adequação para a conservação de fachadas de edifícios antigos e aplicação na reabilitação de edifícios com suportes mais resistentes ou mesmo em construção nova. No presente estudo foram caracterizadas as mesmas argamassas, desta feita com 3 anos de idade, e avaliada a evolução das suas caraterísticas até esta idade em cura marítima e húmida. Ao contrário do previsto, as resistências mecânicas das argamassas com substituição de metacaulino tiveram reduções nos seus valores, chegando, em alguns casos, a ficar abaixo dos valores das argamassas sem Mk. Pela caracterização química e mineralógica constata-se que essa redução foi motivada pela instabilidade dos compostos pozolânicos formados pelo Mk, embora esses compostos tenham sido os responsáveis pelas elevadas resistências mecânicas registadas a idades jovens. As argamassas com Mk apresentaram um melhor comportamento à água, devido ao refinamento da sua estrutura porosa. Dos ensaios realizados apenas o índice de secagem e o ensaio de resistência aos sais revelaram resultados piores nas argamassas com Mk, quando em comparação com as argamassas de referência, só com NHL. Em relação ao tipo de cura, verificou-se não existirem grandes diferenças entre a cura húmida e a marítima.

Surgery information reduces anxiety in the pre-operative period

PURPOSE: Patients preparing to undergo surgery should not suffer needless anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate anxiety levels on the day before surgery as related to the information known by the patient regarding the diagnosis, surgical procedure, or anesthesia. METHOD: Patients reported their knowledge of diagnosis, surgery, and anesthesia. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure patient anxiety levels. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine patients were selected, and 82 females and 38 males were interviewed. Twenty-nine patients were excluded due to illiteracy. The state-anxiety levels were alike for males and females (36.10 ± 11.94 vs. 37.61 ± 8.76) (mean ± SD). Trait-anxiety levels were higher for women (42.55 ± 10.39 vs. 38.08 ± 12.25, P = 0.041). Patient education level did not influence the state-anxiety level but was inversely related to the trait-anxiety level. Knowledge of the diagnosis was clear for 91.7% of patients, of the surgery for 75.0%, and of anesthesia for 37.5%. Unfamiliarity with the surgical procedure raised state-anxiety levels (P = 0.021). A lower state-anxiety level was found among patients who did not know the diagnosis but knew about the surgery (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge of patients regarding the surgery they are about to undergo may reduce their state-anxiety levels.