Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Female Genital Tract: a Case-Based Imaging Review with Pathological Correlation

BACKGROUND: Both primary and secondary gynaecological neuroendocrine (NE) tumours are uncommon, and the literature is scarce concerning their imaging features. METHODS: This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical and imaging features with pathological correlation of gynaecological NE tumours. RESULTS: The clinical features of gynaecological NE tumours are non-specific and depend on the organ of origin and on the extension and aggressiveness of the disease. The imaging approach to these tumours is similar to that for other histological types and the Revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Staging System also applies to NE tumours. Neuroendocrine tumours were recently divided into two groups: poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). NECs include small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, while NETs account for typical and atypical carcinoids. Cervical small cell carcinoma and ovarian carcinoid are the most common gynaecological NE tumours. The former typically behaves aggressively; the latter usually behaves in a benign fashion and tends to be confined to the organ. CONCLUSION: While dealing with ovarian carcinoids, extra-ovarian extension, bilaterality and multinodularity raise the suspicion of metastatic disease. NE tumours of the endometrium and other gynaecological locations are very rare. TEACHING POINTS: • Primary or secondary neurondocrine (NE) tumours of the female genital tract are rare. • Cervical small cell carcinoma and ovarian carcinoids are the most common gynaecological NE tumours. • Cervical small cell carcinomas usually behave aggressively. • Ovarian carcinoids tend to behave in a benign fashion. • The imaging approach to gynaecological NE tumours and other histological types is similar.

The Impact of Multifocal Intraocular Lens in Retinal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography

Multifocal intraocular lenses (MF IOLs) have concentric optical zones with different dioptric power, enabling patients to have good visual acuity at multiple focal points. However, several optical limitations have been attributed to this particular design. The purpose of this study is to access the effect of MF IOLs design on the accuracy of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cross-sectional study conducted at the Refractive Surgery Department of Central Lisbon Hospital Center. Twenty-three eyes of 15 patients with a diffractive MF IOL and 27 eyes of 15 patients with an aspheric monofocal IOL were included in this study. All patients underwent OCT macular scans using Heidelberg Spectralis®. Macular thickness and volume values and image quality (Q factor) were compared between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding macular thickness or volume measurements. Retinal OCT image quality was significantly lower in the MF IOL group (p < 0.01). MF IOLs are associated with a significant decrease in OCT image quality. However, this fact does not seem to compromise the accuracy of spectral domain OCT retinal measurements.

Prostate Cancer: The Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been increasingly used for detection, localization and staging of prostate cancer over the last years. It combines high-resolution T2 Weighted-Imaging and at least two functional techniques, which include Dynamic Contrast–Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy. Although the combined use of a pelvic phased-array and an Endorectal Coil is considered the state-of-the-art for Magnetic Resonance Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer, Endorectal Coil is only absolute mandatory for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectroscopy at 1.5 T. Sensitivity and specificity levels in cancer detection and localization have been improving with functional technique implementation, compared to T2 Weighted-Imaging alone. It has been particularly useful to evaluate patients with abnormal PSA and negative biopsy. Moreover, the information added by the functional techniques may correlate to cancer aggressiveness and therefore be useful to select patients for focal radiotherapy, prostate sparing surgery, focal ablative therapy and active surveillance. However, more studies are needed to compare the functional techniques and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This article reviews the basic principles of prostatic mp-Magnetic Resonance Imaging, emphasizing its role on detection, staging and active surveillance of prostate cancer.

Post-Treated Prostate Cancer: Normal Findings and Signs of Local Relapse on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) for prostate cancer has increased over recent years, mainly for detection, staging, and active surveillance. However, suspicion of recurrence in the set of biochemical failure is becoming a significant reason for clinicians to request mp-MRI. Radiologists should be able to recognize the normal post-treatment MRI findings. Fibrosis and atrophic remnant seminal vesicles after prostatectomy are often found and must be differentiated from local relapse. Moreover, brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy, cryosurgery, and hormonal therapy tend to diffusely decrease the signal intensity of the peripheral zone on T2-weighted images (T2WI) due to the loss of water content, consequently mimicking tumor and hemorrhage. The combination of T2WI and functional studies like diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced improves the identification of local relapse. Tumor recurrence tends to restrict on diffusion images and avidly enhances after contrast administration either within or outside the gland. The authors provide a pictorial review of the normal findings and the signs of local tumor relapse after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, and hormonal therapy.

Estudos sobre a epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no estado do Ceará - Brasil VI - estudos em uma micro-área de russas

Do Ceará, estado com problema de Doença de Chagas, Russas tem recebido a maior soma de investigações, verificando-se 11,6% de infecção humana, em 1959. Recentemente foram examinados cães, gatos e outros animais encontrando-se altas taxas de infecção. Selecionou-se, na presente pesquisa, uma micro-área (Fazenda Boa Vista) na região, onde haviam sido antes examinados 52 cães e 21 gatos, com 11 cães e 10 gatos positivos. Foram examinados mais 12 cães e 10 gatos, com 1 e 5 positivos, respectivamente, elevando-se a taxa de positividade global para 29,5%. Nessa micro-área foram examinados 125 pessoas pela RFC e pelo xenodiagnóstico, encontrando-se uma positividade de 7,2%. Desses positivos, 55% residem em casas com animal positivo, sendo que duas casas apresentaram duas pessoas positivas cada. Do total de xenos somente dois foram positivos. Na micro-área foram capturados 405 triatomíneos, com 27,7% positivos, dentro e fora das casas (galinheiros, currais, paredes externas, telheiros e alpendres). A espécie prevalente é o Triatoma brasiliensis (93,5%), encontrada dentro das casas (52,8%) com taxa de infecção de 30,2% e fora das casas (47,2%) com 24,6% de infecção. No total da região examinada na pesquisa anterior, as taxas de infecção foram 19,6% dentro das casas e 21,8% fora. A segunda espécie é o T. pseudomaculata (5,4%), encontrado mais fora das casas (72,8%) e infectado 25%. Foram capturados 8 exemplares de P. megistus sempre fora das casas, sendo 4 na micro-área; 5 exemplares estavam infectados. Na micro-área, tal como em 2 outras áreas da região, foram encontrados roedores domésticos e marsupiais com T. cruzi: 4 em 10 Rattus rattus e 1 em 3 Didelphis azarae, tal como já havia sido verificado por um dos AA. em outras áreas do Estado. Conclui-se pela existência de um dinâmico ciclo doméstico e paradoméstico de circulação do T. cruzi na micro-área, com abundantes oportunidades de infecção do homem e dos animais domésticos.

Pancreatic Involvement by Plasma Cell Neoplasms

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic involvement by plasma cell neoplasms is an extremely rare event, with only 50 cases described in the literature. They can present as a primary solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma or plasmacytoma secondary to a plasma cell myeloma. Clinical manifestations are due to the presence of a pancreatic mass usually in the pancreas head, which causes extra-biliary obstruction and abdominal pain. METHODS: Abdominal imaging including CT scan or endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration tissue sampling is essential for the initial diagnostic procedure. However, immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsy specimen or flow cytometry of the aspirated material is crucial to prove the monoclonality and the final diagnosis of a plasma cell neoplasm. DISCUSSION: Management of these situations include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery or combined therapy. Novel medications including the immunomodulatory drugs or the proteasome inhibitors followed by consolidation with intensive chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation are nowadays used as upfront treatment in the cases associated to a plasma cell myeloma. CONCLUSION: Despite the rarity, plasma cell neoplasms should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic neoplasms since they are potentially treatable situations.

Calibration, selection and mosaicing of SMART-1 AMIE images

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Imunobiossensores capacitivos interdigitais com camadas sensíveis micro e nano-estruturadas

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Dependence of IVIM-DWI estimations on acquisition parameters

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica

Durability aspects related to rubble stone masonry walls strengthened with reinforced micro-concrete layers

International Seminar on Seismic Risk and Rehabilitation of Stone Masonry Housing, Azores, Portugal, 1998

Study of nuclear reactions relevant for astrophysics by Micro-AMS

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Física

Geospatial assessment of pest-induced forest damage through the use of UAV-bases NIR imaging and Gi-technology

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Corruption and Education: Empirical evidence from cross-country micro-data

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Barriers to micro-enterprise development

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics