Unsere Gemüse; mit Anchluss der Kastanie, Olive, Kaper, der Wein- und Hopfenrebe.

Mode of access: Internet.

Die Probleme des Bolschewismus /

"Literatur": p. 30-32.

Synthesis dataset of physical and ecosystem properties from pan-arctic wetland sites using peat core analysis

Permafrost dynamics play an important role in high-latitude peatland carbon balance and are key to understanding the future response of soil carbon stocks. Permafrost aggradation can control the magnitude of the carbon feedback in peatlands through effects on peat properties. We compiled peatland plant macrofossil records for the northern permafrost zone (515 cores from 280 sites) and classified samples by vegetation type and environmental class (fen, bog, tundra and boreal permafrost, thawed permafrost). We examined differences in peat properties (bulk density, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and organic matter content, C/N ratio) and C accumulation rates among vegetation types and environmental classes.

Expression and methylation pattern of TSLC1 cascade genes in lung carcinomas

TSLC1 (tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1, IGSF4) encodes a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily molecules, which is involved in cell-cell adhesion. TSLC1 is connected to the actin cytoskeleton by DAL-1 (differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung-1, EPB41L3) and it directly associates with MPP3, one of the human homologues of a Drosophila tumor suppressor gene, Discs large. Recent data suggest that aberrant promoter methylation is important for TSLC1 inactivation in lung carcinomas. However, little is known about the other two genes in this cascade, DAL-1 and MPP3. Thus, we investigated the expression and methylation patterns of these genes in lung cancer cell lines, primary lung carcinomas and nonmalignant lung tissue samples. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, loss of TSLC1 expression was observed in seven of 16 (44%) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and in one of 11 (9%) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, while loss of DAL- 1 expression was seen in 14 of 16 (87%) NSCLC cell lines and in four of 11 (36%) SCLC cell lines. By contrast, MPP3 expression was found in all tumor cell lines analysed. Similar results were obtained by microarray analysis. TSLC1 methylation was seen in 13 of 39 (33%) NSC LC cell lines, in one of 11 (9%) SCLC cell lines and in 100 of 268 (37%) primary NSCLCs. DAL-1 methylation was observed in 17 of 39 (44%) NSCLC cell lines, in three of 11 (27%) SCLC cell lines and in 147 of 268 (55%) primary NSCLCs. In tumors of NSCLC patients with stage II-III disease, DAL-1 methylation was seen at a statistically significant higher frequency compared to tumors of patients with stage I disease. A significant correlation between loss of expression and methylation of the genes in lung cancer cell lines was found. Overall, 65% of primary NSCLCs had either TSLC1 or DAL-1 methylated. Methylation of one of these genes was detected in 59% of NSCLC cell lines; however, in SCLC cell lines, methylation was much less frequently observed. The majority of nonmalignant lung tissue samples was not TSLC1 and DAL-1 methylated. Re-expression of TSLC1 and DAL-1 was seen after treatment of lung cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2$-deoxy-cytidine. Our results suggest that methylation of TSLC1 and/or DAL-1, leading to loss of their expression, is an important event in the pathogenesis of NSCLC.

Radiocarbon dates of peatland initiation across the northern high latitudes

A compilation of basal dates of peatland initiation across the northern high latitudes, associated metadata including location, age, raw and calibrated radiocarbon ages, and associated references. Includes previously published datasets from sources below as well as 365 new data points.

Combined analysis of variation in core, accessory and regulatory genome regions provides a super-resolution view into the evolution of bacterial populations

The use of whole-genome phylogenetic analysis has revolutionized our understanding of the evolution and spread of many important bacterial pathogens due to the high resolution view it provides. However, the majority of such analyses do not consider the potential role of accessory genes when inferring evolutionary trajectories. Moreover, the recently discovered importance of the switching of gene regulatory elements suggests that an exhaustive analysis, combining information from core and accessory genes with regulatory elements could provide unparalleled detail of the evolution of a bacterial population. Here we demonstrate this principle by applying it to a worldwide multi-host sample of the important pathogenic E. coli lineage ST131. Our approach reveals the existence of multiple circulating subtypes of the major drug–resistant clade of ST131 and provides the first ever population level evidence of core genome substitutions in gene regulatory regions associated with the acquisition and maintenance of different accessory genome elements.

(Table 1) Radiocarbon ages of samples taken from five sites in north-eastern European Russia

Aim: Concepts about patterns and rates of post-glacial tree population migration are changing as a result of the increasing amount of palaeobotanical information being provided by macroscopic plant remains. Here we combine macrofossil, pollen and stomata records from five sites in north-eastern European Russia and summarize the results for the late-glacial-early Holocene transition. The late-glacial-early Holocene transition encompasses the first indications of trees (tree-type Betula, Picea abies, Abies sibirica and Larix sibirica) and subsequent forest development. Considerable time-lags between the first macrobotanical and/or stomata finds of spruce (Picea abies) and the establishment of a closed forest are reconsidered. Location: Pechora basin, north-eastern European Russia. Methods: We used plant macrofossil, stomata, pollen and radiocarbon analyses to reconstruct late-glacial and early Holocene tree establishment and forest development. The data were derived from lake sediment and peat archives. Results: Palaeobotanical data reveal an early Holocene presence (11,500-10,000 cal. yr bp) of arboreal taxa at all five sites. One site presently located in the northernmost taiga zone, shows the presence of spruce and reproducing tree birch during the late-glacial. Given the current view of post-glacial population dynamics and migration rates, it seems likely that the source area of these early tree populations in north-eastern European Russia was not located in southern Europe but that these populations had local origins. Results thus support the emerging view that the first post-glacial population expansions in non-glaciated regions at high latitudes do not reflect migration from the south but were a result of an increase in the size and density of small persisting outlying tree populations. Main conclusions: Results suggest that the area east of the margin of the Scandinavian ice sheet to the Ural Mountains had isolated patches of trees during the late-glacial and early Holocene and that these small populations acted as initial nuclei for population expansion and forest development in the early Holocene.

Management of Customer Co-development in Business-to-Business Markets

Management of customer co-development means involving customers in the development of new products and services, and coordinating the process. In business-tobusiness markets, customer co-development enables the development of innovations that better match customer needs and strengthens customer relationships. However, close collaboration with customers can hamper the innovativeness of new products and lead to overly customized solutions. Therefore, the management of co-development is crucial to its success. Yet the existing research on management of co-development has mainly focused on selecting the right collaboration partners, and the field lacks understanding on how to manage the tensions inherent in customer co-development. The purpose of this thesis is to increase understanding on the management of the codevelopment. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first comprises the literature review and conclusions for the whole study, and the second presents four publications. From the methodological perspective, the research papers follow exploratory qualitative research design. The empirical data comprise interviews with 60 persons, representing 25 different organizations, and a group of 11 end users. The study conceptualizes management of customer co-development in three dimensions 1) relational co-development processes, 2) co-development challenges and paradoxes, and 3) internal customer involvement processes. The findings contribute to the customersupplier relationship, innovation, and marketing management literatures by providing a framework on supplier-customer co-development, addressing co-development paradoxes and their management processes, and suggesting practices for customer involvement. For practitioners, the findings provide tools to manage the challenges related to codevelopment with customers.

The New Silk Road, a Glimpse to China's Regime?

China's Silk Road Economic Belt plan is a part of One Belt, One Road initiative that aims to create trade routes from China all the way to Europe. Despite the potential benefits, there are also problems along the way. In this research I am examining the adverse effects of one part of the Silk Road Economic Belt with my focus on Xinjiang Uyghur minority and their rights and Central Asian regional stability. Moreover, I suggest that China's past commitments in the international society as well as her actions in relations to the undertaking can give an insight into a regime where China would be the dominant power in international society. I have used qualitative analysis to study the topics. My most important methodological tools to examine the topics are as follows. I utilise conceptual analysis to borrow concepts from international relations field. I use method of situation analysis when I am describing the current circumstances in China's Xinjiang and Central Asia. Inductive analysis is the overall method since I suggest that the content I have examined could give an insight to how China regards and relates to international law in the future. Moreover, my theoretical framework of the research sees international law as a tool that a state can use to gain more power but at the same time international law restricts state's behaviour. Based on the findings of this research, in case of Xinjiang the New Silk Road is likely to worsen Uyghurs situation because of Beijing's worries and harsh actions to prevent any disturbance. However, the New Silk Road could bring stability and maintain regional security in Central Asia when the states could see it beneficial to unite for cooperation which can result with greater benefits. China's potential future regime will emphasize sovereignty and non-interference to states’ domestic matters. Moreover, there will be no room for minority rights in China's concept of human rights. Human rights are meant to protect rights of masses but are of secondary importance since development and security will be more important goals to pursue. In the field of cooperation, China is increasingly using multilateral forums to discuss the matters but reserves bilateral negotiations for executing the plans.

Harry Potter -kirjojen henkilönnimien käännösstrategiat

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee henkilönnimien käännösstrategioita neljän ensimmäisen Harry Potter -kirjan suomennoksissa ja ranskannoksissa. Tutkimuksessa verrataan kvantitatiivisesti suomentajan ja ranskantajan käyttämiä käännösstrategioita ja pyritään löytämään lainalaisuuksia. Alkuhypoteeseina ovat, että suomentaja olisi käyttänyt useimmiten strategianaan käännöstä, ja että ranskantaja olisi useimmiten päätynyt suoraan lainaan. Lisäksi tutkitaan, onko henkilöhahmon tyypillä, esimerkiksi, onko kyseessä eläin, taulu vai aave, ollut vaikutusta käytettyyn käännösstrategiaan. Strategioiden luokitteluun käytettiin Minna Saarelman (2008) kirjallisuuden erisnimien käännösstrategioiden luokittelua. Hahmotyyppien luokittelu muodostettiin aineistona toimivien kirjojen aikaisemman tuntemuksen perusteella. Keskeisimmät tulokset ovat, että suomentaja ja ranskantaja ovat käyttäneet yhtälailla pääasiallisena käännösstrategianaan nimen suoraa lainaa. Itse asiassa lainojen osuus kummissakin käännöksissä oli varsin huomattava. Yllättävä tulos oli, että suomennoksissa käännösten osuus oli varsin pieni verrattuna lainojen määrään. Hahmotyypillä ei havaittu olevan suoranaista vaikutusta valittuun käännösstrategiaan. Katseena tulevaisuuteen mahdollisiksi jatkotutkimuksen aiheiksi suositellaan kvantitatiivista tutkimusta kunkin erisnimen esiintymismääristä. Tällaisella tutkimuksella voitaisiin tutkia, miksi esimerkiksi suomennoksia lukiessa syntyy vaikutelma, että valtaosa henkilönnimistä on käännetty eikä suinkaan lainattu.

Valmentava johtamisosaaminen kuntaorganisaation esimiestyössä

Kuntaorganisaatioissa esimiehen rooli on muotoutumassa työntekijän edustaman asiantuntijuuden vahvistajaksi. Tämä edellyttää esimieheltä uusia osaamisvalmiuksia. Valmentavalla johtamisella tehostetaan yksilöiden ja tiimien suoritustasoa kannustamalla alaisia kyseenalaistamaan asioita sekä tekemään ongelmanratkaisua itsenäisesti. Valmentavan johtamisotteen juurtumisen keskiössä on esimiehen valmennusosaaminen, jonka on todettu lisäävän alaisen työsuoritusta, työhön sitoutumista sekä työtyytyväisyyttä. Tämän tapaustutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää miten kuntaorganisaation esimiestyössä toteutuu valmentava johtamisosaaminen ja mitä valmentavan johtamisen toimintatapoja esimiestyössä on tunnistettavissa. Tutkimustapauksena toimi yksi kuntaorganisaatio ja sen keski- ja työnjohdossa työskentelevät esimiehet. Tutkimus toteutettiin sekä määrällistä että laadullista tutkimusotetta hyödyntäen. Empiirinen tutkimusaineisto kerättiin sähköisellä kyselyllä, joka lähetettiin tapausorganisaation neljän eri toimialueen esimiehille (N= 90) saaden vastausprosentiksi 36 %. Kyselyn määrällinen aineisto kerättiin strukturoiduilla väittämillä ja laadullinen aineisto lomakkeeseen lisätyillä avoimilla kysymyksillä. Tutkimuksessa käytetty kyselylomake perustui strukturoidulta osaltaan validoituun arviointimittariin, jonka sisältämät viisi ulottuvuutta: avoin vuorovaikutus, tiimityöskentely, ihmisten arvostaminen, epävarmuuden hyväksyminen ja kehittämisen mahdollistaminen mittaavat esimiehen valmennusosaamista. Ulottuvuuksista johdetuille väittämäpareille suoritettiin kaksoiskäännöstoimenpide. Strukturoidut vastaukset analysoitiin tilastollisesti hyödyntäen Pearsonin korrelaatiotestiä sekä yhdensuuntaista ja monen eri tekijän varianssianalyysejä. Avoimien kysymysten vastaukset analysoitiin sisällön analyysillä. Tutkimustulosten perusteella esimiesten valmennusosaaminen näyttäytyi tapausorganisaatiossa vahvimpana avoimen vuorovaikutuksen ja heikoimpana ihmisten arvostamisen alueilla. Tilastollisesti merkitsevästi (P < 0,05) vuorovaikutusosaaminen oli yhteydessä kykyyn hallita epävarmoja muutostilanteita sekä vahvistavan tiimityöskentelyä. Epävarmuuden sieto korreloi osaamista kehittämisen mahdollistamisen alueella varsinkin naisesimiesten kohdalla. Esimiesten valmentavista toimintatavoista keskeisin oli kehityskeskustelu. Muiksi keinoiksi tunnistettiin jatkuvan palautteen antaminen sekä kuunteleva ja kyseenalaistava oivalluttaminen. Alaisia tuettiin vastuuseen voimavaraistavin keinoin. Valmennusosaaminen näyttäytyi kohdeorganisaatiossa enemmän tiedostamattomana toimintana. Tapaustutkimuksen perusteella voitiin kuitenkin todeta valmentavan johtamisen aktiviteettia ja hallinnan elementtejä esimiesten toiminnassa.

Benefícios da utilização de bastões de caminhada durante a marcha em descida

INTRODUÇÃO: Tem vindo a aumentar a evidência que suporta a relação direta entre a prática de atividade física e a ausência de doença, nomeadamente no que concerne à prática de “caminhadas” (ACSM's, 2009). No entanto, existem alguns fatores que podem pôr em causa essa relação direta tornando, por exemplo, uma marcha em declive, numa potencial origem de lesões músculo-esqueléticas (Bohne & Abendroth-Smith, 2007; Schwameder, et al., 1999). Aos poucos, e apesar da pouca evidência existente, a utilização de bastões de caminhada começa a ser vista como uma estratégia para minimizar a sobrecarga articular subjacente, podendo ser vista como um novo instrumento de reabilitação e de melhoria da função/participação dos utilizadores, com o objetivo de alcançar vantagens biomecânicas e fisiológicas (Breyer, et al., 2010; Figard- Fabre, et al., 2010; Fritz, B., et al., 2011; Hartvigsen, et al., 2010; Kukkonen-Harjula, et al., 2007; Mannerkorpi, et al., 2010; Morso, et al., 2006; Oakley, et al., 2008; Sprod, et al., 2005; Wendlova, 2008). OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar o comportamento motor de sujeitos do sexo masculino com experiência na utilização de bastões de caminhada relativamente a aspetos cinemáticos, cinéticos e de atividade mioelétrica desenvolvidos durante a marcha em declive com e sem bastões, e desta forma poder perceber se existem benefícios na utilização deste auxiliar e identificá-los. METODOLOGIA: foram selecionados treze sujeitos do sexo masculino (idade: 37±8anos; peso: 75±12Kg; altura: 177±8cm) que utilizam bastões de caminhada, com alguma regularidade (frequência de prática média: 18±24horas/mês), há pelo menos um ano. Foi realizada a análise cinemática (membro inferior e tronco), cinética (componente vertical e antero-posterior) e eletromiográfica (dos músculos vasto lateral, gastrocnémio medial e lateral, tibial anterior, eretores da espinha e tricípite braquial lateral) da marcha em descida, com e sem bastões de caminhada, num plano inclinado com 15° de declive. Para isso foi construída uma rampa em madeira com 1,07m de altura, 1,22m de largura e 4,17m de comprimento. RESULTADOS: a utilização dos bastões de caminhada levou à diminuição da flexão plantar do tornozelo aquando do apoio final e da pré-oscilação; ao aumento da flexão do joelho na resposta à carga, no apoio final, na pré-oscilação e à diminuição da flexão do mesmo no apoio médio; ao aumento da flexão da anca no contato inicial e na resposta à carga. Da leitura dos resultados cinéticos, podemos observar que a utilização dos bastões de caminhada levou ao aumento médio do Tempo de Apoio, do Máximo Ativo, do Tempo de Desaceleração e do Impulso, e a uma diminuição média estatisticamente significativa do Máximo Passivo do Mínimo Passivo. É também possível verificar que a utilização dos bastões levou à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral, do vasto lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial durante o período de pré-ativação de 120ms, à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial durante a fase de apoio e durante o período de acomodação mioelétrica de 60ms, assim como à diminuição da ativação mioelétrica do gastrocnémio lateral e do tibial anterior e ao aumento da ativação do tricípite braquial e do eretor da espinha direito durante o tempo de travagem. CONCLUSÕES: os bastões de caminhada podem ser vistos como mais uma das ferramentas à disposição do fisioterapeuta em situações em que a redução de cargas articulares seja necessária, por exemplo em casos de OA do joelho e/ou anca, ou mesmo em situações de pós-lesão ou pós-operatório ligamentar, como sendo um método preventivo, uma vez que apesar dos bastões de caminhada trazerem um aumento do dispêndio energético por parte de cada utilizador, são de todo benéficos na redução da fadiga muscular dos membros inferiores durante uma descida, aumentando por isso a proteção das estruturas passivas. Estes benefícios dever-se-ão também às alterações posturais que se conseguem obter pela utilização dos bastões e às vantagens mecânicas por elas criadas.