Une délicate rencontre entre savoirs autochtones "experts" : enjeux politiques interculturelles dans le domaine de la prévention de la violence à l'égard des femmes kichwa en Amazonie équatorienne

Cette thèse porte sur l'élaboration et la mise en pratique de politiques interculturelles dans le champ de la santé internationale, en se basant sur une ethnographie d'un programme de préven¬tion de la violence de genre dans le canton de Loreto, en Amazonie équatorienne, mis en place par la Croix-Rouge suisse et aujourd'hui géré de concert avec l'Etat équatorien et une organisation kichwa locale. Suivant une approche qui fait varier les échelles d'analyses pour articuler le niveau local, national et international, elle met en évidence les lieux d'intersection et les hiatus entre l'idéal d'interculturalité tel qu'il est conçu «par le haut» et les pratiques qui sont mises en oeuvre au quotidien par des professionnels de la santé et du développement métis équatoriens. Elle révèle ainsi qu'au-delà de l'idéal du respect des « différences culturelles autochtones » et de la symétrie entre les « cultures », les discours et les pratiques de ces professionnels consistent en une entreprise de normalisation et de moralisation des comportements des destinataires kichwa en matière de rapports de genre. Pour affiner ces analyses et dépasser une approche critique de la santé publique, cette thèse explore également les représentations et les pratiques des destinataires - femmes agents de santé et « bénéficiaires » kichwa du programme - en matière de violence et de rapports de genre. Elle montre ainsi que le transfert de normes et de valeurs via la santé publique fait l'objet de mul¬tiples processus d'appropriations, et explore les différentes d'interprétations, de négociations et d'instrumentalisations de la part des destinataires, tant au niveau individuel que collectif. -- Intercultural politics and the prevention of violence against kichwa women in the Ecuadorian Amazon This PhD thesis focuses on the development and application of intercultural policies in the field of international health. It is drawn on an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in canton Loreto, in the Ecuadorian Amazon, about a gender violence prevention program which was set up by the Swiss Red Cross and which is now managed in cooperation with the Ecuadorian State and a local kichwa organization. Following a multiple-scale analysis in order to articulate the local, national and international dynamics, it highlights the intersections and the gaps between, on the one hand, the the institutional prescriptions about the ideal of interculturality and on the other hand, the daily practices of Ecuadorian mestizo health and development profesionals. It reveals that beyond the ideal of respect for «indigenous cultural differences» and of symmetry between «cultures», the discourses and practices of these professionals consist of a normalizing and moralizing enter¬prise concerning the gendered and, more broadly, social behaviors of kichwa «beneficiaries». In order to refine the analysis and to go beyond a critical approach of public health, this thesis also explores the violence and gender relations representations and practices of kichwa women health workers and «beneficiaries», men and women. Thus it shows that the transfer of norms via public health is the subject of multiple processes of appropriation, interpretation, negotiation and instru¬mentalisation both on individual and collective levels by the «beneficiaries».

European Study Programme for Advanced Networking Technologies

In this article authors present main objectives and progress of the EU ERASMUS CD project: European Study Programme for Advanced Networking Technologies (ESPANT)

Professional trajectories, individual characteristics and staying satisfied and healthy

Staying satisfied and healthy in the face of a complex and uncertain professional world is a priority for individuals. This article examines the contribution of personality traits, career adaptability, and prior well-being as predictors of well-being over 1 year in four different professional trajectory groups: those who remained employed, those who experienced a professional change, those who moved from unemployment to employment, and those who remained unemployed. Results show meaningful differences between these groups in terms of well-being over 1 year. Employed individuals have higher life satisfaction and self-rated health than unemployed individuals. Regaining employment contributes to improved well-being. Different professional situations correspond to varying levels of career adaptability, suggesting it may be a precursor for career changes. Personality traits and career adaptability predict well-being over time, but the strongest predictor of future well-being is prior well-being. Results are discussed in light of career development, personality, and well-being theory.

Evaluation de la phase d'installation du programme cantonal de développement des soins palliatifs : activités des équipes mobiles de soins palliatifs (EMSP), analyse annuelle du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2005

[Table des matières] Introduction - Méthode - Résultats : 1. Caractéristiques générales des demandes adressées aux EMSP, 2. Profil des patients concernés par les demandes, 3. Origine de la demande, 4. Nature des demandes adressées aux EMSP, 5. Activités des EMSP en lien avec les demandes - Discussion - Conclusion - Annexes

Singling out individual inventors from patent data

An increasing number of studies in recent years have sought to identify individual inventors from patent data. A variety of heuristics have been proposed for using the names and other information disclosed in patent documents to establish who is who in patents. This paper contributes to this literature by describing a methodology for identifying inventors using patents applied to the European Patent Office, EPO hereafter. As in much of this literature, we basically follow a threestep procedure : 1- the parsing stage, aimed at reducing the noise in the inventor’s name and other fields of the patent; 2- the matching stage, where name matching algorithms are used to group similar names; and 3- the filtering stage, where additional information and various scoring schemes are used to filter out these similarlynamed inventors. The paper presents the results obtained by using the algorithms with the set of European inventors applying to the EPO over a long period of time.

Identifying Individual T Cell Receptors of Optimal Avidity for Tumor Antigens.

Cytotoxic T cells recognize, via their T cell receptors (TCRs), small antigenic peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells and infected or malignant cells. The efficiency of T cell triggering critically depends on TCR binding to cognate pMHC, i.e., the TCR-pMHC structural avidity. The binding and kinetic attributes of this interaction are key parameters for protective T cell-mediated immunity, with stronger TCR-pMHC interactions conferring superior T cell activation and responsiveness than weaker ones. However, high-avidity TCRs are not always available, particularly among self/tumor antigen-specific T cells, most of which are eliminated by central and peripheral deletion mechanisms. Consequently, systematic assessment of T cell avidity can greatly help distinguishing protective from non-protective T cells. Here, we review novel strategies to assess TCR-pMHC interaction kinetics, enabling the identification of the functionally most-relevant T cells. We also discuss the significance of these technologies in determining which cells within a naturally occurring polyclonal tumor-specific T cell response would offer the best clinical benefit for use in adoptive therapies, with or without T cell engineering.

Innovation – from individual intuition to collaborative innovation. The role of individual key actor in facilitation of innovation in large organization context

The objective of this research was to study the role of key individuals in facilitation of technology enabled bottom-up innovation in large organization context. The development of innovation was followed from the point of view of individual actor (key individual) in two cases, through three levels: individual, team and organization, by using knowledge creation and innovation models. This study provides theoretical synthesis and framework through which the study is driven. The results of the study indicate, that in bottom-up initiated innovations the role of key individuals is still crucial, but innovation today is collective effort and there acts several entrepreneurial key individuals: innovator, user champion and organizational sponsor, whose collaboration and developing interaction drives innovation further. The team work is functional and fluent, but it meets great problems in interaction with organization. The large organizations should develop its practices and ability to react on emerging bottom-up initiations, in order to embed innovation to organization and gain sustainable innovation. In addition, bottom-up initiated innovations are demonstrations of peoples knowing, tacit knowledge and therefore renewing of an organization.

Prediction of the economic cost of individual long-term care in the Spanish population

Pensions together with savings and investments during active life are key elements of retirement planning. Motivation for personal choices about the standard of living, bequest and the replacement ratio of pension with respect to last salary income must be considered. This research contributes to the financial planning by helping to quantify long-term care economic needs. We estimate life expectancy from retirement age onwards. The economic cost of care per unit of service is linked to the expected time of needed care and the intensity of required services. The expected individual cost of long-term care from an onset of dependence is estimated separately for men and women. Assumptions on the mortality of the dependent people compared to the general population are introduced. Parameters defining eligibility for various forms of coverage by the universal public social care of the welfare system are addressed. The impact of the intensity of social services on individual predictions is assessed, and a partial coverage by standard private insurance products is also explored. Data were collected by the Spanish Institute of Statistics in two surveys conducted on the general Spanish population in 1999 and in 2008. Official mortality records and life table trends were used to create realistic scenarios for longevity. We find empirical evidence that the public long-term care system in Spain effectively mitigates the risk of incurring huge lifetime costs. We also find that the most vulnerable categories are citizens with moderate disabilities that do not qualify to obtain public social care support. In the Spanish case, the trends between 1999 and 2008 need to be further explored.

Intensidad de cuidados enfermeros: ¿cargas de trabajo o complejidad individual?

Objetivo: explorar la identificación de los factores individuales de complejidad de cuidados en enfermos hospitalizados. Método: se empleó un diseño cualitativo de investigación-acción participativa con el método de análisis directo de contenido de los breves relatos de los participantes, enfermeras y enfermeros de los hospitales del lnstituto Catalán de la Salud, sobre casos en los que hubieran experimentado situaciones de complejidad. La suficiencia muestral se estableció a partir del criterio de saturación de la información. Los participantes fueron invitados a formar parte de una ronda de talleres/sesiones de discusión que se hicieron durante 18 meses. Uno de los investigadores recogía por escrito las opiniones de los participantes, mientras el otro moderaba el debate y realizaba preguntas reflexivas sobre el contenido de la propuesta. Posteriormente se invitaba a los participantes a organizarse en pequeños grupos para discutir y registrar en un fomulario individual, breves narrativas sobre casos en los que hubieran experimentado situaciones de complejidad. Resultados: el número de relatos breves incluidos en el análisis final fue de 287. Los factores individuales de complejidad de cuidados incluye cinco dominios: (1) evolutivo, (2) mental y cognitivo, (3) psicoemocional, (4) sociocultural y (5) comorbilidad y complicaciones. La complejidad individual de cuidados se estructura fuentes, factores y especificaciones. Conclusiones: de los cinco ejes de complejidad identificados en el Modelo Vectorial de Complejidad de Safford, cuatro coinciden parcialmente con el análisis presentado. La arquitectura de la complejidad de cuidados debería incluir una consideración multiperspectiva, incluyendo los ejes de complejidad individual, terapéutica-procedimental y organizativa.

Intensidad de cuidados enfermeros: ¿cargas de trabajo o complejidad individual?

Objetivo: explorar la identificación de los factores individuales de complejidad de cuidados en enfermos hospitalizados. Método: se empleó un diseño cualitativo de investigación-acción participativa con el método de análisis directo de contenido de los breves relatos de los participantes, enfermeras y enfermeros de los hospitales del lnstituto Catalán de la Salud, sobre casos en los que hubieran experimentado situaciones de complejidad. La suficiencia muestral se estableció a partir del criterio de saturación de la información. Los participantes fueron invitados a formar parte de una ronda de talleres/sesiones de discusión que se hicieron durante 18 meses. Uno de los investigadores recogía por escrito las opiniones de los participantes, mientras el otro moderaba el debate y realizaba preguntas reflexivas sobre el contenido de la propuesta. Posteriormente se invitaba a los participantes a organizarse en pequeños grupos para discutir y registrar en un fomulario individual, breves narrativas sobre casos en los que hubieran experimentado situaciones de complejidad. Resultados: el número de relatos breves incluidos en el análisis final fue de 287. Los factores individuales de complejidad de cuidados incluye cinco dominios: (1) evolutivo, (2) mental y cognitivo, (3) psicoemocional, (4) sociocultural y (5) comorbilidad y complicaciones. La complejidad individual de cuidados se estructura fuentes, factores y especificaciones. Conclusiones: de los cinco ejes de complejidad identificados en el Modelo Vectorial de Complejidad de Safford, cuatro coinciden parcialmente con el análisis presentado. La arquitectura de la complejidad de cuidados debería incluir una consideración multiperspectiva, incluyendo los ejes de complejidad individual, terapéutica-procedimental y organizativa.