Rendimiento y composición mineral del forraje de una pradera permanente fertilizada con magnesio

Como una alternativa de manejo agronómico de la hipomagnesemia en rebaños a pastoreo se estudió, durante dos años, el efecto de la fertilización magnésica (0, 24, 48 y 96 kg ha-1 año-1 de Mg) sobre la concentración de magnesio, calcio, potasio y sodio y sus relaciones en la materia seca del forraje cosechado de una pradera permanente compuesta por Lolium perenne y Trifolium repens. El ensayo se realizó en un suelo Hapludand (Serie Valdivia) con un nivel inicial de 0,8 cmol c kg-1 de Mg. No se detectó un efecto de la fertilización magnésica sobre la producción de materia seca de la pradera, pero la concentración de magnesio en la materia seca se incrementó proporcionalmente a la dosis de magnesio aplicada. Considerando el promedio ponderado anual el aumento de la concentración de magnesio fue de 0,006 y 0,012 g kg-1 de materia seca por cada kg de magnesio aplicado, durante el primero y segundo año, respectivamente. La fertilización magnésica disminuyó la concentración de calcio, pero no afectó la concentración de potasio ni de sodio en la materia seca del forraje cosechado. Las relaciones entre Ca/Mg, K/Mg y Na/Mg en general disminuyeron en la medida que aumentó la dosis de fertilización con magnesio.

Efeito do armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de populações de milho cultivadas sob estresses hídrico e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cinco populações de milho submetidas aos estresses de Al no solo e de seca no florescimento. Cinco populações de milho (CMS06, CMS35, CMS36, CMS54 e Milho Metro) foram cultivadas em solos com dois níveis de fertilidade: o primeiro, apresentando alta saturação de bases (V = 67%), e o segundo, alta saturação de Al (m = 54%). As populações de milho foram também submetidas à irrigação plena e à supressão de irrigação durante o florescimento. As sementes obtidas dessas populações foram armazenadas no laboratório de sementes sob condições ambientais. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi determinada no início e aos 30, 90 e 210 dias de armazenamento. As sementes da população CMS36 apresentaram maior vigor quando produzidas em solos com alta saturação de alumínio. A população CMS54 foi a mais estável com relação à qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas em diferentes ambientes. As sementes das populações CMS35, CMS36, CMS54 e Milho Metro foram mais estáveis com relação à qualidade fisiológica, durante o período de armazenamento, do que as da CMS06.

Addition of stabilized wood ashes to Swedish coniferous stands on mineral soils : effects on stem growth and needle nutrient concentrations

Abstract

Nutrição mineral de mudas de pupunheira sob diferentes níveis de salinidade

O potencial produtivo das plantas pode ser afetado por desordens nutricionais, induzidas pelo estresse salino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência de diferentes níveis de salinidade na nutrição mineral de mudas de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.), mediante o uso de solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram das seguintes doses (mmol L-1): 0,0 de Na e 0,5 de Cl; 1,0 de Na e 0,5 de Cl (controle); e 5,0, 15,0, 30,0, 60,0 e 120,0 de NaCl. Os teores dos macronutrientes variaram em razão da salinidade, e verificou-se que o P e K apresentaram seus teores reduzidos nas raízes, o K e o Ca, nas folhas e o S, nas diferentes partes, enquanto o Na e o Cl apresentaram teores incrementados nas diferentes partes da planta. As relações Na/K, Na/Ca, Na/Mg, Cl/N, Cl/P e Cl/S aumentaram, causando um desbalanço nutricional na planta.

Influência de doses de calcário com diferentes relações cálcio: magnésio na produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral da alfafa

A acidez dos solos brasileiros, com alumínio em níveis tóxicos e baixa disponibilidade de elementos essenciais, principalmente o fósforo, exige aplicações de calcário e fertilizantes para a adequada utilização agrícola. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de quatro doses de calcário calculadas com base no teor de Al3+ trocável do solo e em cinco relações molares de Ca:Mg, na produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral da alfafa. Duas cultivares de alfafa, Flórida 77 e Crioula, foram cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo álico, textura argilosa, em casa de vegetação, em esquema fatorial disposto no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das duas cultivares aumentou em razão do aumento das doses de calcário, e somente a cultivar Flórida 77 apresentou diferenças significativas entre as relações molares Ca:Mg. Os teores de Ca, Mg e N na matéria seca da parte aérea, de modo geral, aumentaram em razão do aumento na quantidade de calcário, sendo somente os teores de Ca e Mg alterados pelas diferentes relações molares de Ca:Mg. Os teores de P e K, de modo geral, apresentaram pequenos decréscimos com a elevação das doses de calcário, embora considerados satisfatórios para a nutrição da alfafa.

Variações nos teores de nitrogênio mineral em solo suplementado com iodo de esgoto

O conhecimento da dinâmica da mineralização de materiais orgânicos adicionados ao solo é importante para predizer os efeitos das possíveis perdas de N para o ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do N mineral, no período da seca e das águas, em solo cultivado com milho, após incorporação de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de parcelas não fertilizadas, parcelas com adubação nitrogenada (NM), parcelas com dose de lodo de esgoto calculada para fornecer à cultura o mesmo teor de N do tratamento NM (1N) e parcelas com duas, quatro e oito vezes a dose de lodo de esgoto do tratamento 1N. As quantidades de lodo de esgoto a serem aplicadas ao solo, devem ser diferentes no período da seca e das águas mesmo quando se baseiam nas necessidades de N, em decorrência das perdas desse elemento em períodos de intensas precipitações.

Modelling Bone Mineral Density in Swiss Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Letrozole, Tamoxifen and Sequences of Letrozole and Tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 Study (SAKK 21/07).

Background: Bone health is a concern when treating early stage breast cancer patients with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Early detection of patients (pts) at risk of osteoporosis and fractures may be helpful for starting preventive therapies and selecting the most appropriate endocrine therapy schedule. We present statistical models describing the evolution of lumbar and hip bone mineral density (BMD) in pts treated with tamoxifen (T), letrozole (L) and sequences of T and L. Methods: Available dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry exams (DXA) of pts treated in trial BIG 1-98 were retrospectively collected from Swiss centers. Treatment arms: A) T for 5 years, B) L for 5 years, C) 2 years of T followed by 3 years of L and, D) 2 years of L followed by 3 years of T. Pts without DXA were used as a control for detecting selection biases. Patients randomized to arm A were subsequently allowed an unplanned switch from T to L. Allowing for variations between DXA machines and centres, two repeated measures models, using a covariance structure that allow for different times between DXA, were used to estimate changes in hip and lumbar BMD (g/cm2) from trial randomization. Prospectively defined covariates, considered as fixed effects in the multivariable models in an intention to treat analysis, at the time of trial randomization were: age, height, weight, hysterectomy, race, known osteoporosis, tobacco use, prior bone fracture, prior hormone replacement therapy (HRT), bisphosphonate use and previous neo-/adjuvant chemotherapy (ChT). Similarly, the T-scores for lumbar and hip BMD measurements were modeled using a per-protocol approach (allowing for treatment switch in arm A), specifically studying the effect of each therapy upon T-score percentage. Results: A total of 247 out of 546 pts had between 1 and 5 DXA; a total of 576 DXA were collected. Number of DXA measurements per arm were; arm A 133, B 137, C 141 and D 135. The median follow-up time was 5.8 years. Significant factors positively correlated with lumbar and hip BMD in the multivariate analysis were weight, previous HRT use, neo-/adjuvant ChT, hysterectomy and height. Significant negatively correlated factors in the models were osteoporosis, treatment arm (B/C/D vs. A), time since endocrine therapy start, age and smoking (current vs. never).Modeling the T-score percentage, differences from T to L were -4.199% (p = 0.036) and -4.907% (p = 0.025) for the hip and lumbar measurements respectively, before any treatment switch occurred. Conclusions: Our statistical models describe the lumbar and hip BMD evolution for pts treated with L and/or T. The results of both localisations confirm that, contrary to expectation, the sequential schedules do not seem less detrimental for the BMD than L monotherapy. The estimated difference in BMD T-score percent is at least 4% from T to L.

Estoque de carbono e nitrogênio e formas de nitrogênio mineral em um solo submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar alterações nos teores e no estoque de C orgânico e N total do solo, e nas suas formas nítrica e amoniacal, em sistemas de manejo implementados em área de cerrado nativo. Foram coletadas amostras no Município de Morrinhos, GO, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, textura argilosa, em cinco profundidades, nos sistemas: cerrado nativo, pastagem de Brachiaria sp., plantio direto irrigado com rotação milho-feijão, plantio direto irrigado com rotação milho-feijão e arroz-tomate, plantio convencional de longa duração e plantio convencional recente após pastagem. Não houve diferença significativa nos teores e no estoque de C e N totais do solo, embora o plantio convencional de longa duração tenha apresentado variações negativas no estoque de C em relação ao cerrado nativo até 20 cm de profundidade, ao contrário dos sistemas com menor revolvimento. O amônio predominou no cerrado nativo e na pastagem ao longo de praticamente todo o perfil, enquanto os teores de nitrato foram maiores na camada superficial dos sistemas com culturas anuais. A pastagem e o plantio direto, desde que com esquema diversificado de rotação de culturas, são promissores para aumentar os estoques de C orgânico do solo.

Nutrição mineral de plantas de maxixe-do-reino

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de caracterizar as limitações nutricionais para a produção de matéria seca do maxixe-do-reino, Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, em vasos de 3 dm³ de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em treze tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na técnica do elemento faltante (em que se omite a calagem e cada um dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes). A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz foi reduzida pela acidez do solo e baixa disponibilidade de macronutrientes, principalmente P, Ca, Mg e S; as plantas foram pouco afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de micronutrientes.

Produtividade e crescimento da mamoneira em resposta à adubação orgânica e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre o crescimento e a produtividade da mamoneira (Ricinus communis). Avaliaram-se doses de esterco, P, K e micronutrientes, em solo de baixa fertilidade e baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e distribuição fatorial 3x2+4 (três doses de matéria orgânica, presença ou ausência de adubação mineral, com quatro combinações de doses de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais e micronutrientes). Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de produtividade média: 163,7 kg ha-1, no tratamento sem adubação, e 596,9, 988,1 e 1.172,5 kg ha-1 com adubações orgânica mineral e orgânica + mineral, respectivamente. O P é o nutriente de maior importância para o aumento de produtividade e teor de óleo. A baixa disponibilidade hídrica limita a mineralização e a liberação de nutrientes do material orgânico.

Fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in soils and their transfer to surface waters: A multi-scale approach in the Lavaux vineyards, western Switzerland

The use of herbicides in agriculture may lead to environmental problems, such as surface water pollution, with a potential risk for aquatic organisms. The herbicide glyphosate is the most used active ingredient in the world and in Switzerland. In the Lavaux vineyards it is nearly the only molecule applied. This work aimed at studying its fate in soils and its transfer to surface waters, using a multi-scale approach: from molecular (10-9 m) and microscopic scales (10-6 m), to macroscopic (m) and landscape ones (103 m). First of all, an analytical method was developed for the trace level quantification of this widely used herbicide and its main by-product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Due to their polar nature, their derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was done prior to their concentration and purification by solid phase extraction. They were then analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was tested in different aqueous matrices with spiking tests and validated for the matrix effect correction in relevant environmental samples. Calibration curves established between 10 and 1000ng/l showed r2 values above 0.989, mean recoveries varied between 86 and 133% and limits of detection and quantification of the method were as low as 5 and 10ng/l respectively. At the parcel scale, two parcels of the Lavaux vineyard area, located near the Lutrive River at 6km to the east of Lausanne, were monitored to assess to which extent glyphosate and AMPA were retained in the soil or exported to surface waters. They were equipped at their bottom with porous ceramic cups and runoff collectors, which allowed retrieving water samples for the growing seasons 2010 and 2011. Results revealed that the mobility of glyphosate and AMPA in the unsaturated zone was likely driven by the precipitation regime and the soil characteristics, such as slope, porosity structure and layer permeability discrepancy. Elevated glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were measured at 60 and 80 cm depth at parcel bottoms, suggesting their infiltration in the upper parts of the parcels and the presence of preferential flow in the studied parcels. Indeed, the succession of rainy days induced the gradual saturation of the soil porosity, leading to rapid infiltration through macropores, as well as surface runoff formation. Furthermore, the presence of more impervious weathered marls at 100 cm depth induced throughflows, the importance of which for the lateral transport of the herbicide molecules was determined by the slope steepness. Important rainfall events (>10 mm/day) were clearly exporting molecules from the soil top layer, as indicated by important concentrations in runoff samples. A mass balance showed that total loss (10-20%) mainly occurred through surface runoff (96%) and, to a minor extent, by throughflows in soils (4%), with subsequent exfiltration to surface waters. Observations made in the Lutrive River revealed interesting details of glyphosate and AMPA dynamics in urbanized landscapes, such as the Lavaux vineyards. Indeed, besides their physical and chemical properties, herbicide dynamics at the catchment level strongly depend on application rates, precipitation regime, land use and also on the presence of drains or constructed channels. Elevated concentrations, up to 4970 ng/l, observed just after the application, confirmed the diffuse export of these compounds from the vineyard area by surface runoff during main rain events. From April to September 2011, a total load of 7.1 kg was calculated, with 85% coming from vineyards and minor urban sources and 15% from arable crops. Small vineyard surfaces could generate high concentrations of herbicides and contribute considerably to the total load calculated at the outlet, due to their steep slopes (~10%). The extrapolated total amount transferred yearly from the Lavaux vineyards to the Lake of Geneva was of 190kg. At the molecular scale, the possible involvement of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in glyphosate and copper transport was studied using UV/Vis fluorescence spectroscopy. Combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, this technique allowed characterizing DOM of soil and surface water samples from the studied vineyard area. Glyphosate concentrations were linked to the fulvic-like spectroscopic signature of DOM in soil water samples, as well as to copper, suggesting the formation of ternary complexes. In surface water samples, its concentrations were also correlated to copper ones, but not in a significant way to the fulvic-like signature. Quenching experiments with standards confirmed field tendencies in the laboratory, with a stronger decrease in fluorescence intensity for fulvic-like fluorophore than for more aromatic ones. Lastly, based on maximum concentrations measured in the river, an environmental risk for these compounds was assessed, using laboratory tests and ecotoxicity data from the literature. In our case and with the methodology applied, the risk towards aquatic species was found negligible (RF<1).

Bone mineral density in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant letrozole, tamoxifen, or sequences of letrozole and tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 study (SAKK 21/07).

BACKGROUND: The risk of osteoporosis and fracture influences the selection of adjuvant endocrine therapy. We analyzed bone mineral density (BMD) in Swiss patients of the Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 trial [treatment arms: A, tamoxifen (T) for 5 years; B, letrozole (L) for 5 years; C, 2 years of T followed by 3 years of L; D, 2 years of L followed by 3 years of T]. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) results were retrospectively collected. Patients without DXA served as control group. Repeated measures models using covariance structures allowing for different times between DXA were used to estimate changes in BMD. Prospectively defined covariates were considered as fixed effects in the multivariable models. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-one of 546 patients had one or more DXA with 577 lumbar and 550 hip measurements. Weight, height, prior hormone replacement therapy, and hysterectomy were positively correlated with BMD; the correlation was negative for letrozole arms (B/C/D versus A), known osteoporosis, time on trial, age, chemotherapy, and smoking. Treatment did not influence the occurrence of osteoporosis (T score < -2.5 standard deviation). CONCLUSIONS: All aromatase inhibitor regimens reduced BMD. The sequential schedules were as detrimental for bone density as L monotherapy.

Effect of once-yearly zoledronic acid five milligrams on fracture risk and change in femoral neck bone mineral density.

CONTEXT: In the Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly - Pivotal Fracture Trial (HORIZON-PFT), zoledronic acid (ZOL) 5 mg significantly reduced fracture risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with greater efficacy during ZOL 5 mg treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We conducted a subgroup analysis (preplanned and post hoc) of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 36-month trial in 7765 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Intervention: A single infusion of ZOL 5 mg or placebo was administered at baseline, 12, and 24 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary endpoints were new vertebral fracture and hip fracture. Secondary endpoints were nonvertebral fracture and change in femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). Baseline risk factor subgroups were age, BMD T-score and vertebral fracture status, total hip BMD, race, weight, geographical region, smoking, height loss, history of falls, physical activity, prior bisphosphonates, creatinine clearance, body mass index, and concomitant osteoporosis medications. RESULTS: Greater ZOL induced effects on vertebral fracture risk were seen with younger age (treatment-by-subgroup interaction, P = 0.05), normal creatinine clearance (P = 0.04), and body mass index >or= 25 kg/m(2) (P = 0.02). There were no significant treatment-factor interactions for hip or nonvertebral fracture or for change in BMD. CONCLUSIONS: ZOL appeared more effective in preventing vertebral fracture in younger women, overweight/obese women, and women with normal renal function. ZOL had similar effects irrespective of fracture risk factors or femoral neck BMD.

Silver-base metal epithermal vein and listwaenite types of deposit Crnac, Rogozna Mts., Kosovo. Part I: Ore mineral geochemistry and sulfur isotope study

Pb-Zn-Ag vein and listwaenite types of mineralization in Crnac deposit, Western Vardar zone, were deposited within several stages: (i) the pre-ore stage comprises pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, quartz, kaolinite and is followed by magnetite-pyrite; (ii) the syn-ore stage is composed of galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite and stefanite; and (iii) the post-ore stage is composed of carbonates, pyrite, arsenopyrite and minor galena. The vein type mineralization is hosted by Jurassic amphibolites and veins terminate within overlying serpentinites. Mineralized listwaenites are developed along the serpentinite-amphibolite interface. The reserves are estimated to 1.7 Mt of ore containing in average 7.6% lead, 2.9% zinc, and 102 g/t silver. Sulfides from the pre- and syn-mineralization assemblage of the vein- and listwaenite-types of mineralization from the Crnac Pb-Zn-Ag deposit have been analyzed using microprobe, crush-leachates and sulfur isotopes. The pre-ore assemblage precipitated under high sulfur fugacities (f(S(2)) = 10(-8)-10(-6) bar) from temperatures ranging between 350 degrees C and 380 degrees C. Most likely water-rock reactions, boiling and/or increase of pH caused an increase of delta(34)S of pyrite toward upper levels within the deposit. The decomposition of pre-ore pyrrhotite to a pyrite-magnetite mixture occurred at a fugacity of sulfur from f(S(2)) = 8.7 x 10(-10) to 9.6 x 10(-9) bar and fugacity of oxygen from f(O(2)) = 2.4 x 10(-30) to 3.1 x 10(-28) bars, indicating a contribution of an oxidizing fluid, i.e. meteoric water during pre-ore stages of hydrothermal activity. The crystallization temperatures obtained by the sphalerite-galena isotope geothermometer range from 230 to 310 degrees C. The delta(34)S values of pre- and syn-ore sulfides (pyrite, galena, sphalerite, delta(34)S = 0.3-5.9 parts per thousand) point to magmatic sulfur. Values of delta(34)S of galena and sphalerite are decreasing upwards due to precipitation of early formed sulfide minerals. Post-ore assemblage precipitated at temperature below 190 degrees C. Based on data presented above, we assume two fluid sources: (i) a magmatic source, supported by sulfur isotopic compositions within pre- and syn-ore minerals and a high mol% of fluorine found within pre- and syn-ore leachates, and (ii) a meteoric source, deduced by coincident pyrite-magnetite intergrowth, sulfur isotopic trends within syn-ore minerals and decrease of crystallization temperatures from the pre-ore stage (380-350 degrees C), towards the syn-ore (310-215 degrees C) and post-ore stages (<190 degrees C). Post-ore fluids are Na-Ca-Mg-K-Li chlorine rich and were modified via water-rock reactions. Simple mineral assemblage and sphalerite composition range from 1.5 to 10.1 mol% of FeS catalog Crnac to a group of intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estabilidade de agregados e distribuição de carbono e nutrientes em Argissolo sob adubação orgânica e mineral

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre a estabilidade de agregados e a distribuição de C, N e P, em classes de agregados de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Os tratamentos consistiram de 0 e 40 m³ ha-1 por ano de adubação orgânica e de 0, 250 e 500 kg ha-1 de adubação mineral N-P-K da fórmula 4-14-8. Uma área sob floresta atlântica foi utilizada como referência. Amostras foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Houve predomínio da classe de agregados entre 4 e 2 mm, que correspondeu a 39,7% do total de agregados separados por via seca no tratamento com composto orgânico. Os teores de C orgânico total para adubação orgânica foram 17,5 e 36,7% maiores para as classes 4-2 e 0,105-0,25 mm. A adubação orgânica contribuiu para teores de N e P totais de 43 e 38,7% (0-10 cm) e 35,4 e 36,8% (10-20 cm), maiores que os dos tratamentos sem adubo orgânico. A relação carbono/nitrogênio se manteve constante entre as classes de agregados de um mesmo tratamento, enquanto a de carbono/fósforo reduziu com o uso de adubo orgânico ou mineral, em relação à mata nativa. Os índices de estabilidade de agregados se correlacionaram positivamente aos teores de carbono orgânico total da classe 4-2 mm.