999 resultados para Ingeniero de caminos, canales y puertos


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The fracture of ductile materials, such as metals, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test. Tests carried out by the authors suggest that, in the case of some eutectoid steels such as those used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, the internal damage that takes place as a result of the growth of microvoids is only noticeable in very late stages of the tensile test. In the authors’ opinion, using a cohesive model as a failure criterion may be interesting in this case; a cohesive model only requires two parameters to be defined, with the fracture energy being one of them, which can be obtained experimentally. In addition to this, given that it is known that the stress triaxiality has a strong influence on the fracture of ductile materials, a cohesive model whose parameters are affected by the value of the stress triaxiality can be considered. This work presents a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality, which is different at each point of the fracture plane.

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La fractura de metales dúctiles como el acero suele explicarse a partir de la hipótesis de nucleación, crecimiento y coalescencia de microhuecos. A partir de esta teoría, se han desarrollado diversos modelos numéricos, entre los que el modelo de Gurson y sus variantes son los más extendidos. Dichos modelos reproducen matemáticamente el fenómeno físico de crecimiento de huecos resultando en un desarrollo progresivo del daño en el interior del material durante un ensayo de tracción. En estos modelos, el daño comienza a desarrollarse en fases muy tempranas del ensayo, incluso anteriores a la carga máxima. Ensayos realizados por los autores parecen indicar, sin embargo, que en el caso de barras de acero eutéctico empleado en la fabricación de alambres de pretensado, el daño originado en el interior del material como consecuencia del crecimiento de microhuecos sólo es apreciable en un estado muy avanzado del ensayo, momentos antes de producirse la rotura. Además, desde hace décadas se conoce que la triaxialidad de tensiones tiene una fuerte influencia sobre la rotura de los materiales. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de rotura para elementos de acero sometidos a tracción, basado en un comportamiento cohesivo del material y que contempla el valor de la triaxialidad de tensiones, diferente en cada punto de la sección crítica de rotura. The fracture of ductile materials, such as steel, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test. Tests carried out by the authors seem to point out that, in the case of eutectoid steel bars used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, the internal damage that takes place as a result of the growth of microvoids is only noticeable in a very advanced state of the test. In addition to this, it is known that the stress triaxiality has a strong influence over the fracture of ductile materials. This work presents a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality, which is different in every point of the fracture plane.

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There is remarkable growing concern about the quality control at the time, which has led to the search for methods capable of addressing effectively the reliability analysis as part of the Statistic. Managers, researchers and Engineers must understand that 'statistical thinking' is not just a set of statistical tools. They should start considering 'statistical thinking' from a 'system', which means, developing systems that meet specific statistical tools and other methodologies for an activity. The aim of this article is to encourage them (engineers, researchers and managers) to develop a new way of thinking.

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Es indiscutible que las matemáticas resultan imprescindibles en la mayoría de las áreas científicas y son el fundamento de numerosos avances de la técnica. En este trabajo se pone de manifiesto como esta ciencia también puede explicar, ayudar y modelar problemas de tipo puramente social y humano. Concretamente veremos como puede aplicarse al estudio de las relaciones de pareja. Áreas como la estadística, la teoría de juegos, la geometría o las ecuaciones diferenciales entre otras, son válidas para ello.

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In this article we present a didactic experience developed by the GIE (Group of Educational Innovation) “Pensamiento Matemático” of the Polytechnics University of Madrid (UPM), in order to bring secondary students and university students closer to Mathematics. It deals with the development of a virtual board game called Mate-trivial. The mechanics of the game is to win points by going around the board which consists of four types of squares identified by colours: “Statistics and Probability”, “Calculus and Analysis”, “Algebra and Geometry” and “Arithmetic and Number Theory ”. When landing on a square, a question of its category is set out: a correct answer wins 200 points, if wrong it loses 100 points, and not answering causes no effect on the points, but all the same, two minutes out of the 20 minutes that each game lasts are lost. For the game to be over it is necessary, before those 20 minutes run out, to reach the central square and succeed in the final task: four chained questions, one of each type, which must be all answered correctly. It is possible to choose between two levels to play: Level 1, for pre-university students and Level 2 for university students. A prototype of the game is available at the website “Aula de Pensamiento Matemático” developed by the GIE: http://innovacioneducativa.upm.es/pensamientomatematico/. This activity lies within a set of didactic actions which the GIE is developing in the framework of the project “Collaborative Strategies between University and Secondary School Education for the teaching and learning of Mathematics: An Application to solve problems while playing”, a transversal project financed by the UPM.

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La finalidad de esta ponencia se centra en dar a conocer la importancia de la geometría y, en general, de las Matemáticas en otras áreas del conocimiento y que ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las mismas.

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En esta actividad se presenta la acción "Jornadas de cine con contenido matemático" realizada por el Grupo de investigación MAIC y el GIE "Pensamiento Matemático"

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El proyecto “Nuevo Puente de Son Espases” describe una obra completa en el sentido exigido en el artículo 125 del Reglamento General de la Ley de Contratos de las Administraciones Públicas. Este proyecto describe una solución viaria para reducir sensiblemente los problemas de saturación de tránsito en el nudo entre la carretera de Valldemossa-Universidad (Ma-1110) y el Camí dels Reis. La obra consiste en la construcción de un viaducto que permite la continuidad de la carretera de Valldemossa-Universidad (Ma-1110) sin interrupción en la rotonda del nudo. Esto permitirá habilitar un acceso muy consistente al nuevo hospital de Son Espases y disminuir el tráfico provocado por la aparición del segundo cinturón de la ciudad. El proyecto se ha redactado en función de criterios y normativa técnica vigente, y de las indicaciones del promotor, el Consell de Mallorca,a disposición del cual se pone por si considera conveniente continuar su tramitación.

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La presa de la Fuensanta se construyó hace más de 75 años. Los desagües de fondo, alojados en el tapón de cierre del túnel de desvío del río, son dos conductos rectangulares de sección abocinada, maniobrados con válvulas de compuerta que evacuan directamente el vertido a la galería. Dada la antigüedad de los equipos mecánicos, y su estado de deterioro, se ha procedido a su renovación. Los problemas habituales de estas actuaciones (existencia de sedimentos y desprendimientos en el área de la embocadura, falta de conocimiento de las formas geométricas de las zonas ocultas por el agua, defectos de construcción no documentados, deterioro de los blindajes, dificultad de acceso, etc) se han resuelto en esta obra acondicionando las antiguas válvulas de seguridad de los conductos para utilizarlas como escudos frontales, lo que ha permitido sustituir y ampliar los blindajes de acero, e instalar las nuevas compuertas de aguas abajo.

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Abnormalities of the aortic arch, as the most proximal site of the cardiovascular system, are of great interest due to its major role in blood distribution to all downstream members. Wall dissection is one of the disorders that an aorta may suffer due to hypertension or degradation of aortic wall properties. A geometrical change of the aortic arch caused by the dissected wall, and consequently the blood flow path, makes the time-varying flow curves to be different in comparison to the healthy aortic arch. This phenomenon modifies wall shear stress (WSS) history during the cardiac cycle. In the current work, the pulsatile blood flow in a typical Stanford A (DeBakey II) dissected aorta is simulated by CFD technique, STAR-CCM+. The boundary conditions are calculated based on a combination of the impedance boundary condition and the auto-regulation concept in the cardiovascular system.

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The dynamic behaviour of saturated sands has been studied from different perspectives. However, most experimental research on this field does not take into account the shear stress conditions existing prior to the application of dynamic loads; i.e., a null initial static shear stress (τo = 0) is assumed. The main objective of this work is to report on the influence that static shear stresses (τo) have on the behaviour of saturated sands under cyclic shear loads. This article presents the results and analysis of part of a wider experimental programme involving 30 monotonic and 26 cyclic simple shear tests for different combinations of static shear stress (τo) and cyclic shear stress (τc) (all undrained), besides identification and classification tests. The tested samples have been taken from the area of the North Entrance Mouth at the Port of Barcelona (Spain).

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The General Reporter presents the papers from the Authors, along with some personal contributions on the subjects discussed. Embankments are classified by their use. Different kinds of slope failure and remedial measures are dealt with, as well as investigations for material characterisation and selection.

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Ejercicio de Análisis de Redes con Network Analysis de ArcGIS 10

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Iniciación a las herramientas de Spatial Analysis de ArcGIS 10.

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En este proceso debemos tener en cuenta la capacidad del territorio para acoger una infraestructura y el impacto ambiental que ésta podrá causar en el medio ambiente. El objetivo del ejercicio es localizar un vertedero en la zona del Sureste de Madrid.