Caracterització de la població de Bradypus variegatus i Choloepus hoffmanni a INBioparque, Costa Rica

Estudi centrat en la caracterització de la població de peresosos (Choloepus Hoffmanni i Bradypus variegatus) d’INBioparque (Costa Rica) per tal de donar continuïtat al projecte de Casalé i Delclòs, 2010. S’ha determinat en 15 el nombre d’individus amb els que compta el parc i que les seves estructures poblacionals s’han vist alterades degut a la disminució d’individus respecte al 2010. S’han definit diferències significatives en la localització dels individus, essent els més freqüentats els hàbitats de bosc V.Central i bosc Humit, i detectat una gran variabilitat d’espècies arbòries tant ingerides com freqüentades, destacant el gènere Cecròpia. Pel que fa als registres d’activitat, tot hi la gran variabilitat i diferències entre espècies i sexes, és majoritàriament nul·la. També s’ha estudiat la població d’Iguana iguana com a limitadora de la població de peresosos d’INBioparque, sense obtenir uns resultats que permetin assegurar cap tipus de competència interespecífica.

Research Priorities for seabirds: Improving seabird conservation and management in the 21st century

Seabirds are facing a growing number of threats in both terrestrial and marine habitats, and many populations have experienced dramatic changes over past decades. Years of seabird research have improved our understanding of seabird populations and provided a broader understanding of marine ecological processes. In an effort to encourage future research and guide seabird conservation science, seabird researchers from 9 nations identified the 20 highest priority research questions and organized these into 6 general categories: (1) population dynamics, (2) spatial ecology, (3) tropho-dynamics, (4) fisheries interactions, (5) response to global change, and (6) management of anthropogenic impacts (focusing on invasive species, contaminants and protected areas). For each category, we provide an assessment of the current approaches, challenges and future directions. While this is not an exhaustive list of all research needed to address the myriad conservation challenges seabirds face, the results of this effort represent an important synthesis of current expert opinion across sub-disciplines within seabird ecology. As this synthesis highlights, research, in conjunction with direct management, education, and community engagement, can play an important role in facilitating the conservation and management of seabird populations and of the ocean ecosystems on which they and we depend.

Fish colonization of artificial reefs in a large Neotropical reservoir: material type and successional changes

Artificial reefs have barely been used in Neotropical reservoirs (about five studies in three reservoirs), despite their potential as a fishery management tool to create new habitats and also to understand fish ecology. We experimentally assessed how reef material (ceramic, concrete, and PVC) and time modulated fish colonization of artificial reefs deployed in Itaipu Reservoir, a large reservoir of the mainstem Parana´ River, Brazil. Fish richness, abundance, and biomass were significantly greater in the reef treatments than at control sites. Among the experimental reefs, ceramic followed by the concrete treatments were the materials most effectively colonized, harboring the majority of the 13 fish species recorded. Although dependent on material type, many of the regularities of ecological successions were also observed in the artificial reefs, including decelerating increases in species richness, abundance, mean individual size, and species loss rates with time and decelerating decreases of species gain and turnover rates. Species composition also varied with material type and time, together with suites of life history traits: more equilibrium species (i.e., fishes of intermediate size that often exhibit parental care and produce fewer but larger offspring) of the Winemiller-Rose model of fish life histories prevailed in later successional stages. Overall, our study suggests that experimental reefs are a promising tool to understand ecological succession of fish assemblages, particularly in tropical ecosystems given their high species richness and low seasonality

Factors influencing zooplankton size structure at contrasting temperatures in coastal shallow lakes: Implications for effects of climate change

We assessed the importance of temperature, salinity, and predation for the size structure of zooplankton and provided insight into the future ecological structure and function of shallow lakes in a warmer climate. Artificial plants were introduced in eight comparable coastal shallow brackish lakes located at two contrasting temperatures: cold-temperate and Mediterranean climate region. Zooplankton, fish, and macroinvertebrates were sampled within the plants and at open-water habitats. The fish communities of these brackish lakes were characterized by small-sized individuals, highly associated with submerged plants. Overall, higher densities of small planktivorous fish were recorded in the Mediterranean compared to the cold-temperate region, likely reflecting temperature-related differences as have been observed in freshwater lakes. Our results suggest that fish predation is the major control of zooplankton size structure in brackish lakes, since fish density was related to a decrease in mean body size and density of zooplankton and this was reflected in a unimodal shaped biomass-sizespectrum with dominance of small sizes and low size diversity. Salinity might play a more indirect role by shaping zooplankton communities toward more salt-tolerant species. In a global-warming perspective, these results suggest that changes in the trophic structure of shallow lakes in temperate regions might be expected as a result of the warmer temperatures and the potentially associated increases in salinity. The decrease in the density of largebodied zooplankton might reduce the grazing on phytoplankton and thus the chances of maintaining the clear water state in these ecosystems

Temperature-Specific Competition between Invasive Mosquitofish and an Endangered Cyprinodontid Fish

Condition-specific competition is widespread in nature. Species inhabiting heterogeneous environments tend to differ in competitive abilities depending on environmental stressors. Interactions between these factors can allow coexistence of competing species, which may be particularly important between invasive and native species. Here, we examine the effects of temperature on competitiveinteractions between invasive mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, and an endemic Iberian toothcarp, Aphanius iberus. We compare the tendency to approach heterospecifics and food capture rates between these two species, and examine differences between sexes and species in aggressive interactions, at three different temperatures (19, 24 and 29uC) in three laboratory experiments. Mosquitofish exhibit much more aggression than toothcarp. We show that mosquitofish have the capacity to competitively displace toothcarp through interference competition and this outcome is more likely at higher temperatures. We also show a reversal in the competitive hierarchy through reduced food capture rate by mosquitofish at lower temperatures and suggest that these two types of competition may act synergistically to deprive toothcarp of food at higher temperatures. Males of both species carry out more overtly aggressive acts than females, which is probably related to the marked sexual dimorphism and associated mating systems of these two species. Mosquitofish may thus impact heavily on toothcarp, and competition from mosquitofish, especially in warmer summer months, may lead to changes in abundance of the native species and displacement to non-preferred habitats. Globally increasing temperatures mean that highly invasive, warm-water mosquitofish may be able to colonize environments from which they are currently excluded through reduced physiological tolerance to low temperatures. Research into the effects of temperature on interactions between native and invasive species is thus of fundamental importance

Decrease in the diversity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Senecio pterophorus after invasion

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are N-based plant secondary metabolites that function as chemical defenses against vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. PAs can be highly variable at intraspecific level, both in their absolute and relative concentrations. Changes in the chemical composition of exotic plants when they invade a new environment have been poorly explored. Here we studied the biogeographical variation on PAs in Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae) in the native region in Eastern South Africa, an expanded region in Western South Africa, and two introduced regions in Australia and Europe. PAs in S. pterophorus were represented by the highly toxic 1,2-unsaturated PAs and the less toxic 1,2-saturated PAs. Our results show a change in the plant chemical composition after invasion. Total PAs concentrations were highest in Australia compared to any other region. Plants from Europe contained the highest relative concentrations of 1,2-saturated PAs. The positive correlation between the chemical and the genetic distances estimated between populations suggests that the chemical profiles in the non-native regions were related to the plant dispersal routes. The decrease in the chemical diversity and the change in the absolute PAs concentrations in S. pterophorus after invasion may have consequences in the interactions between plants and herbivores in the novel habitats.

Invasive populations of Senecio pterophorus are neither more productive nor more plastic than the native populations

Successful plant invaders may have specific morphological and physiological traits that promote invasion in a new habitat. The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that plants released from natural enemies in the introduced habitats are more competitive and perform better than plants from the native populations. An increased phenotypic plasticity may also favour invasion because it allows plants to function under a wider range of environments. In this study we used Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae) to test whether introduced plant populations are 1)more competitive and 2) more plastic compared with the native populations. We conducted a common garden experiment using plants from the native range (South Africa, Eastern Cape), an expanded range (South Africa, Western Cape) and two introduced ranges (Australia and Europe) under different conditions of water availability. Contrary to the EICA and the increased plasticity hypotheses, plants from the invasive and expanded populations grew less and responded less to watering than those from their native range. These results may be caused by a depleted competition as well as the presence of genetic bottlenecks in the newly invaded areas.

Occurrence of biflavones in leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis specimens

The chloroform partition of methanol extract of leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis was submitted to different chromatographic procedures which afforded besides agathisflavone and taxifolin, the minor biflavones loniflavone, amentoflavone, 5'- hydroxyamentoflavone and podocarpusflavone A. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of NMR and MS data analysis. Besides, the content of biflavones of different specimens of C. pyramidalis, which are collected in different habitats of the Brazilian semi-arid region, was determinated by LC-APCI-MS analysis. These analysis demonstrated that only the specimens harvested in Bahia state showed collectively the presence of agathisflavone, amentoflavone, sequoiaflavone and podocarpusflavone A.

O plancton do rio Maria Rodrigues (Cananéia): I. Diatomáceas e Dinoflagelados

The author studies seventeen surface level samples of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates collected between June 7 and October 28, 1949, by the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute, on the southern inshore region ol São Paulo State, Brazil. Thirty-two species of diatoms distributed among twenty-four genera were present in the samples collected. Neritic forms of northerly and southerly temperate habitats predominated, varying very little from those found commonly in the open ocean. Coscinodiscus excentricus and C. radiatus were the most prominent species. Chaetoceros curvisetum, Coscinodiscus grani, Thalassionema nitzschioides and Thalassiotrix frauenfeldii occurred in very large numbers in the samples. Certain regions are shown to be consistently more productive than others at the surface level. The species of diatoms represented throughout .the region were cosmopolitan; in character. Dinoflagellate population was represented by 8 species distributed, among 3 genera, but at no time did they occur in large numbers.

Análise das variações florísticas e estruturais da comunidade arbórea de um fragmento de floresta semidecídua às margens do rio Capivari, Lavras-MG

Realizou-se um estudo das variações florísticas e estruturais da comunidade arbórea em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua situado às margens do rio Capivari, em Lavras, Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de analisar as correlações entre variáveis ambientais (edáficas, topográficas e morfométricas do fragmento) e a distribuição das espécies arbóreas. Procurou-se, também, ampliar o conhecimento sobre a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica das comunidades arbóreas da região do alto rio Grande. As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas em coletas extensivas na área e intensivas dentro de 28 parcelas de 20 ´ 20 m, tendo sido considerados apenas os indivíduos com DAP > 5 cm. As parcelas foram distribuídas em cinco transeções, dispostas paralelamente à inclinação predominante do terreno. As variáveis ambientais foram obtidas por meio do levantamento topográfico do fragmento e de análises químicas e granulométricas de amostras dos solos. As correlações entre distribuição das abundâncias das espécies e as variáveis ambientais nas parcelas foram avaliadas por análise de correspondência canônica (CCA). A listagem florística registrou 166 espécies, sendo 140 encontradas dentro das parcelas. A comunidade arbórea apresentou um elevado índice de diversidade de Shannon (H' = 4,258 nats/indivíduo), correlacionado à baixa dominância ecológica (alta equabilidade de Pielou, J' = 0,862) e, possivelmente, à alta heterogeneidade ambiental local. A CCA demonstrou que a heterogeneidade ambiental do fragmento é caracterizada principalmente pela topografia acidentada e pelas variações de fertilidade, granulometria e regime hídrico dos solos, sendo este último o mais fortemente correlacionado com a distribuição das espécies. Muitas espécies arbóreas mostraram clara preferência por dois habitats: a baixa encosta, com solos mais úmidos e férteis, e a alta encosta, com solos menos úmidos e férteis e mais sujeita ao efeito borda.

Diversidade da vegetação pós-incêndio em terraços abandonados e ladeiras não cultivadas em Valença, Espanha

A história de uso do solo exerce influência na composição de espécies e, portanto, deve se refletir na diversidade da vegetação em regeneração depois do fogo. Para testar essa hipótese foram comparadas comunidades vegetais em terraços, áreas utilizadas agricolamente, com comunidades em ladeiras livres do uso agrícola, em Valença, Espanha. A regeneração da vegetação de matorral com Ulex parviflorus foi amostrada aos 3, 9, 15 e 21 meses depois do incêndio. Foram estimados o número de espécies, o recobrimento vegetal e a diversidade e analisadas as curvas dominância-diversidade e espécies-área. Nas comparações entre os dois habitats (terraço e ladeira), não houve diferença no número de espécies nem na diversidade. Entretanto, o recobrimento vegetal foi maior nos terraços (62,6%) que nas ladeiras (39,9%). As curvas de dominância-diversidade dos dois habitats caracterizaram-se por pendentes acentuadas na parte superior e concentração de mais da metade das espécies com recobrimento inferior a 1% na parte inferior, explicável pelo fenômeno biológico da dominância. O modelo que relacionou o ganho de espécies com o aumento da área da amostra evidenciou que aos três meses depois do fogo o número de espécies nas ladeiras foi mais elevado que nos terraços.

Uso de parcelas de areia para o monitoramento de impacto de estradas sobre a riqueza de espécies de mamíferos

O monitoramento de fauna é um procedimento essencial na determinação da eficiência de uma unidade de conservação. Os objetivos deste artigo foram avaliar o uso de parcelas de areia para registro de pegadas de mamíferos, para estimar a riqueza de espécies que utilizam habitats cortados por estradas, e analisar a aplicabilidade do método em um programa de monitoramento. Os levantamentos foram conduzidos no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce-MG, através do uso de duas grades de amostragem compostas por três transectos paralelos, a diferentes distâncias da estrada (12, 82 e 152 m), monitorados durante os meses de março a novembro de 2000. As estimativas de riqueza de espécie foram obtidas pelo programa EstimateS, e o programa MONITOR foi utilizado para calcular o poder da análise para estimar uma probabilidade de detecção (p=0,90) de um declínio (5%) do número de espécies às margens da estrada. As estimativas de riqueza de espécies para os transectos variaram entre 5,99 (DP 0,99) e 15,07 (DP 1,75). Os resultados indicam que um programa de monitoramento precisaria de três levantamentos por ano, durante quatro anos consecutivos, utilizando o mesmo protocolo de amostragem para detectar um declínio (5%) no número de espécies que utilizam a estrada, com probabilidade de 0,90. O uso de parcelas de areia é um método de fácil aplicação, que se mostrou adequado para estimar a riqueza de espécies de mamíferos, podendo contribuir com informações e previsões para o manejo e a conservação destas espécies.

Characterization of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) young nests in a fragment of the Neotropical Forest

Young nests of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus are characterized by refuse soil in the exterior of the nest, a single fungus chamber 11 to 20 cm deep in relation to soil surface and internal volume ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 liters. These nidification patterns are important characteristics for identifying and understanding the interactions between species and their habitats.

Abundância de insetos herbívoros associados ao pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.)

A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar os efeitos da taxa de crescimento de ramos na abundância dos insetos herbívoros de vida livre associados a Caryocar brasiliense em três diferentes "habitats" (cerrado, mata seca e pastagem). Em cada "habitat" foram escolhidas 20 árvores e em cada uma, marcados quatro ramos, que foram monitorados mensalmente de junho a novembro de 2001. Durante esse monitoramento foi encontrado um total de 47 morfoespécies de insetos (quatro ordens), associados aos ramos de C. brasiliense. A taxa de crescimento dos ramos foi significativamente diferente entre os "habitats" estudados. Contudo, apenas no cerrado se observou relação significativa entre a abundância de herbívoros e a taxa de crescimento dos ramos.

Efeito do substrato e luminosidade na germinação de Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae)

Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul) é uma Mimosaceae arbórea de grande distribuição na América do Sul, com rápido crescimento e bastante utilizada para fornecimento de tanino, madeira, mel e resina, além de ser considerado ornamental e medicinal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar comparativamente a germinação de sementes procedentes de populações de uma mesma espécie de dois locais com climas distintos. Foram observados a germinabilidade (%G), o tempo médio (t) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) em germinador a 30 ºC ±1 e emergência em viveiros com diferentes tipos de substratos e luminosidades. O ambiente a pleno sol proporcionou as menores taxas de germinação, maiores tempos médios e menores índices de velocidade de germinação em todos os tipos de solos. As luminosidades mais adequadas são as de 30% de luz no substrato areia e 50% de luz na terra vegetal pura. A população da cidade de Tanquinho-BA, pelo seu vigor, mostrou-se mais adaptada para estabelecimento em campo, aproveitando condições favoráveis ao subseqüente desenvolvimento. Esses comportamentos germinativos diferenciados evidenciam diferenças adaptativas aos "habitats" onde ocorrem contribuindo para o sucesso ecológico e evolutivo da espécie.