Revisión de la literatura científica sobre publicidad de medicamentos de venta libre y comportamiento del consumidor

El consumo de medicamentos es un asunto que actualmente se ha convertido en una preocupación a nivel global, ya que no todos los medicamentos están sujetos a prescripción médica, y esto implica que su consumo dependa de otras fuentes de información, como la publicidad masiva o el consejo de personas legas, entre otros. Esta revisión se basó en la publicidad y el impacto que tiene esta frente al consumidor. La presente revisión se dividió en dos categorías dado la relevancia del tema, en la primera se encuentra las características de los medicamentos de venta libre donde se evidenció cómo funciona el sector de la industria farmacéutica, las características de los medicamentos en general y los riesgos del abuso de este comportamiento. Así mismo, en la segunda categoria se habló sobre la publicidad y mercadeo de ventas libres donde se evidenció el alto impacto que tiene la publicidad en el consumidor, las restricciones que hay en el contexto nacional e internacional.

O SERTÃO NA LITERATURA NACIONAL: O EXPANSIONISMO DO PROJETO MODERNIZADOR NA FORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL BRASILEIRA

Consoante Moraes (2009), o sertão não é um lugar (materialidade terrestre localizável, passível de ser delimitada e cartografada), mas uma condição (um qualificativo básico imposto, implicando no processo de valoração de determinadas condições locacionais): inerente a ele notam-se, ao longo da história, diferentes discursos valorativos referentes ao espaço (ideologias geográficas), em geral, mas não necessariamente, negativos. Assim, nada ingênuo, o sertão designa, portanto, um qualificativo dos lugares, sempre acompanhado de projetos (povoador, civilizador, modernizador), com vistas à incorporação na economia nacional. Destarte, pautado nos referenciais da História do Pensamento Geográfico e da Geografia Histórica, o objetivo do presente trabalho será analisar como a ideia de sertão é construída discursivamente ao longo de diversas obras da literatura brasileira – considerando os literatos como intelectuais e indivíduos expressivos (GOLDMANN, 1979) –, relacionando-a com os projetos de formação e modernização do território, em vários períodos históricos.

HACIA UNA GEOGRAFÍA JURÍDICA EN AMÉRICA LATINA: SOBRE LA DIMENSIÓN MÍTICA DE LAS RELACIONES DERECHO-TERRITORIO.

La relación entre espacio y derecho ha sido poco explorada. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han desarrollado trabajos interesantes al respecto. El presente trabajo busca ser una contribución a dicha discusión, buscando romper con el desdén por explicar los fenómenos jurídicos de manera seria, con sus implicaciones teóricas y epistemológicas tanto para la geografía y el derecho, como para las demás ciencias sociales, fomentando así su diálogo. El objetivo es mostrar la compleja relación entre derecho y espacio, adentrándonos en una dimensión poco explorada por la geografía y estudios sociojurídicos: la dimensión mítica del derecho, sobretodo, en cuanto a su relación con la construcción de los territorios nacionales. Se analizará la literatura especializada tanto para el derecho, extrayendo sus implicaciones “territoriales”, como para el territorio, encontrando sus implicaciones “jurídicas”, para contrastarlos con la mitología jurídica, comentando brevemente dos casos para México y Brasil. Se utiliza la categoría de “mito jurídico” y su ciclo producción-recepción-reproducción, pero sobretodo su transformación, como instrumento analítico para desvanecer la dicotomía realidad/representación, como propuesta epistemológica para crear una geografía de las ideas, que lejos de tomarlas como simples “reflejos”, “aspectos simbólicos” o “representaciones” de la realidad, las considere como auténticas prácticas materiales.

LITERATURA COMPARDA: VISÕES TEÓRICAS E PRÁTICAS DESDE UMA PERSPECTIVA BRASILEIRA

RESUMO: Ao partir da instituição da disciplina Literatura Comparada na França, nas primeiras décadas do século XIX, buscamos refletir nesse texto sobre a prática comparatista sob suas primeiras diretrizes. Essas diretrizes estabeleciam como primordial os estudos sistemático que buscavam estabelecer as relações de fontes, influências e filiações que se revelassem presentes nas produções dos grandes literatos, assim como as discussões em torno dos conceitos de literatura individual, nacional e universal. A transposição dessa prática ao contexto peculiar da América Latina exigiu adequações e reestruturações nessas diretrizes já que nesse contexto histórico, político, social e cultural post-colonialista a instituição da disciplina e a prática que com ela se instala necessitaram de uma nova base teórica. Apontamos, assim, algumas das principais contribuições de estudiosos brasileiros às novas bases teóricas que orientam a Literatura Comparada na América Latina, especialmente no Brasil.

CULTURA, PÓS-COLONIALISMO E AMÉRICA LATINA/CARIBE

O autor apresenta reflexões sobre a literatura latino-americana e, em especial, as investigações brasileiras sobre a literatura e seu contexto social, iniciativas que produziram uma literatura extensa a partir da qual a teoria pós-colonial latino-americana e brasileira, já sistematizada e desenvolvida, poderia ser mais elaborada. Nesse contexto, a Antropologia, a História e a Sociologia brasileiras exibem um grande número de volumes que tratam de colonialismo, violência, cultura, miscigenação, diáspora, identidade, alteridade, escravidão, memória, racismo, ou seja, temas fundamentais para os estudos literários.

A LITERATURA ENTRE FRONTEIRAS: UM ESTUDO PELA PERSPECTIVA SEMIÓTICA DE GREIMAS.

Resumo: Partimos da ideia de que a semiótica greimasiana ajuda o leitor a entender o universo narrativo, neste artigo pretendemos fazer uma breve análise, visando a depreender o processo de valorização criativa, temática e figurativa na construção de narrativas literárias produzidas em zona fronteiriça por literatas de uma poética aqui nomenclaturada de literatura fronteiriça. Integram nesse estudo algumas propostas literárias que se desenvolvem tanto na fronteira brasileira, como na fronteira boliviana. A análise tem como base a semiótica francesa de Algirdas Julien Greimas. Focalizam-se, portanto as obras da fronteira, América Latina; Brasil-Bolívia, com um olhar sobre o ficcional fronteiriço como instrumento facilitador do entendimento desta literatura de fronteira e suas conexões significativas.    Palavras-chave: Semiótica francesa; Literatura de fronteira, Identidade; América Latina.

A Memória Coletiva Como Espaço da Literatura Infantojuvenil: O Diabo, Um Personagem Literário Popular nos Contos Infantis

A partir do século XVII, inúmeros autores, como os irmãos Grimm e Hans Christian Andersen, pesquisaram e, posteriormente, publicaram histórias baseadas no folclore popular europeu. Como o período em que tais fenômenos ocorreram converge com o nascimento da família burguesa, que redirecionou a visão acerca da criança, as histórias produzidas por esses autores acabaram por ser adaptadas ao universo infantil. A figura do diabo fazia parte da memória coletiva europeia, sua presença é notadamente perceptível no ideário da Idade Média, logo, a inserção desse personagem em obras fictícias para crianças tornou-se comum nos enredos infantis da época. O artigo analisará, em alguns contos produzidos entre os séculos XVIII e XIX, as similitudes perceptíveis na criação do personagem, e comprovará seu caráter folclórico, bem como sua construção literária a partir de um denominador coletivo comum: a memória popular, que inspirou as primeiras histórias infantis, uma vez que o gênero antes de ocupar o espaço da escrita, esteve presente na memória dos povos e foi levada de geração a geração por meio da oralidade.

Medieval knights amid the gum-trees : the experience of European heritage tourism in south-east Queensland, Australia

This paper is interested in the way in which the heritage of another place, time, and culture is repurposed for popular consumption in an experience economy, as well as the way in which the visitors experience their own past and the past of others. We trace the processes of engagement, education and nostalgia that occur when the European heritage is presented in a postcolonial context and an Australian environment. The information presented includes the results of qualitative and quantitative research conducted at the Abbey Museum over the December-Jan. period of 2012-13.

Measurement of disordered eating in Latina college women

The Eating Disorder Risk Composite (EDRC) comprises the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, Third Edition (EDI-3, Garner, 2004). Past research conducted with Latina college women (LCW) has found older versions of the EDRC subscales to be reliable, but the EDI-3's EDRC factor structure has yet to be studied among LCW. The present study investigated the pattern of responses to and the factor structure of the EDRC in LCW. It was hypothesized that eating pathology would be present and that a factor analysiswould find some discrepancies between the original factor structure of the EDRC and the factor structure from LCW. Analyses of data on a 6-point Likert scale indicate that drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction are far more prevalent than is bulimic symptomology in LCW. Principal Axis Factoring with promax rotation was used to extract three factors very similar to the original EDRC. Some discrepancies in the item loadings were observed, most notably that half of the items from the original Body Dissatisfaction subscale did not load together on one factor. Overall, the EDRC appears to be a goodmeasurement of eating- and body-related phenomena among LCW. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Between Herbals et alia: Intertextuality in Medieval English Herbals

This study reports a corpus-based study of medieval English herbals, which are texts conveying information on medicinal plants. Herbals belong to the medieval medical register. The study charts intertextual parallels within the medieval genre, and between herbals and other contemporary medical texts. It seeks to answer questions where and how herbal texts are linked to each other, and to other medical writing. The theoretical framework of the study draws on intertextuality and genre studies, manuscript studies, corpus linguistics, and multi-dimensional text analysis. The method combines qualitative and quantitative analyses of textual material from three historical special-language corpora of Middle and Early Modern English, one of which was compiled for the purposes of this study. The text material contains over 800,000 words of medical texts. The time span of the material is from c. 1330 to 1550. Text material is retrieved from the corpora by using plant name lists as search criteria. The raw data is filtered through qualitative analysis which produces input for the quantitative analysis, multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). In MDS, the textual space that parallel text passages form is observed, and the observations are explained by a qualitative analysis. This study concentrates on evidence of material and structural intertextuality. The analysis shows patterns of affinity between the texts of the herbal genre, and between herbals and other texts in the medical register. Herbals are most closely linked with recipe collections and regimens of health: they comprise over 95 per cent of the intertextual links between herbals and other medical writing. Links to surgical texts, or to specialised medical texts are very few. This can be explained by the history of the herbal genre: as herbals carry information on medical ingredients, herbs, they are relevant for genres that are related to pharmacological therapy. Conversely, herbals draw material from recipe collections in order to illustrate the medicinal properties of the herbs they describe. The study points out the close relationship between medical recipes and recipe-like passages in herbals (recipe paraphrases). The examples of recipe paraphrases show that they may have been perceived as indirect instruction. Keywords: medieval herbals, early English medicine, corpus linguistics, intertextuality, manuscript studies

Conrad Summenhart's theory of individual rights and its medieval background

This study focuses on the theory of individual rights that the German theologian Conrad Summenhart (1455-1502) explicated in his massive work Opus septipartitum de contractibus pro foro conscientiae et theologico. The central question to be studied is: How does Summenhart understand the concept of an individual right and its immediate implications? The basic premiss of this study is that in Opus septipartitum Summenhart composed a comprehensive theory of individual rights as a contribution to the on-going medieval discourse on rights. With this rationale, the first part of the study concentrates on earlier discussions on rights as the background for Summenhart s theory. Special attention is paid to language in which right was defined in terms of power . In the fourteenth century writers like Hervaeus Natalis and William Ockham maintained that right signifies power by which the right-holder can to use material things licitly. It will also be shown how the attempts to describe what is meant by the term right became more specified and cultivated. Gerson followed the implications that the term power had in natural philosophy and attributed rights to animals and other creatures. To secure right as a normative concept, Gerson utilized the ancient ius suum cuique-principle of justice and introduced a definition in which right was seen as derived from justice. The latter part of this study makes effort to reconstructing Summenhart s theory of individual rights in three sections. The first section clarifies Summenhart s discussion of the right of the individual or the concept of an individual right. Summenhart specified Gerson s description of right as power, taking further use of the language of natural philosophy. In this respect, Summenhart s theory managed to bring an end to a particular continuity of thought that was centered upon a view in which right was understood to signify power to licit action. Perhaps the most significant feature of Summenhart s discussion was the way he explicated the implication of liberty that was present in Gerson s language of rights. Summenhart assimilated libertas with the self-mastery or dominion that in the economic context of discussion took the form of (a moderate) self-ownership. Summenhart discussion also introduced two apparent extensions to Gerson s terminology. First, Summenhart classified right as relation, and second, he equated right with dominion. It is distinctive of Summenhart s view that he took action as the primary determinant of right: Everyone has as much rights or dominion in regard to a thing, as much actions it is licit for him to exercise in regard to the thing. The second section elaborates Summenhart s discussion of the species dominion, which delivered an answer to the question of what kind of rights exist, and clarified thereby the implications of the concept of an individual right. The central feature in Summenhart s discussion was his conscious effort to systematize Gerson s language by combining classifications of dominion into a coherent whole. In this respect, his treatement of the natural dominion is emblematic. Summenhart constructed the concept of natural dominion by making use of the concepts of foundation (founded on a natural gift) and law (according to the natural law). In defining natural dominion as dominion founded on a natural gift, Summenhart attributed natural dominion to animals and even to heavenly bodies. In discussing man s natural dominion, Summenhart pointed out that the natural dominion is not sufficiently identified by its foundation, but requires further specification, which Summenhart finds in the idea that natural dominion is appropriate to the subject according to the natural law. This characterization lead him to treat God s dominion as natural dominion. Partly, this was due to Summenhart s specific understanding of the natural law, which made reasonableness as the primary criterion for the natural dominion at the expense of any metaphysical considerations. The third section clarifies Summenhart s discussion of the property rights defined by the positive human law. By delivering an account on juridical property rights Summenhart connected his philosophical and theological theory on rights to the juridical language of his times, and demonstrated that his own language of rights was compatible with current juridical terminology. Summenhart prepared his discussion of property rights with an account of the justification for private property, which gave private property a direct and strong natural law-based justification. Summenhart s discussion of the four property rights usus, usufructus, proprietas, and possession aimed at delivering a detailed report of the usage of these concepts in juridical discourse. His discussion was characterized by extensive use of the juridical source texts, which was more direct and verbal the more his discussion became entangled with the details of juridical doctrine. At the same time he promoted his own language on rights, especially by applying the idea of right as relation. He also showed recognizable effort towards systematizing juridical language related to property rights.

Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe 900-1200

Review of Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe, 900-1200 by Elizabeth van Houts (Toronto UP, 1999).