Avaliação de parâmetros de ultrafiltração de suco de banana

A técnica de ultrafiltração foi empregada no processamento de suco de banana (Musa sapientum, shum.) visando sua clarificação e remoção da polifenoloxidase. O módulo consistiu de uma célula plana, com escoamento transversal e 14,6cm² de área de membrana. Em função do peso molecular da enzima foram utilizadas duas membranas poliméricas de poli(éter-sulfona) com pesos moleculares de corte de 10 e 30kDa. O suco clarificado apresentou coloração amarela, elevada translucidez e aspecto atrativo. A membrana com peso molecular de corte de 30kDa apresentou um fluxo permeado superior ao da membrana de 10kDa. A atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase foi reduzida em 97,5 e 96,2% para as membranas de peso molecular de corte de 10 e 30kDa, respectivamente. O emprego de uma etapa de limpeza com solução cloro-alcalina permitiu a recuperação do fluxo permeado inicial, sendo um indicativo da possibilidade de reutilização da membrana.

Influência da temperatura no comportamento reológico da polpa de jabuticaba

O comportamento reológico em estado estacionário e dinâmico da polpa de jabuticaba foi estudado em diferentes temperaturas (5, 25, 45, 65 e 85 °C). As amostras foram submetidas a ensaios em estado estacionário (0 a 300 s-1) para o ajuste dos diferentes modelos de escoamento. O modelo de Herschel-Bulkley foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais, no qual se observou a redução do índice de consistência (k) e um leve aumento do índice de comportamento de escoamento (n) com o aumento da temperatura. Ensaios oscilatórios, com valores de tensão dentro do intervalo linear, foram realizados para obtenção dos espectros mecânicos. As amostras analisadas a 5 °C apresentaram maior módulo de armazenamento (G'), indicando uma maior interação entre as partículas a esta temperatura, o que contribui para o fortalecimento da rede elástica. A polpa analisada a 45 °C não apresentou a mesma tendência que as outras temperaturas, o que pode ser um indício do início da estruturação da pectina natural presente na polpa.

Estabilidade oxidativa de óleo de peixe encapsulado em diferentes tipos de embalagem em condição ambiente

Os óleos de peixes de clima frio têm atraído a atenção do consumidor graças à presença de ácidos graxos ômega três de cadeia longa. São uma rica fonte de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, EPA e DHA, de ação hipocolesterolêmica reconhecida, que reduz sua estabilidade oxidativa, podendo comprometer a qualidade e funcionalidade. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a estabilidade de óleo de peixe em cápsulas de gelatina moles acondicionadas em diferentes tipos de embalagens: metade das cápsulas em blísters e metade em frascos. A emblistagem foi realizada com os filmes de policlorotrifluoroetileno (PCTFE), comercializado sob o nome Aclar Rx 160 (15 μm), cloreto de polivinilideno (PVDC-60 gsm²) e policloreto de vinila (PVC-250 μm), perfazendo três tratamentos. A outra metade das cápsulas foi acondicionada em frascos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com e sem sachês de sílica e de vidro de cor âmbar. Cada embalagem continha 60 cápsulas que foram armazenadas em triplicata à temperatura ambiente por 12 meses. O óleo foi analisado a cada 28 dias quanto ao índice de acidez, de peróxido e absortividade em 232 e 270 nm. A composição em ácidos graxos, especialmente quanto aos teores de EPA e DHA, foi determinada. A embalagem que apresentou as maiores alterações na qualidade do óleo foi o filme de PVC. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com os frascos de PEAD com dessecante de sílica. Os teores de DHA e EPA mantiveram-se estáveis em todas as amostras.

Desempenho do processo de concentração de extratos de própolis por nanofiltração

A própolis é um produto natural de interesse devido às suas importantes características funcionais. A nanofiltração foi testada para a concentração do extrato proveniente da própolis verde, partindo-se de extratos alcoólico e aquoso. Foi utilizada uma membrana em módulo espiral, de massa molar de corte média entre 150 e 300 g.mol-1. Avaliou-se a influência da variação de pressão, temperatura e velocidade tangencial no fluxo de permeado, e a ocorrência de histerese na membrana. Obteve-se fluxo médio de permeado de 12,0 L/h.m² para a solução alcoólica e de 25,0 L/h.m² para a aquosa. A pressão foi acrescida gradativamente de 2,0 a 5,0 bar, proporcionando variação diretamente proporcional no fluxo de permeado e também no fouling, chegando a 32% em 5,0 bar. O fluxo de permeado foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura e da velocidade tangencial. A histerese foi medida a 30 e 40 ºC, demonstrando a característica elástica e reversível da membrana. A eficiência do processo foi medida através das taxas de retenção de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos, obtendo-se retenção de flavonoides de aproximadamente 99% para a solução aquosa e 90% para a solução alcoólica e de compostos fenólicos de cerca de 80 e 24% para soluções aquosa e alcoólica, respectivamente.

Cómo planear la producción al crear tu empresa

Bogotá Emprende

Observatorio de las exportaciones: Percepción de los industriales de Bogotá sobre su actividad exportadora. Julio de 2004 - Julio de 2006. N. 12. Noviembre de 2006

Gestión del conocimiento

Observatorio de las exportaciones: percepción de los industriales de Bogotá sobre su actividad exportadora, 2005- 2007. No.15 Abril de 2008

Gestión del conocimiento

Dual-frequency dual-polarized slot -coupled compact microstrip antenna for communication system

A new design of' a dual-frequency dual-polarized square microsh'ip antenna fed along the diagonal, embedded with a square slot having three extended stubs for frequency tuning, is introduced. The proposed antenna was fabricated using a standard photolithographic method and the antenna was tested using the HP 3510(:; Vector Network Analyser. The antenna is capable of generating dual resonant frequencies with mutually perpendicular polarizations and broad radiation pattern characteristics. Such dual-frequency designs find wide applications in personal mobile handsets combining GSM and CDS 1800 modes, and applications in which different frequencies are used for emission and reception such as personal satellite communications and cellular network systems.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACT ASYMMETRIC COPLANAR STRIP FED ANTENNAS

Antennas are indispensable component of any wireless communication device. An antenna is a transducer between the transmitter and the free space waves and vice versa. They efficiently transfer electromagnetic energy from a transmission line into free space. But the present day communication applications require compact and ultra wide band designs which cannot be catered by simple microstrip based designs. PIFAs have solved the problem to some extend, but the field of antennas needs more innovative designs In this thesis the design and development of compact planner antenna are presented. Emphasis is given to the design of the feed as well as the radiator resulting in simple compact uniplanar geometries. The Asymmetric coplanar feed used to excite the antennas is found to be a suitable choice for feeding compact antennas.The main objectives of the study are the design of compact single, dual and multi band antennas with uniplanar structure and extension of the design for practical GSM/WLAN applications and Ultra compact antennas using the above techniques and extension of the design to antennas for practical applications like RFID/DVB-H. All the above objectives are thoroughly studied. Antennas with ultra compact dimensions are obtained as a result of the study. Simple equations are provided to design antennas with the required characteristics. The design equations are verified by designing different antennas for different applications.

Design Techniques for Sigmadelta based ADC for Wireless Applications

Analog-to digital Converters (ADC) have an important impact on the overall performance of signal processing system. This research is to explore efficient techniques for the design of sigma-delta ADC,specially for multi-standard wireless tranceivers. In particular, the aim is to develop novel models and algorithms to address this problem and to implement software tools which are avle to assist the designer's decisions in the system-level exploration phase. To this end, this thesis presents a framework of techniques to design sigma-delta analog to digital converters.A2-2-2 reconfigurable sigma-delta modulator is proposed which can meet the design specifications of the three wireless communication standards namely GSM,WCDMA and WLAN. A sigma-delta modulator design tool is developed using the Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) In MATLAB.Genetic Algorithm(GA) based search method is introduced to find the optimum value of the scaling coefficients and to maximize the dynamic range in a sigma-delta modulator.

A Beacon based Localization System for Autonomous Mobile Robots and its Applications in Traffic and Transport Control

ACCURATE sensing of vehicle position and attitude is still a very challenging problem in many mobile robot applications. The mobile robot vehicle applications must have some means of estimating where they are and in which direction they are heading. Many existing indoor positioning systems are limited in workspace and robustness because they require clear lines-of-sight or do not provide absolute, driftfree measurements.The research work presented in this dissertation provides a new approach to position and attitude sensing system designed specifically to meet the challenges of operation in a realistic, cluttered indoor environment, such as that of an office building, hospital, industrial or warehouse. This is accomplished by an innovative assembly of infrared LED source that restricts the spreading of the light intensity distribution confined to a sheet of light and is encoded with localization and traffic information. This Digital Infrared Sheet of Light Beacon (DISLiB) developed for mobile robot is a high resolution absolute localization system which is simple, fast, accurate and robust, without much of computational burden or significant processing. Most of the available beacon's performance in corridors and narrow passages are not satisfactory, whereas the performance of DISLiB is very encouraging in such situations. This research overcomes most of the inherent limitations of existing systems.The work further examines the odometric localization errors caused by over count readings of an optical encoder based odometric system in a mobile robot due to wheel-slippage and terrain irregularities. A simple and efficient method is investigated and realized using an FPGA for reducing the errors. The detection and correction is based on redundant encoder measurements. The method suggested relies on the fact that the wheel slippage or terrain irregularities cause more count readings from the encoder than what corresponds to the actual distance travelled by the vehicle.The application of encoded Digital Infrared Sheet of Light Beacon (DISLiB) system can be extended to intelligent control of the public transportation system. The system is capable of receiving traffic status input through a GSM (Global System Mobile) modem. The vehicles have infrared receivers and processors capable of decoding the information, and generating the audio and video messages to assist the driver. The thesis further examines the usefulness of the technique to assist the movement of differently-able (blind) persons in indoor or outdoor premises of his residence.The work addressed in this thesis suggests a new way forward in the development of autonomous robotics and guidance systems. However, this work can be easily extended to many other challenging domains, as well.

Decimation Filter Design Toolbox for Multi-Standard Wireless Transceivers using MATLAB.

The demand for new telecommunication services requiring higher capacities, data rates and different operating modes have motivated the development of new generation multi-standard wireless transceivers. A multi-standard design often involves extensive system level analysis and architectural partitioning, typically requiring extensive calculations. In this research, a decimation filter design tool for wireless communication standards consisting of GSM, WCDMA, WLANa, WLANb, WLANg and WiMAX is developed in MATLAB® using GUIDE environment for visual analysis. The user can select a required wireless communication standard, and obtain the corresponding multistage decimation filter implementation using this toolbox. The toolbox helps the user or design engineer to perform a quick design and analysis of decimation filter for multiple standards without doing extensive calculation of the underlying methods.

Current Trends in Wireless Networking

Current Trends in Wireless Networking. DigitalLibrary@CUSAT. ...

Design of a Compact Multiband Microstrip Antenna

A compact microstrip multiband antenna on a modified ground plane which can operate over the bands starting from 900 MHz to 5.35 GHz which includes the GSM (880-960) GPS (1568-1592 MHz), DCS (1710-1880 MHz), and PCS (1850- 1990 MHz). UMTS (1920-2170 MHz), IEEE 802.11 b/g (2400- 2484) and WLAN IEEE 802.11a band (5.15-5.35) is reported in this paper. The overall dimension of the antenna is 33 x 33 mm2 including the top patch with a dimension 22 x 22 mm2. The experimental results of the antenna are presented in this paper. The results confirm that the antenna exhibits wide band characteristics and covers 7 bands of operation

A Novel Planar Fractal Antenna with CPW-Feed for Multiband Applications

In this paper, a multiband antenna using a novel fractal design is presented. The antenna structure is formed by inscribing a hexagonal slot within a circle. This base structure is then scaled and arranged within the hexagon along its sides without touching the outer structure. The proposed CPW fed, low profile antenna offers good performance in the 1.65 – 2.59 GHz, 4.16 – 4.52 GHz and 5.54 – 6.42 GHz bands and is suitable for GSM 1800/1900, Bluetooth, IMT advanced systems and upper WLAN applications. The antenna has been fabricated on a substrate of height 1.6 mm and εr = 4.4 and simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement