Parâmetros morfológicos para estabelecer tolerância diferencial à toxicidade de alumínio em cultivares de arroz

Dois experimentos em casa de vegetação foram conduzidos visando identificar parâmetros morfológicos ligados à tolerância ao alumínio (Al) e estabelecer a concentração de Al e o tempo de cultivo suficientes para a expressão da tolerância ao Al, em duas cultivares de arroz, em solução nutritiva. Plantas de determinado comprimento radicular máximo foram transferidas para solução nutritiva com quatro concentrações de Al (0, 80, 160 e 320 mimol L-¹), a pH 4,0. Em cada coleta, foram medidos o comprimento máximo radicular, área radicular, área foliar e massa seca de raízes e parte aérea. Apenas os parâmetros morfológicos ligados ao sistema radicular possibilitaram o reconhecimento da tolerância diferencial das cultivares; a elongação radicular relativa foi a medida mais sensível. Quatro dias de exposição ao Al foram suficientes para a detecção da tolerância diferencial por meio da elongação radicular relativa. Os procedimentos estabelecidos nos experimentos podem ser utilizados para a avaliação de um número maior de cultivares.

Embebição de sementes de soja em solução de fosfato de potássio

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a possibilidade de aumentar a concentração de fósforo e de potássio nas sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), cv. EMBRAPA 66, utilizando três métodos de embebição (contato com substrato úmido, imersão em solução e imersão em solução a vácuo) e as concentrações de KH2PO4: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mM. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (métodos de embebição x concentrações de solução), com quatro repetições. As determinações dos conteúdos de P e K nas sementes e as avaliações de germinação e vigor foram realizadas imediatamente após o procedimento e após a secagem. Os métodos da imersão e da imersão a vácuo proporcionam 14% de acúmulo de P nas sementes de soja. Os métodos de embebição e as concentrações de KH2PO4 não aumentam o teor de K das sementes de soja. O método do substrato úmido provoca menor prejuízo à qualidade fisiológica inicial das sementes. A secagem das sementes acentua os danos causados pelos métodos de imersão e imersão a vácuo.

Color differences among feral pigeons (Columba livia) are not attributable to sequence variation in the coding region of the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R)

Genetic variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is correlated with melanin color variation in many birds. Feral pigeons (Columba livia) show two major melanin-based colorations: a red coloration due to pheomelanic pigment and a black coloration due to eumelanic pigment. Furthermore, within each color type, feral pigeons display continuous variation in the amount of melanin pigment present in the feathers, with individuals varying from pure white to a full dark melanic color. Coloration is highly heritable and it has been suggested that it is under natural or sexual selection, or both. Our objective was to investigate whether MC1R allelic variants are associated with plumage color in feral pigeons.We sequenced 888 bp of the coding sequence of MC1R among pigeons varying both in the type, eumelanin or pheomelanin, and the amount of melanin in their feathers. We detected 10 non-synonymous substitutions and 2 synonymous substitution but none of them were associated with a plumage type. It remains possible that non-synonymous substitutions that influence coloration are present in the short MC1R fragment that we did not sequence but this seems unlikely because we analyzed the entire functionally important region of the gene.Our results show that color differences among feral pigeons are probably not attributable to amino acid variation at the MC1R locus. Therefore, variation in regulatory regions of MC1R or variation in other genes may be responsible for the color polymorphism of feral pigeons.

Flight, feeding and reproductive behavior of Phyllophaga cuyabana (Moser) (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) adults

Phyllophaga cuyabana is a univoltine species and its development occurs completely underground. Its control by conventional methods, such as chemical and biological insecticides, is difficult, so it is important to understand its dispersion, reproduction, and population behavior in order to determine best pest management strategies. The objective of this work was to study the behavior of adults of P. cuyabana. This study was carried out in the laboratory, greenhouse and field sites in Paraná State, Brazil (24º25' S and 52º48' W), during four seasons. The results obtained demonstrate that: a) P. cuyabana adults have a synchronized short-flight period when mating and reproduction occurs; b) adults tend to aggregate in specific sites for mating; c) the majority of adults left the soil on alternate nights; d) the choice of mating and oviposition sites was made by females before copulation, since after copulation adults did not fly from or bury themselves at nearby locations; e) females that fed on leaves after mating, oviposited more eggs than females that had not fed;f) plant species such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and the Crotalaria juncea are important food sources for adults.

Intravenous pamidronate as treatment for osteoporosis after heart transplantation: a prospective study.

Fractures due to osteoporosis are one of the major complications after heart transplantation, occurring mostly during the first 6 months after the graft, with an incidence ranging from 18% to 50% for vertebral fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases dramatically following the graft, at trabecular sites as well as cortical sites. This is explained by the relatively high doses of glucocorticoids used during the months following the graft, and by a long-term increase of bone turnover which is probably due to cyclosporine. There is some evidence for a beneficial effect on BMD of antiresorptive treatments after heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the effect on BMD of a 3-year treatment of quarterly infusions of 60 mg of pamidronate, combined with 1 g calcium and 1000 U vitamin D per day, in osteoporotic heart transplant recipients, and that of a treatment with calcium and vitamin D in heart transplant recipients with no osteoporosis. BMD of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in all patients every 6 months for 2 years and after 3 years. Seventeen patients, (1 woman, 16 men) aged 46+/-4 years (mean +/- SEM) received only calcium and vitamin D. A significant decrease in BMD was observed after 6 months following the graft, at the lumbar spine (- 6.6%) as well as at the femoral neck (-7.8%). After 2 years, BMD tended to recover at the lumbar spine, whereas the loss persisted after 3 years at the femoral neck. Eleven patients (1 woman and 10 men) aged 46+/-4 years (mean +/- SEM) started treatment with pamidronate on average 6 months after the graft, because they had osteoporosis of the lumbar spine and/or femoral neck (BMD T-score below -2.5 SD). Over the whole treatment period, a continuous increase in BMD at the lumbar spine was noticed, reaching 18.3% after 3 years (14.3% compared with the BMD at the time of the graft). BMD at the femoral neck was lowered in the first year by -3.4%, but recovered totally after 3 years of treatment. In conclusion, a 3-year study of treatment with pamidronate given every 3 months to patients with existing osteoporosis led to a significant increase in lumbar spine BMD and prevented loss at the femoral neck. However, since some of these patients were treated up to 14 months after the transplant, they may already have passed through the phase of most rapid bone loss. In patients who were not osteoporotic at baseline, treatment with calcium and vitamin D alone was not able to prevent the rapid bone loss that occurs immediately after transplantation.

Detrimental effect of rutin on Anticarsia gemmatalis

Behavioral and nutritional effect of rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinosídeo) on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lep.: Noctuidae), a major soybean defoliator in Brazil, was evaluated from the third instar to pupation. Rutin is one of the flavonol glycosides identified in the leaves of the wild soybean PI 227687. Larval weight and amount of ingested food decreased as rutin concentration in the diet increase. An interactive effect between feeding time and diet (treatment) was observed on insect growth; when larvae fed on pure-diet, feeding time elongation resulted in heavier pupae. Differently, the weight of larvae fed on rutin-diet remained almost stable, in spite of eating for longer. A. gemmatalis growth was negatively influenced by rutin-diet not only by feeding deterrence but also by post-ingestive effect on insect growth, since after adjustment of pupal weight by the amount of ingested food (covariate), the effect of diet remained significant. Rutin negatively influenced A. gemmatalis growth as result of pre-ingestive effect, indicated by reduction in food consumption, and post-ingestive effect, indicated by lower conversion of ingested food into body mass and food assimilation.

Crescimento e competitividade de biótipos de capim-colchão resistente e suscetível aos herbicidas inibidores da acetil coenzima A carboxilase

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o crescimento e a habilidade competitiva de dois biótipos de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris), um resistente (R) e outro suscetível (S) aos herbicidas inibidores da acetil coenzima A carboxilase. O crescimento dos biótipos foi determinado pela coleta da matéria seca das plantas, aos 14, 21, 25, 28, 34, 42, 49, 57, 65, 72, 78, 86, 101, 111 e 118 dias após emergência (DAE). Os dados de massa de matéria seca foram ajustados ao modelo logístico e, também, utilizados para a obtenção da taxa de crescimento absoluto. Para avaliar a habilidade competitiva intra-específica e interespecífica, foram instalados cinco experimentos com o uso do método substitutivo. Compararam-se os biótipos R e S entre si e cada um destes com a cultura da soja, quando semeada no mesmo dia ou sete dias após a semeadura das plantas daninhas. As proporções de plantas entre as espécies ou biótipos utilizados foram: 5:0; 4:1; 3:2; 2:3; 1:4 e 0:5. Os biótipos de capim-colchão apresentaram acúmulo de matéria seca, crescimento absoluto e competição interespecífica semelhantes, e a redução da matéria seca da soja foi similar na presença dos biótipos R e S, o que sugere que ambos os biótipos de capim-colchão possuem a mesma adaptabilidade ecológica.

Adição de molibdênio ao inoculante turfoso com bactérias diazotróficas usado em duas cultivares de arroz irrigado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de bactérias diazotróficas com ou sem molibdênio em duas cultivares de arroz com diferentes potenciais de fixação biológica de nitrogênio. Dois experimentos foram montados: o primeiro foi conduzido em condições gnotobióticas, com utilização das estirpes BR 11417 (ZAE94 - Herbaspirillum seropedicae) e BR 11340 (M130 - Burkholderia sp.), duas doses de molibdênio, 1,12 e 2,25 g, e duas fontes, molibdato de sódio e molibdato de amônio. As sementes foram peletizadas com inoculante turfoso com bactérias diazotróficas e o molibdênio. Em seguida as cultivares foram plantadas em tubos de ensaio com capacidade para 120 mL com 60 mL da solução de Hoagland sem nitrogênio por 30 dias. Foi avaliada a matéria seca das plantas. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegetação, com as mesmas estirpes e dosagens de molibdênio. Foram avaliados a produção e o N total dos grãos. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e quatro plantas por vaso. Foram observados aumentos na produção de grãos nas cultivares IR42 e IAC4440 de 88 e 57%, respectivamente, com a adição ao inoculante turfoso, das estirpes ZAE94 e M130 com molibdênio.

Effects of usual nutrient intake and vitamin D status on markers of bone turnover in Swiss adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nutrient intake and vitamin D status on markers of type I collagen formation and degradation in adolescent boys and girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Canton of Vaud, West Switzerland. SUBJECTS: A total of 92 boys and 104 girls, aged 11-16 y. Data were collected on height, weight, pubertal status (self-assessment of Tanner stage), nutrient intake (3-day dietary record) and fasting serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and markers of collagen formation (P1NP) and degradation (serum C-terminal telopeptides: S-CTX). RESULTS: Tanner stage was a significant determinant of P1NP in boys and girls and S-CTX in girls. Of the nutrients examined, only the ratio of calcium to phosphorus (Ca/P) was positively associated with P1NP in boys, after adjustment for pubertal status. 25OHD decreased significantly at each Tanner stage in boys. Overall, 15% of boys and 17% of girls were identified as being vitamin D insufficient (serum 25OHD <30 nmol/l), with the highest proportion of insufficiency at Tanner stage 4-5 (29%) in boys and at Tanner stage 3 (24%) in girls. A significant association was not found between 25OHD and either bone turnover marker, nor was 25OHD insufficiency associated with higher concentrations of the bone turnover markers. CONCLUSIONS: The marked effects of puberty on bone metabolism may have obscured any possible effects of diet and vitamin D status on markers of bone metabolism. The mechanistic basis for the positive association between dietary Ca/P ratio and P1NP in boys is not clear and may be attributable to a higher Ca intake per se, a critical balance between Ca and P intake or higher dairy product consumption. A higher incidence of vitamin D insufficiency in older adolescents may reflect a more sedentary lifestyle or increased utilisation of 25OHD, and suggests that further research is needed to define their requirements. SPONSORSHIP: Nestec Ltd and The Swiss Foundation for Research in Osteoporosis.