Pollination biology of Syngonanthus elegans (Eriocaulaceae - Poales)

Studies on the pollination biology of Eriocaulaceae are scarce although particularly interesting because of its inclusion in the Poales, a predominantly wind-pollinated order. The pollination biology of Syngonanthus elegans (Bong.) Ruhland was studied during two annual flowering periods to test the hypothesis that insect pollination was its primary pollination system. A field study was carried out, including observations of the morphology and biology of the flowers, insect visits and pollinator behaviour. We also evaluated seed set, seed germination and seedling development for different pollination modes. Although seeds were produced by self-pollination, pollination by small insects contributed most effectively to the reproductive success of S. elegans, resulting in the greatest seed set, with the highest germination percentage and optimum seedling vigour. The. oral resources used by flower visitors were pollen and nectar that was produced by staminate and pistillate flowers. Self-pollination played a minor role and its consequence was inbreeding depression.

Changes of a mutualistic network over time: reanalysis over a 10-year period

We analyzed the structure of a multispecific network or interacting ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries recorded in 1990 and again in 2000 in La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. We assessed the replicability of the number of interactions found among species and also whether there had been changes in the network structure associated with appearance of new ant and plant species during. that 10-year period. Our results show that the nested topology of the network was similar between sampling dates, group dissimilarity increased, mean number of interactions for ant species increased, the frequency distribution of standardized degrees reached higher values for plant species, more ant species and fewer plant species constituted the core of the more recent network, and the presence of new ant and plant species increased while their contribution to nestedness remained the same. Generalist species (i.e., those with the most links or interactions) appeared to maintain the stability of the network because the new species incorporated into the communities were linked to this core of generalists. Camponotus planatus was the most extreme generalist ant species (the one with the most links) in both networks, followed by four other ant species; but other species changed either their position along the continuum of generalists relative to specialists or their presence or absence within the network. Even though new species moved into the area during the decade between the surveys, the overall network structure remained unmodified.

Behavioral suites mediate group-level foraging dynamics in communities of tropical stingless bees

Competition for floral resources is a key force shaping pollinator communities, particularly among social bees. The ability of social bees to recruit nestmates for group foraging is hypothesized to be a major factor in their ability to dominate rich resources such as mass-flowering trees. We tested the role of group foraging in attaining dominance by stingless bees, eusocial tropical pollinators that exhibit high diversity in foraging strategies. We provide the first experimental evidence that meliponine group foraging strategies, large colony sizes and aggressive behavior form a suite of traits that enable colonies to improve dominance of rich resources. Using a diverse assemblage of Brazilian stingless bee species and an array of artificial ""flowers"" that provided a sucrose reward, we compared species` dominance and visitation under unrestricted foraging conditions and with experimental removal of group-foraging species. Dominance does not vary with individual body size, but rather with foraging group size. Species that recruit larger numbers of nestmates (Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, Trigona hyalinata, Trigona spinipes) dominated both numerically (high local abundance) and behaviorally (controlling feeders). Removal of group-foraging species increased feeding opportunities for solitary foragers (Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona quadrifasciata and Nannotrigona testaceicornis). Trigona hyalinata always dominated under unrestricted conditions. When this species was removed, T. spinipes or S. aff. depilis controlled feeders and limited visitation by solitary-foraging species. Because bee foraging patterns determine plant pollination success, understanding the forces that shape these patterns is crucial to ensuring pollination of both crops and natural areas in the face of current pollinator declines.

Reproductive biology of six Brazilian Myrtaceae: is there a syndrome associated with buzz-pollination?

The floral phenology and reproductive biology of six sympatric arboreal Myrtaceae species were studied in the coastal plain forest (Ubatuba, Brazil, 44 degrees 48`W 23 degrees 22`S), from September 1999 to April 2002. Flowering started in the transition from the driest to the most humid season (Sep/Oct) and lasted until March. The sequence with which the species flowered each year was consistently the same. However, the timing of flowering onset, peak, end, and overlap differed from one year to another. Myrtaceae species were classified as xenogamic according to the pollen:ovule ratios, but two of them seem to present some degree of self-compatibility. Flowers of all species opened at sunrise and lasted for I day. Bombus morio (Apidae: Bombini) was the most common visitor followed by Melipona rufiventris (Apidae: Meliponini). Buzz pollination in Myrtaceae was common at the study area and seems to be related to bees` behaviour and to some aspects of flowers` morphology.

Ecological niche modeling and principal component analysis of Krameria Loefl. (Krameriaceae)

Krameria plants are found in arid regions of the Americas and present a floral system that attracts oil-collecting bees. Niche modeling and multivariate tools were applied to examine ecological and geographical aspects of the 18 species of this genus, using occurrence data obtained from herbaria and literature. Niche modeling showed the potential areas of occurrence for each species and the analysis of climatic variables suggested that North American species occur mostly in deserted or xeric ecoregions with monthly precipitation below 140 mm and large temperature ranges. South American species are mainly found in deserted ecoregions and subtropical savannas where monthly precipitation often exceeds 150 mm and temperature ranges are smaller. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed with values of temperature and precipitation showed that the distribution limits of Krameria species are primarily associated with maximum and minimum temperatures. Modeling of Krameria species proved to be a useful tool for analyzing the influence of the ecological niche variables in the geographical distribution of species, providing new information to guide future investigations. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of the ""sacaca"" clade: Novel relationships of Croton section Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae)

Phylogenetic relationships of Croton section Cleodora (Klotzsch) Baill. were evaluated using the nuclear ribosomal ITS and the chloroplast trnl-F and trnH-psbA regions. Our results show a strongly supported clade containing most previously recognized section Cleodora species, plus some other species morphologically similar to them. Two morphological synapomorphies that support section Cleodora as a clade include pistillate flowers in which the sepals overlap to some degree, and styles that are connate at the base to varying degrees. The evolution of vegetative and floral characters that have previously been relied on for taxonomic decisions within this group are evaluated in light of the phylogenetic hypotheses. Within section Cleodora there are two well-supported clades, which are proposed here as subsections (subsection Sphaerogyni and subsection Spruceani). The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis identifies the closest relatives of the medicinally important and essential oil-rich Croton cajucara Benth. as candidates for future screening in phytochemical and pharmacological studies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Vriesea paraibica complex (Bromeliaceae)

The species related to Vriesea paraibica (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae) have controversial taxonomic limits. For several decades, this group has been identified in herbarium collections as V. x morreniana, an artificial hybrid that does not grow in natural habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological variation in the V. paraibica complex through morphometric analyses of natural populations. Two sets of analyses were performed: the first involved six natural populations (G1) and the second was carried out on taxa that emerged from the first analysis, but using material from herbarium collections (G2). Univariate ANOVA was used, as well as discriminant analysis of 16 morphometric variables in G1 and 18 in G2. The results of the analyses of the two groups were similar and led to the selection of diagnostic traits of four species. Lengths of the lower and median floral bracts were significant for the separation of red and yellow floral bracts. Vriesea paraibica and V. interrogatoria have red bracts; these two species are differentiated by the widths of the lower and median portions of the inflorescence and by scape length. These structures are larger in the former and smaller in the latter. Of the species with yellow floral bracts, V. eltoniana is distinguished by longer leaf blades and scapes and V. flava is characterized by its shorter sepal lengths. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159, 163-181.

Symmetry in biology: from genetic code to stochastic gene regulation

Mathematical models, as instruments for understanding the workings of nature, are a traditional tool of physics, but they also play an ever increasing role in biology - in the description of fundamental processes as well as that of complex systems. In this review, the authors discuss two examples of the application of group theoretical methods, which constitute the mathematical discipline for a quantitative description of the idea of symmetry, to genetics. The first one appears, in the form of a pseudo-orthogonal (Lorentz like) symmetry, in the stochastic modelling of what may be regarded as the simplest possible example of a genetic network and, hopefully, a building block for more complicated ones: a single self-interacting or externally regulated gene with only two possible states: ` on` and ` off`. The second is the algebraic approach to the evolution of the genetic code, according to which the current code results from a dynamical symmetry breaking process, starting out from an initial state of complete symmetry and ending in the presently observed final state of low symmetry. In both cases, symmetry plays a decisive role: in the first, it is a characteristic feature of the dynamics of the gene switch and its decay to equilibrium, whereas in the second, it provides the guidelines for the evolution of the coding rules.

The Pollination Biology and Mating System of a Peripheral Population of Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)

Pollinator visitation rates over the life of a flower are determined by pollinator abundance and floral longevity. If flowers are not visited frequently enough, pollen limitation may occur, favoring the evolution of self-compatibility (SC). In plant species with varying SC levels, central populations often are self-incompatible (SI) and peripheral populations are SC. Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae) is a species that follows this trend with the exception of one population in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, which is peripheral yet SI. I investigated this population using multiple techniques including floral bagging, pollinator observations, microsatellite analysis, and floral longevity manipulations. My results confirmed the self-incompatibility of the Monteverde population and indicated low but perhaps adequate rates of pollinator visitation per flower per hour. I found reduced genetic diversity at Monteverde and gene flow occurring unidirectionally from San Luis (a central population) to Monteverde. In the greenhouse, there was more of an effect of male than female function on floral longevity, but the largest differences were environmental. Flowers stayed open substantially longer when cool, cloudy weather was simulated and shorter when conditions were hot and sunny. The results indicate that the Monteverde population of W. solanacea is SI because 1) it is unable to maximize its fitness due to gene flow from San Luis and its relatively recent colonization of the area and 2) pollen limitation may not be severe because of supplemental pollinator availability from other Witheringia species in the area and increased floral longevities due to cool and cloudy conditions.

Ecologia da polinização de Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus (Passifloraceae)

Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus (Passifloraceae), uma espécie de maracujá nativa no Rio Grande do Sul, é estudada em relação à biologia reprodutiva e ao processo de polinização. As avaliações são realizadas em populações cultivadas de P. suberosa presentes em áreas urbanas no Munícipio de Porto Alegre, RS. Aspectos concernentes à biologia floral foram avaliadas em uma população do Campus do Vale(UFRGS). A observação e coleta dos visitantes florais foi realizada em um jardim residencial, no bairro Passo da Areia. Avalia-se o sistema reprodutivo de P. suberosa em condições de campo através de três tratamentos: xenogamia, autogamia espontânea e autogamia manual. Um grupo de flores é marcado e deixado em condições naturais(controle) para se observar a formação de frutos. O padrão de produção e o volume de néctor produzido foram observados em flores isoladas e amostradas a cada duas horas das 8 as 18 horas. O efeito provocado pela remoção intermitente de néctar foi avaliado nas mesmas flores. A quantidade diária de néctar produzida foi avaliada utilizando-se um novo conjunto de flores a cada amostragem Para verificar o padrão de disponibilização diária de pólen, amostrou-se flores isoladas a cada 30 minutos, das 7 às 14 horas. Similarmente, flores não isoladas foram avaliadas para determinar quanto tempo o pólen permanece disponível na presença dos visitantes florais.A receptividade do estigma foi testada in vivo, por meio de polinização manual em flores emasculadas, das 8 até às 18 horas. Os visitantes florais foram monitorados de dezembro de 2001 a novembro de 2002.Observações seguidas de coleta foram realizadas a cada quinze dias, no período entre as 8 e as 14 horas. Nessas ocasiões, as flores abertas foram contadas e registrava-se a posição das pétalas, anteras e estigmas. Os visitantes florais foram observados em relação a hora da visita, contato com anteras e/ou estigmas, partes do corpo que contava as estruturas reprodutivas, presença de pólen no corpo e taxa de visita Os grãos de pólen aderidos no dorso dos insetos foram montados em lâminas microscópicas e analisadas em laboratório. Os resotados indicam que P. suberosa é autocompatível, entretanto a autofecundação espontânea não parece ser freqüente devido a posição das anteras e estigmas na flor. O polén não é disponibilizado de forma gradual, devido ao fato das cinco anteras de uma mesma flor tornarem-se deiscentes em tempos diferentes, desde a abertura da flor até o final da manhã, período em que todo o pólen está disponível. O número de flores com estigmas receptivos na população variou durante o dia, sendo o período entre 10 e 15 horas aquele em que se observou o maior número de flores receptivas. As flores P. suberosa já abriram com algum néctar disponível e continuaram produzindo. As 10 horas observou-se o volume máximo de néctar produzido durante o dia. As folhas foram visitadas principalmente por Polybia ignobilis, Pachodynerus guadulpensis, Polistes versicolor, Polistes cavapytiformis (Vespidae), por Augochloropsis sp. e Augochlorella ephyra (halictidae) e por Apis mellifera(Apidae). Ainda que todos os visitantes florais amostrados possam polinizar as flores, Polybia ignobilis, dado os seus atributos morfológicos, padrão comportamental de forrageio e a grande quantidade de pólen amostrada sobre a região dorsal do tórax, foi aquela que efetivamente contribuiu para a polinização da população de P. suberosa estudada.

Modelo morfogênico da produção potencial de flores em alfafa (Medicago sativa L.)

Assegurando-se condições não limitantes de radiação incidente, água e nutrientes, acompanhou-se, em casa-de-vegetação, o desenvolvimento de plantas isoladas da cultivar Europe de alfafa, desde a emergência até o estádio primeiros legumes maduros. Medidas semanais permitiram quantificar o ritmo de formação de fitômeros da haste principal e suas ramificações primárias, assim como o surgimento de inflorescências e seu número de flores. Paralelamente, plantas mantidas nas mesmas condições foram amostradas para determinar a evolução e repartição da biomassa formada. Independentemente do tipo de haste, a indução floral provoca uma diminuição na velocidade de emissão de fitômeros concomitante com uma redução progressiva no tamanho da folha e no número de flores por inflorescência. As diferentes hastes (haste principal – HP e as ramificações – R1 a Rn) apresentam comportamento distinto quanto a todos os parâmetros estudados. Com base no filocrono, identificou-se um grupo de maior velocidade formado pela HP, e R1 a R4, enquanto as demais são mais lentas. A velocidade de desenvolvimento foi a variável mais pertinente para explicar a maior biomassa e o maior número de flores produzidas pelas hastes do primeiro grupo. Um modelo de produção de flores por planta baseado na temperatura média diária é proposto, integrando sub-modelos de desenvolvimento de cada grupo de hastes. Validado com dados independentes da mesma cultivar e da cultivar Cinna, o modelo mostrou-se adequado como referencial da produção potencial de flores por planta.

Filogenia molecular, taxas evolutivas, tempo de divergência e herança organelar em Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae)

Passiflora é um gênero neotropical que apresenta uma grande variabilidade floral e foliar, o que dificulta enormemente sua classificação taxonômica. A característica mais marcante do gênero é a corona de filamentos em suas flores. Para melhor entender a taxonomia de Passiflora, foram analisadas sete regiões de seu DNA, englobando os genomas plastidial, mitocondrial e nuclear de 104 espécies. Essas espécies incluem 19 dos 23 subgêneros da classificação morfológica antiga e todos os quatro subgêneros da classificação mais recente, também baseada em caracteres externos. Os resultados corroboraram a proposta mais recente, que divide o gênero em quatro subgêneros (Astrophea, Decaloba, Deidamioides e Passiflora), com a adição de mais um, Tryphostemmatoides. Os três subgêneros com o número de espécies mais representativo (Astrophea, Decaloba e Passiflora) formam grupos monofiléticos estatisticamente bem fundamentados. No entanto, Deidamioides não é monofilético em todas as análises e marcadores, enquanto que Tryphostemmatoides é representado por apenas uma espécie. Foram também estudadas as prováveis datas de surgimento de Passiflora e sua diversificação nos três principais subgêneros, através do estudo de quatro regiões do DNA, englobando também os três genomas, em 70 espécies. Verificou-se que o gênero Passiflora deve ter aparecido há cerca de 42 milhões de anos atrás (Ma); Decaloba parece ter sido o primeiro subgênero a se estabelecer (35 Ma), enquanto que os subgêneros Astrophea e Passiflora devem ter se diversificado há 24 Ma Estes dois subgêneros parecem ter tido uma radiação rápida em comparação a Decaloba, que possui árvores filogenéticas com comprimentos dos ramos significativamente maiores que os outros dois. As adaptações morfológicas a diferentes polinizadores devem ter sido as principais responsáveis pela radiação rápida. A herança organelar de dois subgêneros, Decaloba e Passiflora, foi investigada através de um e quatro híbridos interespecíficos, respectivamente. A herança foi estritamente materna para a mitocôndria e o cloroplasto em Decaloba, enquanto que no subgênero Passiflora ocorreu herança materna para o DNA mitocondrial e paterna para o DNA plastidial. Esses resultados reforçam os dados obtidos pela filogenia, no que se refere à diferenciação e diversificação dos subgêneros, pois há evidências de que a herança materna dos cloroplastos seja ancestral em plantas.

Solid phase microextraction as a reliable alternative to conventional extraction techniques to evaluate the pattern of hydrolytically released components in Vitis vinifera L. grapes

In present research, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–qMS), was evaluated as a reliable and improved alternative to the commonly used liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) technique for the establishment of the pattern of hydrolytically released components of 7 Vitis vinifera L. grape varieties, commonly used to produce the world-famous Madeira wine. Since there is no data available on their glycosidic fractions, at a first step, two hydrolyse procedures, acid and enzymatic, were carried out using Boal grapes as matrix. Several parameters susceptible of influencing the hydrolytic process were studied. The best results, expressed as GC peak area, number of identified components and reproducibility, were obtained using ProZym M with b-glucosidase activity at 35 °C for 42 h. For the extraction of hydrolytically released components, HS-SPME technique was evaluated as a reliable and improved alternative to the conventional extraction technique, LLE (ethyl acetate). HS-SPME using DVB/CAR/PDMS as coating fiber displayed an extraction capacity two fold higher than LLE (ethyl acetate). The hydrolyzed fraction was mainly characterized by the occurrence of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, followed by acids, esters, carbonyl compounds, terpenoids, and volatile phenols. Concerning to terpenoids its contribution to the total hydrolyzed fraction is highest for Malvasia Cândida (23%) and Malvasia Roxa (13%), and their presence according previous studies, even at low concentration, is important from a sensorial point of view (can impart floral notes to the wines), due to their low odor threshold (μg/L). According to the obtained data by principal component analysis (PCA), the sensorial properties of Madeira wines produced by Malvasia Cândida and Malvasia Roxa could be improved by hydrolysis procedure, since their hydrolyzed fraction is mainly characterized by terpenoids (e.g. linalool, geraniol) which are responsible for floral notes. Bual and Sercial grapes are characterized by aromatic alcohols (e.g. benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl alcohol), so an improvement in sensorial characteristics (citrus, sweet and floral odors) of the corresponding wines, as result of hydrolytic process, is expected.

Síndromes de polinização ocorrentes em uma área de Mata Atlântica, Paraíba, Brasil

ARAUJO, Afranio Cesar de et al. Síndromes de polinização ocorrentes em uma área de Mata Atlântica, Paraíba, Brasil. Biotemas, Florianopolis, v. 4, n. 22, p.83-94, dez. 2009. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 04 out. 2010.

Caracterização funcional de dois cDNAs de cana-de- açúcar : PKCI e SHAGGY

Flowering is controlled by several environmental and endogenous factors, usually associated with a complex network of metabolic mechanisms. The gene characterization in Arabidopsis model has provided much information about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control flowering process. Some of these genes had been found in rice and maize. However, in sugarcane this processe is not well known. It is known that early flowering may reduce its production up to 60% at northeast conditions. Considering the impact of early flowering in sugarcane production, the aim of this work was to make the gene characterization of two cDNAs previously identified in subtractive cDNA libraries: scPKCI and scSHAGGY. The in silico analysis showed that these two cDNAs presented both their sequence and functional catalytic domains conserved. The results of transgenic plants containing the overexpression of the gene cassette scPKCI in sense orientation showed that this construction had a negative influence on the plant development as it was observed a decrease in plant height and leaf size. For the scPKCI overexpression in antisense orientation it was observed change in the number of branches from T1 transgenic plants, whereas transgenic T2 plants showed slow development during germination and initial stages of development. The other cDNA analyzed had homology to SHAGGY protein. The overexpression construct in sense orientation did not shown any effect on development. The only difference observed it was an increase in stigma structure. These results allowed us to propose a model how these two genes may be interact and affect floweringdevelopment.