882 resultados para Federal aid to juvenile corrections
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O presente estudo procura identificar qual o impacto das transferências intergovernamentais, dadas algumas de suas características específicas, na formulação e implementação da política pública de educação. As transferências intergovernamentais são entendidas como um instrumento adotado por Estados federativos para corrigir distorções intrínsecas aos seus mecanismos de arrecadação e de execução de determinadas competências pelos seus entes federativos. Sendo assim, uma vez que é papel do Estado, enquanto provedor de serviços e bens públicos, otimizar a prestação dos mesmos, este trabalho procura entender como o mecanismo das transferências intergovernamentais adotado em sistemas federativos se reflete no orçamento municipal, bem como nas decisões de política pública, analisando-se, especificamente o caso da educação. Para tanto, utiliza-se o caso do município do Rio de Janeiro, ao longo do período 2002/2011, como referência para o estudo, uma vez que este é um município de relevância no cenário nacional e sua experiência pode refletir a situação vivida por outros municípios, bem como servir de inspiração para tantos outros. Este estudo possibilitou, por fim, entender como algumas opções de política são tomadas em razão dos mecanismos de financiamento utilizados pelos estados. Foi possível perceber que, embora haja um entendimento sobre a importância de se ter um projeto nacional de política pública, há uma distância considerável entre as percepções do governo central e dos entes subnacionais sobre a melhor forma de prestar determinado serviço, o que dificulta a otimização do uso dos recursos. O reconhecimento desta dificuldade é essencial para que seja possível melhorar a prestação dos serviços públicos pretendidos pelos Estados.
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O Orçamento Público configura-se como o principal instrumento de planejamento e gestão da administração pública. Cabe destacar no mesmo, a existência de uma característica dual, sendo de um lado delimitado por uma perspectiva normativa e legal e, de outro, pressionado por mudanças e anseios sociais. Considerando esta característica, buscou-se destacar quais foram as principais iniciativas por parte do Legislativo Federal para modificar a estrutura do orçamento público, atuando diretamente nas leis que o regem. O período escolhido compreendeu os anos entre 1990 e 2010, caracterizado pelo processo de consolidação democrática e de modificação institucional do país. Os resultados mostram que parte dos esforços prospectivos de reforma orçamental no caso brasileiro busca reverter a histórica tendência do centralismo decisório do Executivo Federal e também limitar sua discricionariedade no trato do Orçamento Público.
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A central question in political economy is how to incentivize elected socials to allocate resources to those that need them the most. Research has shown that, while electoral incentives lead central governments to transfer fewer funds to non-aligned constituencies, media presence is instrumental in promoting a better allocation of resources. This study evaluates how these two phenomena interact by analyzing the role of media in compensating political biases. In particular, we analyze how media presence, connectivity and ownership affect the distribution of federal drought relief transfers to Brazilian municipalities. We find that municipalities that are not aligned with the federal government have a lower probability of receiving funds conditional on experiencing low precipitation. However, we show that the presence of radio stations compensates for this bias. This effect is driven by municipalities that have radio stations connected to a regional network rather than by the presence of local radio stations. In addition, the effect of network-connected radio stations increases with their network coverage. These findings suggests that the connection of a radio station to a network is important because it increases the salience of disasters, making it harder for the federal government to ignore non-allies. We show that our findings are not explained by the ownership and manipulation of media by politicians.
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Este trabalho trata dos desafios de implementação em nível local do Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego – Brasil Sem Miséria (Pronatec-BSM) a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. A dissertação buscou problematizar o acesso de mulheres de baixa renda em cursos de qualificação profissional. A qualificação profissional tem sido alvo de políticas públicas desde a criação das primeiras escolas técnicas pelo presidente Getúlio Vargas, na década de 1940, até os dias de hoje. O Pronatec – vigente desde 2011 – configura-se atualmente como a política mais recente nesse campo de atuação. De abrangência nacional e coordenado pelo Ministério da Educação, o Programa, que prevê parcerias com outros ministérios e com outros níveis da federação para que seja executado, oferece diversas modalidades de oferta de cursos, dentre essas modalidades, a Bolsa Formação Trabalhador, a qual prioriza o ingresso do público beneficiário dos programas sociais do governo federal. Compreendendo a relevância do Pronatec no percurso das políticas de qualificação profissional no Brasil, esta dissertação o toma como objeto de análise buscando problematizar os desafios enfrentados em sua implementação e a relação desses desafios com a perspectiva de gênero. Como estudos de caso foram analisadas as experiências de implementação em dois municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo: Suzano e Osasco. As fontes analíticas para o estudo constituiram-se: a) falas de gestores e gestoras nacionais, b) conteúdo dos materiais produzidos pelo governo federal para regular e orientar a execução do Programa nos municípios; e, finalmente, c) discursos das pessoas envolvidas na implementação local – de servidores(as) municipais, de funcionário(as)s das escolas e das próprias beneficiárias. A pesquisa identificou (1) a necessidade da construção de convergências entre as instituições para que o Programa1 se efetive e, (2) a relevância das imagens de gênero que permeiam as ações de implementadores(as) de todos os níveis e que influenciam, por sua vez, o acesso de mulheres de baixa renda aos cursos de qualificação profissional em que sua presença é minoritária.
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O objetivo dessa dissertação foi investigar os desafios da utilização dos Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento (BCDs) como política pública. Segundo a Rede Brasileira de Bancos Comunitários estes podem ser definidos como serviços financeiros solidários, de natureza associativa e comunitária, voltados para a geração de trabalho e renda na perspectiva de reorganização das economias locais por meio da constituição de redes de economia solidária. Desde o surgimento da primeira experiência de banco comunitário, em 1998 em Fortelza/CE, até o presente momento os BCDs foram replicados em mais de 100 localidades. Pela singularidade em lidar com a concessão de microcrédito e por conseguir uma capilaridade junto as populações em situação de pobreza ou extrema pobreza, os BCDs despontaram como alternativas a algumas políticas públicas do microcrédito tradicional e tem recebido apoio do governo federal para replicação de novas experiências e consolidação das já existentes. Além disso, os governos estaduais e municipais também vem adotando políticas de replicação dos bancos comunitários e em alguns casos, como é o estudo de caso desta investigação, a iniciativa para a constituição dos BCDs tem partido das prefeituras. A pergunta de pesquisa que norteia este trabalho foi analisada por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, com a utilização de entrevistas e observação participante junto ao Banco Comunitário Cidade de Deus, situado na cidade de Rio de Janeiro/RJ. A pesquisa de campo abrangeu os meses de maio a agosto do corrente e ano e os resultados apontam para existência de três dimensões de desafios aos processos de instrumentalização dos BCDs como políticas públicas, quais sejam: eficiência técnica, sustentabilidade financeira e conflitos políticos internos.
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Investigar como as controladorias gerais municipais vêm se estruturando dentro do sistema político subnacional e identificar as similaridades e diferenças entre tais organizações são os principais objetivos deste trabalho. Tais atividades tornam-se relevantes a partir da constatação de que, apesar de ser cada vez mais frequente a alteração do nome e da estrutura do órgão central dos sistemas de controle interno subnacionais para controladorias gerais, não há uma regulamentação específica que predetermine os padrões institucionais, as funcionalidades organizacionais ou os escopos de atuação desses órgãos públicos. Cumpriu-se essa tarefa por meio das seguintes ações: (i) realização de pesquisa bibliográfica a partir da produção acadêmica dos cursos de pós-graduação em Administração Pública e Contabilidade (com ênfase no estudo de controladorias) no último triênio da CAPES (2010-2012); (ii) catalogação e análise dos instrumentos legais de institucionalização dos órgãos de controle interno nas capitais brasileiras; (iii) execução de análise organizacional comparada nas estruturas das controladorias-gerais encontradas. As pesquisas feitas constataram que a produção acadêmica da área de Administração Pública sobre o tema ainda é incipiente; que uma maior integração do campo técnico com diferentes campos acadêmicos (Administração Pública, Contabilidade, Ciência Política, Direito e Sociologia) se faz necessária; que, para além do processo de disseminação da esfera federal para local, há diversas bases estruturantes que influenciam o padrão adotado pelas controladorias públicas municipais; e que, enfim, não se pode falar em consolidação de um único formato institucional de controladoria mas, sim, de práticas constituídas conforme as diferentes conjunturas locais.
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O presente trabalho apresenta um diagnóstico e uma análise da transparência no governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Desde a sanção da Lei de Acesso a Informações – LAI no Brasil, lei n° 12.527/2011, e as regulamentações dos governos subnacionais, o estado do Rio de Janeiro tem sido avaliado negativamente por instituições de ensino e pesquisa e por metodologias desenvolvidas pelo próprio governo federal, no sentido principal de garantir o direito fundamental de acesso à informação. Para caracterizar a situação do Rio de Janeiro, foi realizada uma análise da transparência sob quatro dimensões: (i) legal; (ii) tecnológica; (iii) organizacional; e (iv) política. Disto, decorre o desafio que conduz o presente trabalho, que é o de aperfeiçoar a transparência fluminense, mediante a sistematização de diretrizes com recomendações de melhoria, a partir das normas vigentes, das boas práticas no setor público e das inadequações do governo fluminense, também apontando os benefícios específicos que as medidas concretas podem gerar. Ao final, são sugeridos passos para melhorar o compromisso do estado com a transparência pública.
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This paper estimates the effect of lighting on violent crime reduction. We explore an electrification program (LUZ PARA TODOS or Light for All - LPT) adopted by the federal government to expand electrification to rural areas in all Brazilian municipalities in the 2000s as an exogenous source of variation in electrification expansion. Our instrumental variable results show a reduction in homicide rates (approximately five homicides per 100,000 inhabitants) on rural roads/urban streets when a municipality moved from no access to full coverage of electricity between 2000 and 2010. These findings are even more significant in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil, where rates of electrification are lower than those of the rest of the country and, thus, where the program is concentrated. In the north (northeast), the number of violent deaths on the streets per 100,000 inhabitants decreased by 48.12 (13.43). This moved a municipality at the 99th percentile (75th) to the median (zero) of the crime distribution of municipalities. Finally, we do not find effects on violent deaths in households and at other locations. Because we use an IV strategy by exploring the LPT program eligibility criteria, we can interpret the results as the estimated impact of the program on those experiencing an increase in electricity coverage due to their program eligibility. Thus, the results represent local average treatment effects of lighting on homicides.
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Ubiquitous computing raises new usability challenges that cut across design and development. We are particularly interested in environments enhanced with sensors, public displays and personal devices. How can prototypes be used to explore the users' mobility and interaction, both explicitly and implicitly, to access services within these environments? Because of the potential cost of development and design failure, these systems must be explored using early assessment techniques and versions of the systems that could disrupt if deployed in the target environment. These techniques are required to evaluate alternative solutions before making the decision to deploy the system on location. This is crucial for a successful development, that anticipates potential user problems, and reduces the cost of redesign. This thesis reports on the development of a framework for the rapid prototyping and analysis of ubiquitous computing environments that facilitates the evaluation of design alternatives. It describes APEX, a framework that brings together an existing 3D Application Server with a modelling tool. APEX-based prototypes enable users to navigate a virtual world simulation of the envisaged ubiquitous environment. By this means users can experience many of the features of the proposed design. Prototypes and their simulations are generated in the framework to help the developer understand how the user might experience the system. These are supported through three different layers: a simulation layer (using a 3D Application Server); a modelling layer (using a modelling tool) and a physical layer (using external devices and real users). APEX allows the developer to move between these layers to evaluate different features. It supports exploration of user experience through observation of how users might behave with the system as well as enabling exhaustive analysis based on models. The models support checking of properties based on patterns. These patterns are based on ones that have been used successfully in interactive system analysis in other contexts. They help the analyst to generate and verify relevant properties. Where these properties fail then scenarios suggested by the failure provide an important aid to redesign.
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This thesis pursuits to contextualize the theoretical debate between the implementation of public education policy of the Federal Government focused in a distance learning and legal foundations for its enforcement, in order to raise questions and comments on the topic in question. Its importance is back to provide scientific input and can offer to the academy, particularly in the UFRN, and elements of society to question and rethink the complex relationship between the socio-economic and geographic access to higher education. It consists of a descriptive study on the institutionalization of distance education in UFRN as a mechanism for expanding access to higher education, for both, the research seeks to understand if the distance undergraduate courses offered by the UAB system and implemented at UFRN, promote expanding access to higher education, as it is during implementation that the rules, routines and social processes are converted from intentions to action. The discussion of this study lasted between two opposing views of Implementation models: Top-down and Bottom-up. It is worth noting that the documents PNE, PDE and programs and UAB MEETING reflect positively in improving the educational level of the population of the country It is a qualitative study, using the means Bibliographic, Document and Field Study, where they were performed 04 (four) in 2010 interviews with the management framework SEDIS / UAB in UFRN. The data were analyzed and addressed through techniques: Document Analysis and Content Analysis. The results show that the process of implementation of distance education at UFRN is in progress. According to our results, the research objective is achieved, but there was a need to rethink the conditions of the infrastructure of poles, the structure of the academic calendar, the management of the SEDIS UFRN, regarding the expansion of existing vacancies and the supply of new courses by the need for a redesign as the Secretariat's ability to hold the offerings of undergraduate courses offered by the Federal Government to be implemented in the institution. It was also found that levels of evasion still presents a challenge to the teaching model. Given the context, we concluded that the greatest contribution of UAB and consequently UFRN by distance learning for undergraduate courses (Bachelor in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography and Biological Sciences, beyond the bachelor's degrees in Business and Public Administration ) is related to increasing the number of vacancies and accessibility of a population that was previously deprived of access to university
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Ornamental fish may be severely affected by a stressful environment. Stressors impair the immune response, reproduction and growth rate; thus, the identification of possible stressors will aid to improve the overall quality of ornamental fish. The aim of this study was to determine whole-body cortisol of adult zebrafish, Danio rerio, following visual or direct contact with a predator species. Zebrafish were distributed in three groups: the first group, which consisted of zebrafish reared completely isolated of the predator, was considered the negative control; the second group, in which the predator, Parachromis managuensis was stocked together with zebrafish, was considered the positive control; the third group consisted of zebrafish stocked in a glass aquarium, with direct visual contact with the predator. The mean whole-body cortisol concentration in zebrafish from the negative control was 6.78 +/- 1.12 ng g(-1), a concentration statistically lower than that found in zebrafish having visual contact with the predator (9.26 +/- 0.88 ng g(-1)) which, in turn, was statistically lower than the mean whole-body cortisol of the positive control group (12.35 +/- 1.59 ng g(-1)). The higher whole-body cortisol concentration found in fish from the positive control can be attributed to the detection, by the zebrafish, of relevant risk situations that may involve a combination of chemical, olfactory and visual cues. One of the functions of elevated cortisol is to mobilize energy from body resources to cope with stress. The elevation of whole-body cortisol in fish subjected to visual contact with the predator involves only the visual cue in the recognition of predation risk. We hypothesized that the zebrafish could recognize predator characteristics in P managuensis, such as length, shape, color and behavior. Nonetheless, the elevation of whole-body cortisol in zebrafish suggested that the visual contact of the predator may elicit a stress response in prey fish. This assertion has a strong practical application concerning the species distribution in ornamental fish markets in which prey species should not be allowed to see predator species. Minimizing visual contact between prey and predator fish may improve the quality, viability and welfare of small fish in ornamental fish markets. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The Oil industry in Brazil has gone through several stages during the economical, political and social historical process. However, the significative changes have happened in the last fifteen years, due to market opening arising from the relaxation of the state monopoly over the Oil deposits and its derivatives. The edition of the Constitutional Amendment #9, changing the first paragraph of the 177th item of the Federal Constitution, marked the end of a stiffness about the monopoly that the Brazilian state kept in relation to the exploration and research of Oil and Gas. The economical order was fundamental to actualize the idea contained in the #9 Amendment, since its contents has the power to set up measures to be adopted by public power in order to organize the economical relations from a social viewpoint. The new brazilian Oil scenery, called pre-salt, presents itself in a way to amaze the economical markets, in addition to creating a new perspective to the social sector. This work will identify, in this new scenario, the need for change in the legal system. Nevertheless, this subject must not be treated in a thoughtless way: being an exhaustible good, we shall not forget that the future generations also must benefit from the exploration of natural resources recently discovered. The settlement of a new regulatory mark, including the change in the concession contract model to production and sharing is one of the suggested solutions as a bill in the National Congress, in an attempt to ensure the sovereignty of the nation. The constitutionality of a new regulatory mark is questioned, starting from an analysis of the state monopoly, grounding the comprehnsions in the brazilian constitutions, the relevance of the creation of Petrobras for self-assertion of the state about the monopoly of Oil and derivatives, and its posture after the Constitutional Amendment nº 9 (1995), when a company stops having control of the state monopoly, beginning to compete in a fairly way with other companies. The market opening and private initiative are emphasized from the viewpoint of the Constitutional Principles of the Economical and Social Order. The relaxation of the monopoly regarding the exploratory activity in the Federal Constitution doesn't deprive from the Union the ownerships of underground goods, enabling to this federal entity to contract, directly or by concession of exploration of goods, to state-owned or private companies. The existing oil in the pre-salt layer transforms the scenario from very high risk to low risk, which gives the Union the possibility of defining another way of exploring this resources in the best interests of the Public Administration
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As a result of the prediction of irreversible changes on necessary conditions to maintain life, including human, on the planet, environmental education got the spotlight in the political scenario, due to social pressure for the development of individual and collective values, knowledge, skills, attitudes and competences towards environmental preservation. In Brazil, only in 1999 the right for environmental education was officially granted to people, having the status of essential and permanent component in the country s education. Since then, it has been Government s duty, in each federal branch, to plan actions to make it happen, in an articulate way in all levels and modalities of the education process, both formally and informally. This work of research has environmental education in the school as subject matter, and aims on analyzing social and political mediations established between this National Environmental Education policy and the contexts associated to the legislative production process, the political nature of the conceptions about environmental education that underlie Law 9.795/99 (Brazil, 2009c) and also Rio Grande do Norte Government s actions and omissions related to the imperative nature of the insertion of environmental education in the schools ran by the state, during the ten years this law has been in force. The investigation of the subject matter was led by a social and historical understanding of the social and environmental phenomena, as well as of the education system as a whole, considering that only through a dialectical view we can see the real world, by destroying the pseudo-concreteness that surrounds the topic. While analyzing, we assumed that in face of the dominance of a social organization in which market regulations rule on environmental ones, by developing individual and collective critical conscience, environmental education can become a threat to dominant economical interests in exploiting natural resources. The results of this research suggest that as an educational practice to be developed in an integrated, continuous and permanent fashion in all levels and modalities of formal education, environmental education has not yet come to pass in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, due to the neglect and disrespect of the government when facing the need of promoting the necessary and legally appointed measures to make it present in the basic education provided by the state. The legislators silence when it comes to approving a regulation on environmental education essential to define policies, rules and criteria to teaching the subject in the state and the omission from the public administration regarding critical actions in order to integrate in public schools the activities related to the National Environmental Education Policy, represent a political decision for not doing anything, despite the legal demand for an active position. This neglecting attitude for the actualizing of strategically concrete actions, urgent and properly planned for the implementation of environmental education in schools in a multidisciplinary way, exposes the lack of interest the predominant classes have in such kind of education being made available, as it could be developed based on a critic political view, becoming a political and educational action against dominance. When analyzing the basic principles and fundamental goals in Law 9.795/99 (Brazil, 2009c) the development of a critic environmental education is really possible and concurs with the National Environmental Education Policy, reflecting the social and political mediations established between this public policy and the contexts associated to its legislative production process, which are responsible for approving a regulation which also represents the mind of the people about environmental protection above anything else
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)