Las Bodegas españolas y su adaptación a los cambios del mercado a finales del siglo XX: análisis lingüístico de la publicidad

El sector vitivinícola español ha experimentado una serie de transformaciones en los últimos años, especialmente derivada de la caída del consumo interno y la creciente competencia en los mercados. Esto ha provocado que las bodegas españolas tuvieran que adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias mediante la aplicación de modernas políticas de marketing. El objetivo principal del estudio es conocer el grado de aplicación de éstas, mediante la comparación y el análisis lingüístico de distintos tipos de incursiones publicitarias en medios impresos especializados, tratando aspectos como la frecuencia específica, la variación léxica, las categorías semánticas y las familias de palabras más utilizadas. La principal conclusión es que las bodegas españolas emprendieron un proceso de adaptación tardía, pasando de mensajes sencillos, sin imagen y relacionados con el sistema productivo, a otros mucho más elaborados, con imagen y nuevos términos que pretenden transmitir que estamos ante un producto de calidad.

Medición del poder de mercado en la industria del cobre de Estados Unidos: una aproximación desde la perspectiva de la Nueva Organización Industrial Empírica.

El estudio de la relación entre la estructura de la industria y el poder de mercado ha sido uno de los temas más discutidos en la literatura microeconómica. En esta investigación se adopta el enfoque de la "Nueva Organización Industrial Empírica" (NOIE) y se siguen los modelos desarrollados por Bresnahan (1982) y Lau (1982), y Porter (1983) para analizar el efecto de varias fusiones y adquisiciones sobre el poder de mercado de la industria del cobre en Estados Unidos durante el periodo 1994 - 2009. Se destaca que aunque el análisis de la industria muestra una mayor concentración, los resultados sugieren que las fusiones y adquisiciones no tuvieron efecto sobre el poder de mercado y que la industria mantuvo una conducta competitiva durante el periodo analizado.

El mercado laboral en la reforma de la normativa de extranjería

El present treball realitza un recorregut per la situació de la immigració a Espanya durant les últimes dècades, des dels anys noranta fins avui, per a observar les peculiaritats que aquest col•lectiu ha tingut al nostre país davant cadascun dels contextos econòmics i polítics. Paral•lelament, s’estableix l’anàlisi de la normativa al respecte, amb la finalitat de trobar la seva evolució a través del temps. Amb això, es pot dirimir si les reformes legals van dirigides a millorar la situació dels estrangers i solucionar els problemes que ha comportat la crisi, en definitiva, si contribueix a fer de la nostra una societat millor.

Major impact of body position on arterial stiffness indices derived from radial applanation tonometry in pregnant and nonpregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of body position on the arterial stiffness indices provided by radial applanation tonometry in pregnant and nonpregnant women. METHODS: Twenty-four young women (18-30 years) in the third trimester of a normal pregnancy and 20 healthy nonpregnant women of the same age were enrolled. In each, applanation tonometry was carried out in the sitting and supine position. The following stiffness indices were analyzed: systolic augmentation index (sAix), sAix adjusted for heart rate (sAix@75) and diastolic augmentation index (dAix), all expressed in % of central aortic pulse pressure. RESULTS: The sAix was apparently not influenced by body position, but the transition from seated to supine was associated with a substantial decrease in heart rate. When correcting for this confounder by calculating the sAix@75, systolic augmentation was substantially lower when individuals were supine (mean ± SD: nonpregnant 3.0 ± 14.4%, pregnant 8.8 ± 9.7%) than when they were sitting (nonpregnant 5.7 ± 13.0%, pregnant 11.1 ± 83%, P = 0.005 supine vs. seated in both study groups, P > 0.2 for pregnant vs. nonpregnant). The influence of body position on the dAix went in the opposite direction (supine: nonpregnant 9.7 ± 6.6%, pregnant 4.4 ± 3.5%; seated: nonpregnant 7.7 ± 5.8%, pregnant 3.3 ± 2.4%, P < 0.00001 supine vs. seated in both study groups, P = 0.001 for pregnant vs. nonpregnant). CONCLUSION: Body position has a major impact on the pattern of central aortic pressure augmentation by reflected waves in healthy young women examined either during third trimester pregnancy or in the nonpregnant state.

Hacia un modelo de gobernanza más eficaz en el mercado único de las telecomunicaciones. El perfil del BEREC

Introduït en el sistema de governança per la recent reforma del marc regulador de les telecomunicacions, el BEREC es presenta com un organisme supranacional de caràcter consultiu al qual se li atorga una missió i un paper fonamental en l'aplicació coherent de les normes en el mercat únic de les telecomunicacions. L'èxit d'aquesta missió dependrà tant de les eines amb les que compta, com dels mecanismes previstos de coordinació i la seva capacitat de relació amb la resta d'actors, les autoritats nacionals de regulació i la Comissió Europea principalment

El mercado laboral español : un análisis comparativo con Alemania y Estados Unidos

L’economia espanyola s’ha vist especialment afectada per la recent crisis: encara que la caiguda de l’activitat productiva ha estat més aviat lleu, la taxa d’atur s’ha disparat fins a nivells per damunt el 20%. Això manifesta una altíssima sensibilitat de l’ocupació davant variacions de la producció, motivada per un mal ajustament del mercat laboral quan es produeixen pertorbacions a l’economia. En contraposició, l’atur no ha augmentat en excés a Alemanya i Estats Units, malgrat haver sofert caigudes de la producció bastant significatives. Això ha estat possible gràcies a una sòlida estructura econòmica i a una gran flexibilitat del mercat. Una de les claus es troba a que, mentre Alemanya i Estats Units aconsegueixen mantenir una economia altament competitiva basada en l’industria amb un alt grau d’intensitat tecnològica i en els serveis especialitzats, el model productiu espanyol es basa en activitats intensives en mà d’obra i de baixa productivitat. No obstant, encara que el model productiu associat a activitats de baixa productivitat és el principal causant de la falta de competitivitat empresarial i la volatilitat de l’ocupació, existeixen altres elements que introdueixen rigiditats i ineficiències al mercat laboral espanyol, com la distorsió als nivells educatius, l’alta temporalitat, la rigiditat salarial, l’elevat cost de l’acomiadament i la ineficàcia del contracte a temps parcial.

Biting Indices, Host-seeking Activity and Natural Infection Rates of Anopheline Species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998

The epidemiology of the transmission of malaria parasites varies ecologically. To observe some entomological aspects of the malaria transmission in an urban environment, a longitudinal survey of anopheline fauna was performed in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. A total of 7,263 anophelines was collected in human bait at 13 de Setembro and Caranã districts: Anopheles albitarsis sensu lato (82.8%), An. darlingi (10.3%), An. braziliensis (5.5%), An. peryassui (0.9%) and An. nuneztovari (0.5%). Nightly 12 h collections showed that An. albitarsis was actively biting throughout the night with peak activities at sunset and at midnight. An. darlingi bit during all night and did not demonstrate a defined biting peak. Highest biting indices, entomological inoculation rates and malaria cases were observed seasonally during the rainy season (April-November). Hourly collections showed host seek activity for all mosquitoes peaked during the first hour after sunset. An. darlingi showed the highest plasmodial malaria infection rate followed by An. albitarsis, An. braziliensis and An. nuneztovari (8.5%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6%, respectively). An. albitarsis was the most frequently collected anopheline, presented the highest biting index and it was the second most frequently collected infected species infected with malaria parasites. An. albitarsis and An. darlingi respectively, are the primary vectors of malaria throughout Boa Vista.

Neither dashboard nor 'mashup' indices: an empirical wealth approach as a pathway to a comprehensive measure of development

The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to GDP which were proposed in the last decades – the Human Development Index (HDI), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and the Happy Planet Index (HPI) – which is made on the basis of conceptual foundations, rather than looking at issues of statistical consistency or mathematical refinement as most of the literature does. The pars construens aims to propose an alternative measure, the composite wealth index, consistent with an approach to development based on the notion of composite wealth, which is in turn derived from an empirical common sense criterion. Arguably, this approach is suitable to be conveyed into an easily understandable and coherent indicator, and thus appropriate to track development in its various dimensions: simple in its formulation, the wealth approach can incorporate social and ecological goals without significant alterations in conceptual foundations, while reducing to a minimum arbitrary weighting.

Comparison of indices proposed as criteria for assigning skin notation

OBJECTIVES: Skin notations are used as a hazard identification tool to flag chemicals associated with a potential risk related to transdermal penetration. The transparency and rigorousness of the skin notation assignment process have recently been questioned. We compared different approaches proposed as criteria for these notations as a starting point for improving and systematizing current practice. METHODS: In this study, skin notations, dermal acute lethal dose 50 in mammals (LD(50)s) and two dermal risk indices derived from previously published work were compared using the lists of Swiss maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) and threshold limit values (TLVs) from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The indices were both based on quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) estimation of transdermal fluxes. One index compared the cumulative dose received through skin given specific exposure surface and duration to that received through lungs following inhalation 8 h at the MAC or TLV. The other index estimated the blood level increase caused by adding skin exposure to the inhalation route at kinetic steady state. Dermal-to-other route ratios of LD(50) were calculated as secondary indices of dermal penetrability. RESULTS: The working data set included 364 substances. Depending on the subdataset, agreement between the Swiss and ACGIH skin notations varied between 82 and 87%. Chemicals with a skin notation were more likely to have higher dermal risk indices and lower dermal LD(50) than chemicals without a notation (probabilities between 60 and 70%). The risk indices, based on cumulative dose and kinetic steady state, respectively, appeared proportional up to a constant independent of chemical-specific properties. They agreed well with dermal LD(50)s (Spearman correlation coefficients -0.42 to -0.43). Dermal-to-other routes LD(50) ratios were moderately associated with QSAR-based transdermal fluxes (Spearman correlation coefficients -0.2 to -0.3). CONCLUSIONS: The plausible but variable relationship between current skin notations and the different approaches tested confirm the need to improve current skin notations. QSAR-based risk indices and dermal toxicity data might be successfully integrated in a systematic alternative to current skin notations for detecting chemicals associated with potential dermal risk in the workplace. [Authors]

Effects of dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced alteration in age-related modulation of lipid metabolism and indices of immune function in rats.

Exogenous oxidized cholesterol disturbs both lipid metabolism and immune functions. Therefore, it may perturb these modulations with ageing. Effects of the dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced modulations of age-related changes in lipid metabolism and immune function was examined using differently aged (4 weeks versus 8 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats when casein, soybean protein or milk whey protein isolate (WPI) was the dietary protein source, respectively. The rats were given one of the three proteins in diet containing 0.2% oxidized cholesterols mixture. Soybean protein, as compared with the other two proteins, significantly lowered both the serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and cholesterol, whereas it elevated the ratio of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/cholesterol in young rats, but not in adult. Moreover, soybean protein, but not casein and WPI, suppressed the elevation of Delta6 desaturation indices of phospholipids in both liver and spleen, particularly in young. On the other hand, WPI, compared to the other two proteins, inhibited the leukotriene B4 production of spleen, irrespective of age. Soybean protein reduced the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells in splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG in serum were lowered in rats given soybean protein in both age groups except for IgA in adult, although these observations were not shown in rats given other proteins. Thus, various perturbations of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by oxidized cholesterol were modified depending on the type of dietary protein. The moderation by soybean protein on the change of lipid metabolism seems to be susceptible in young rats whose homeostatic ability is immature. These observations may be exerted through both the promotion of oxidized cholesterol excretion to feces and the change of hormonal release, while WPI may suppress the disturbance of immune function by oxidized cholesterol in both ages. This alleviation may be associated with a large amount of lactoglobulin in WPI. These results thus showed a possibility that oxidized cholesterol-induced perturbations of age-related changes of lipid metabolism and immune function can be moderated by both the selection and combination of dietary protein.

China y la globalización del mercado automovilístico : efectos sobre las empresas catalanas de componentes

Estudi centrat en el sector de components d'algunes empreses catalanes que tendeixen a buscar inversions en els països asiàtics com a mesura d'adaptació al nou ordre, mitjançant la seva unió amb empreses locals del país destinació conegudes com joint-ventures.

TIC, orientación al mercado e innovación de producto : un análisis empírico para la empresa catalana

El propòsit d'aquest treball és explorar si una orientació proactiva al mercat inhibeix o potencia el desenvolupament de nous productes. Més concretament, vol establir si els factors que són antecedents i conseqüències d'aquesta orientació contribueixen en major o menor grau a discriminar entre les empreses que innoven en producte. La investigació, per a una mostra representativa de 2.038 empreses catalanes (que desenvolupen l'activitat a Catalunya i estratificades per sector d'activitat i dimensió) l'any 2003, va permetre contrastar les hipòtesis inicials i establir la relació que hi ha entre els factors analitzats en l'estudi.Dos resultats principals emergeixen de l'anàlisi. El primer és que els principis filosòfics que determinen una orientació proactiva al mercat, i també les implicacions estratègiques que aquesta té, potencien clarament el desenvolupament de nous productes per part de les empreses. El segon resultat obtingut és que el sector d'activitat a què pertany l'empresa determina el poder de cada un dels factors potenciadors.

Quantum similarity topological indices definition, analysis and comparison with classical molecular topological indices

Es mostra que, gracies a una extensió en la definició dels Índexs Moleculars Topològics, s'arriba a la formulació d'índexs relacionats amb la teoria de la Semblança Molecular Quàntica. Es posa de manifest la connexió entre les dues metodologies: es revela que un marc de treball teòric sòlidament fonamentat sobre la teoria de la Mecànica Quàntica es pot connectar amb una de les tècniques més antigues relacionades amb els estudis de QSPR. Es mostren els resultats per a dos casos d'exemple d'aplicació d'ambdues metodologies

Evaluation of a linear spectral mixture model and vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) in a study of schistosomiasis mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata distribution in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper analyses the associations between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) on the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Additionally, vegetation, soil and shade fraction images were created using a Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM) from the blue, red and infrared channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer spaceborne sensor and the relationship between these images and the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of B. glabrata was analysed. First, we found a high correlation between the vegetation fraction image and EVI and second, a high correlation between soil fraction image and NDVI. The results also indicate that there was a positive correlation between prevalence and the vegetation fraction image (July 2002), a negative correlation between prevalence and the soil fraction image (July 2002) and a positive correlation between B. glabrata and the shade fraction image (July 2002). This paper demonstrates that the LSMM variables can be used as a substitute for the standard vegetation indices (EVI and NDVI) to determine and delimit risk areas for B. glabrata and schistosomiasis in MG, which can be used to improve the allocation of resources for disease control.

Plan de marketing para el Dive Center Palamós específico para el mercado francés

Realització d’un pla de màrqueting i comercial de l’empresa Dive Center Palamós orientat específicament al mercat francès. L'autora tria aquest segment de clients per la seva proximitat a la Costa Brava i per la seva tradició de submarinisme