Avaliação de Correlações e Equações de Estado para Determinação de Fatores de Compressibilidade de Gás Natural

O fator de compressibilidade (Z) de gás natural é utilizado em vários cálculos na engenharia de petróleo (avaliação de formações, perda de carga em tubulações, gradiente de pressão em poços de gás, cálculos de balanço de massa, medição de gás, compressão e processamento de gás). As fontes mais comuns de valores de Z são medições experimentais, caras e demoradas. Essa propriedade também é estimada por correlações empíricas, modelos baseados no princípio dos estados correspondentes ou equações de estado (EOS). Foram avaliadas as capacidades das EOS de Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Peng-Robinson (PR), Patel-Teja (PT), Patel-Teja-Valderrama (PTV), Schmidt-Wenzel (SW), Lawal-Lake-Silberberg (LLS) e AGA-8 para previsão desta propriedade em aproximadamente 2200 pontos de dados experimentais. Estes pontos foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo 1 (Presença de frações C7+, Grupo 2 (temperaturas inferiores a 258,15 K), Grupo 3 (pressões superiores a 10000 kPa) e Grupo 4 (pressões inferiores a 10000 kPa). Os cálculos utilizando as equações de estado sob diferentes esquemas de previsão de coeficientes binários de interação foram cuidadosamente investigados. Os resultados sugerem que a EOS AGA-8 apresenta os menores erros para pressões de até 70000 kPa. Entretanto, observou-se uma tendência de aumento nos desvios médios absolutos em função das concentrações de CO2 e H2S. As EOS PTV e a EOS SW são capazes de predizer o fator de compressibilidade (Z) com desvios médios absolutos entre os valores calculados e experimentais com precisão satisfatória para a maioria das aplicações, para uma variada faixa de temperatura e pressão. Este estudo também apresenta uma avaliação de 224 métodos de cálculo de Z onde foram utilizadas 8 correlações combinadas com 4 regras de mistura para estimativa de temperaturas e pressões pseudorreduzidas das amostras, junto com 7 métodos de caracterização das propriedades críticas da fração C7+, quando presente na composição do gás. Em função dos resultados são sugeridas, para diferentes tipos de sistemas, as melhores combinações de correlações com regras de mistura capazes de predizer fatores de compressibilidade (Z) com os menores erros absolutos médios relativos

Redução de dimensionalidade em equilíbrio de fases fluidas

Atualmente, existem modelos matemáticos capazes de preverem acuradamente as relações entre propriedades de estado; e esta tarefa é extremamente importante no contexto da Engenharia Química, uma vez que estes modelos podem ser empregados para avaliar a performance de processos químicos. Ademais, eles são de fundamental importância para a simulação de reservatórios de petróleo e processos de separação. Estes modelos são conhecidos como equações de estado, e podem ser usados em problemas de equilíbrios de fases, principalmente em equilíbrios líquido-vapor. Recentemente, um teorema matemático foi formulado (Teorema de Redução), fornecendo as condições para a redução de dimensionalidade de problemas de equilíbrios de fases para misturas multicomponentes descritas por equações de estado cúbicas e regras de mistura e combinação clássicas. Este teorema mostra como para uma classe bem definidade de modelos termodinâmicos (equações de estado cúbicas e regras de mistura clássicas), pode-se reduzir a dimensão de vários problemas de equilíbrios de fases. Este método é muito vantajoso para misturas com muitos componentes, promovendo uma redução significativa no tempo de computação e produzindo resultados acurados. Neste trabalho, apresentamos alguns experimentos numéricos com misturas-testes usando a técnica de redução para obter pressões de ponto de orvalho sob especificação de temperaturas.

Estudo teórico e experimental da velocidade do som em sistemas contendo hidrocarbonetos

A descoberta de reservatórios de petróleo na camada do pré-sal abriu novas perspectivas para a economia brasileira. A grandes profundidades, com elevado teor de CO2 e submetidos a altas pressões e temperaturas, a exploração de petróleo das camadas de pré-sal constitui um considerável desafio tecnológico. Neste contexto, o conhecimento dos coeficientes de compressibilidade são fundamentais para o estudo do comportamento termodinâmico e escoamento dos fluidos destes campos de produção. Com este objetivo, foram determinadas experimentalmente nesta dissertação a massa específica e a velocidade do som de sistemas envolvendo quatro hidrocarbonetos puros: n-decano, n-hexadecano, decalina e tetralina, assim como para sistemas multicompostos envolvendo estes hidrocarbonetos e para uma amostra de condensado de petróleo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram o cálculo dos coeficientes de compressibilidade isentrópica, isotérmica e isentálpica. É apresentada uma avaliação sobre a capacidade de se correlacionar dados experimentais de velocidade do som aos dados calculados pelas equações de estado de Peng-Robinson e Lee-Kesler com regras de mistura: (i) Spencer e Danner e (ii) Lee-Kesler

Hyperon-hyperon interaction in relativistic mean field model

By using the new experimental data of Lambda Lambda potential, this paper has performed a full calculation for strange hadronic matter with different strangeness contents as well as its consequences on the global properties of neutron star matter in relativistic mean field model. It finds that the new weak hyperon - hyperon interaction makes the equations of state much stiffer than the result of the previous strong hyperon-hyperon interaction, and even stiffer than the result without consideration of hyperon -hyperon interaction. This new hyperon -hyperon interaction results in a maximum mass of 1.75M(circle dot) ( where M-circle dot stands for the mass of the Sun), about 0.2-0.5M(circle dot) larger than the previous prediction with the presence of hyperons. After examining carefully the onset densities of kaon condensation it finds that this new weak version of hyperon -hyperon interaction favours the occurrence of kaons in comparison with the strong one.

水-盐-气天然流体的物理化学性质模拟与流体包裹体应用研究

Natural fluids with water-salt-gas are often found in every sphere of the Earth, whose physicochemical properties and geochemical behaviors are complicated. To study these properties and behaviors turns out to be one of the challenging issues in geosciences. Traditional approaches mainly depend on experiments and observations. However, it is impossible to obtain a large number of data covering a large T-P space of the Earth by experimental methods in the near future, which will hinder the advance of the theoretical study. Therefore, it is important to model natural fluids by advanced theoretical methods, by which limited experimental data can be extended to a large temperature-pressure-composition space. Physicochemical models developed in this dissertation are not only more accurate, but also extend the applied T-P-m region of the experimental data of the multi-fluid systems by about two times. These models provide the new and accurate theoretical tools for the geochemical research, especially for the water-rock interactions and the study of the fluid inclusions. The main achievements can be summarized as follows: (1) A solubility model on components of natural gases is presented. The solubility model on the systems of CH4-H2O-NaCl, C2H6-H2O-NaCl or N2-H2O-NaCl takes advantage of modern physicochemical theory and methods, and is an improvement over previous models whose prediction and precision are relatively poor. The model can predict not only the gas solubility in liquid phase but also water content in the gas phase. In addition, it can predict gases (methane or nitrogen) solubility in seawater and brine. Isochores can be determined, which are very important in the interpretation of fluid inclusions. (2) A density model on common aqueous salt solutions is developed. The density models with high precision for common aqueous salt solutions (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl, H2O-KCl, H2O-MgCl2, H2O-CaCl2, H2O-SrCl2 or H2O-BaCl2) are absent in the past. Previous density models are limited to the relatively small range of experimental data, and cannot meet the requirement of the study of natural fluids. So a general density model of the above systems is presented by us based on the international standard density model of the water. The model exceeds the other models in both precision and prediction. (3) A viscosity model on common aqueous alkali-chloride solutions is proposed. Dynamic viscosity of water-salt systems, an important physics variable, is widely used in three-dimension simulation of the fluids. But in most cases, due to the lack of viscosity models with a wide T-P range, the viscosity of aqueous salt solutions is replaced by that of the water, giving rise to a relatively large uncertainty. A viscosity model with good prediction for the systems (H2O-NaCl, H2O-LiCl or H2O-KCl) is presented on the base of the international standard viscosity model of water and the density model developed before. (4) Equation of State applied in fluid inclusions. The best Equations of State in the world developed by others or us recently are applied in the study of the fluid inclusions. Phase equilibria and isochores of unitary system (e.g. H2O, CO2, CH4, O2, N2, C2H6 or H2S), binary H2O-NaCl system and ternary H2O-CH4-NaCl system are finished. From these programs and thermodynamic equations of coexisting ores, the physicochemical conditions before or after the deposits form can be determined. To some extent, it is a better tool.

地幔压力下CaSiO3 Perovskite状态方程和弹性常数的第一性原理研究

In the past decade density functional theory (DFT) has made its way from a peripheral position in quantum chemistry to center. Of course the often excellent accuracy of the DFT based methods has provided the primary driving force of this development. This dissertation is devoted to the study of physical and chemical properties of planetary materials by first-principle calculation. The concerned properties include the geometry, elastic constants and anisotropy. In the first chapter, we give a systematic introduction to theoretical background and review its progress. Development of quantum chemistry promotes the establishment of DFT. Theorem of Hohenberg-Kohn is the fundament of DFT and is developed to Kohn-Sham equation, which can be used to perform real calculations. Now, new corrections and extensions, together with developed exchange-correlation, have made DFT more accurate and suitable for larger systems. In the second chapter, we focus on the calculational methods and technical aspects of DFT. Although it is important to develop methods and program, external package are still often used. At the end of this chapter, we briefly some widely used simulation package and the application of DFT. In the third chapter, we begin to focus on properties of real materials by first principles calculation. We study a kind of minerals named Ca perovskite, investigate its possible structure and anisotropy at Earth’s mental condition. By understanding and predicting geo-physically important materials properties at extreme conditions, we can get the most accurate information to interpret seismic data in the context of likely geophysical processes.

High pressure CO2 absorption studies on imidazolium-based ionic liquids:Experimental and simulation approaches

A combined experimental-computational study on the CO absorption on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide ionic liquids is reported. The reported results allowed to infer a detailed nanoscopic vision of the absorption phenomena as a function of pressure and temperature. Absorption isotherms were measured at 318 and 338K for pressures up to 20MPa for ultrapure samples using a state-of-the-art magnetic suspension densimeter, for which measurement procedures are developed. A remarkable swelling effect upon CO absorption was observed for pressures higher than 10MPa, which was corrected using a method based on experimental volumetric data. The experimental data reported in this work are in good agreement with available literature isotherms. Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state coupled with bi-parametric van der Waals mixing rule were used for successful correlations of experimental high pressure absorption data. Molecular dynamics results allowed to infer structural, energetic and dynamic properties of the studied CO+ionic liquids mixed fluids, showing the relevant role of the strength of anion-cation interactions on fluid volumetric properties and CO absorption. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Engineering Simulations

Over recent years, ionic liquids have emerged as a class of novel fluids that have inspired the development of a number of new products and processes. The ability to design these materials with specific functionalities and properties means that they are highly relevant to the growing philosophy of chemical-product design. This is particularly appropriate in the context of a chemical industry that is becoming increasingly focussed on small-volume, high-value added products with relatively short times to market. To support such product and process development, a number of tools can be utilised. A key requirement is that the tool can predict the physical properties and activity coefficients of multi-component mixtures and, if required, model the process in which the materials will be used. Multi-scale simulations that span density functional theory (DFT) to process-engineering computations can address the relevant time and length scales and have increased in usage with the availability of cheap and powerful computers. Herein we will discuss the area of engineering calculations relating to the design of ionic liquid processes, that is, the computational tools that bridge this gap and allow for process simulation tools to utilise and assist in the design of ionic liquids. It will be shown that, at present, it is possible to use available tools to estimate many important properties of ionic liquids and mixtures containing them with a sufficient level of accuracy for preliminary design and selection.

Phase equilibria modeling for biofuels production

Em consequência de uma série de problemas ambientais, económicos e políticos relacionados com o uso de combustíveis convencionais, vários países estão agora a focar as suas atenções em combustíveis alternativos. O biodiesel está na linha da frente das alternativas ao petróleo no sector dos transportes, sendo considerado uma opção a curto prazo visto que o seu preço é competitivo e não são necessárias mudanças nos motores para implementar o seu uso. De entres os possíveis processos de produzir biodiesel, a reacção de transesterificação com catálise básica é o método preferido. Depois da reacção são sempre necessários processos de purificação de modo ao biodiesel produzido cumprir os standards definidos para os combustíveis alternativos, reduzindo problemas de motor e consequentemente aumentando a sua aceitação por parte dos consumidores. De entre as especificações encontram-se o conteúdo em água, em álcool e em glicerol. Ser-se capaz de descrever correctamente o equilíbrio de fases de sistemas que são de interesse para os processos de purificação de biodieseis numa gama alargada de condições termodinâmicas é uma condição necessária para uma correcta simulação do processo industrial, de modo a se atingir uma elevada produtividade a baixos custos de operação. O uso de moléculas oxigenadas como combustíveis representa uma alteração significativa em termos da termodinâmica de soluções. Para combustíveis baseados em petróleo as equações de estado cúbicas e os modelos clássicos de coeficientes de actividade mostraram ser apropriados, no entanto para combustíveis novos como o biodiesel, sendo mais complexos do ponto de vista das interacções intermoleculares com formação de dipolos e pontes de hidrogénio, são necessários modelos termodinâmicos mais complexos para descrever essas interacções. Neste trabalho a CPA EoS (Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State) será desenvolvida de modo a permitir uma descrição adequada dos equilíbrios líquido-vapor e líquido-líquido para uma serie de sistemas binários e multicomponentes contendo água, ácidos gordos, ésteres de ácidos gordos, glicerol e álcoois.

Premartensitic and martensitic phase transitions in ferromagnetic Ni2MnGa

We present an experimental study of the premartensitic and martensitic phase transitions in a Ni2MnGa single crystal by using ultrasonic techniques. The effect of applied magnetic field and uniaxial compressive stress has been investigated. It has been found that they substantially modify the elastic and magnetic behavior of the alloy. These experimental findings are a consequence of magnetoelastic effects. The measured magnetic and vibrational behavior agrees with the predictions of a recently proposed Landau-type model [A. Planes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3926 (1997)] that incorporates a magnetoelastic coupling as a key ingredient.

Giant heat dissipation at the low temperature reversible-irreversible transition in Gd5Ge4

The heat exchanged at the low-temperature first-order magnetostructural transition is directly measured in Gd5Ge4 . Results show that the origin and the temperature dependence of the heat exchanged varies with the reversible/irreversible character of the first-order transition. In the reversible regime, the heat exchanged by the sample is mostly due to the latent heat at the transition and decreases with decreasing temperature, while in the irreversible regime, the heat is irreversibly dissipated and increases strongly with decreasing temperature, reaching a value of 237 J/kg at 4 K.

Real gas flows in a duct

A numerical scheme is presented for the solution of the Euler equations of compressible flow of a real gas in a single spatial coordinate. This include flow in a duct of variable cross-section as well as flow with cylindrical or spherical symmetry, and can prove useful when testing codes for the two-dimensional equations governing compressible flow of a real gas. The scheme is applied with success to a problem involving the interaction of converging and diverging cylindrical shocks for four equations of state and to a problem involving the reflection of a converging shock.

Determinação de dados de equilíbrio de fases para sistemas aquosos com eletrólitos

In the present work are established initially the fundamental relationships of thermodynamics that govern the equilibrium between phases, the models used for the description of the behavior non ideal of the liquid and vapor phases in conditions of low pressures. This work seeks the determination of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for a series of multicomponents mixtures of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, prepared synthetically starting from substances with analytical degree and the development of a new dynamic cell with circulation of the vapor phase. The apparatus and experimental procedures developed are described and applied for the determination of VLE data. VLE isobarics data were obtained through a Fischer s ebulliometer of circulation of both phases, for the systems pentane + dodecane, heptane + dodecane and decane + dodecane. Using the two new dynamic cells especially projected, of easy operation and low cost, with circulation of the vapor phase, data for the systems heptane + decane + dodecane, acetone + water, tween 20 + dodecane, phenol + water and distillation curves of a gasoline without addictive were measured. Compositions of the equilibrium phases were found by densimetry, chromatography, and total organic carbon analyzer. Calibration curves of density versus composition were prepared from synthetic mixtures and the behavior excess volumes were evaluated. The VLE data obtained experimentally for the hydrocarbon and aqueous systems were submitted to the test of thermodynamic consistency, as well as the obtained from the literature data for another binary systems, mainly in the bank DDB (Dortmund Data Bank), where the Gibbs-Duhem equation is used obtaining a satisfactory data base. The results of the thermodynamic consistency tests for the binary and ternary systems were evaluated in terms of deviations for applications such as model development. Later, those groups of data (tested and approved) were used in the KijPoly program for the determination of the binary kij parameters of the cubic equations of state original Peng-Robinson and with the expanded alpha function. These obtained parameters can be applied for simulation of the reservoirs petroleum conditions and of the several distillation processes found in the petrochemistry industry, through simulators. The two designed dynamic cells used equipments of national technology for the determination of VLE data were well succeed, demonstrating efficiency and low cost. Multicomponents systems, mixtures of components of different molecular weights and also diluted solutions may be studied in these developed VLE cells

Determinação de Dados de Equilíbrio Líquido-Vapor para Sistemas Hidrocarbonetos e Desenvolvimento de uma Nova Célula Dinâmica

In the present work are established initially the fundamental relationships of thermodynamics that govern the equilibrium between phases, the models used for the description of the behavior non ideal of the liquid and vapor phases in conditions of low pressures. This work seeks the determination of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for a series of multicomponents mixtures of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, prepared synthetically starting from substances with analytical degree and the development of a new dynamic cell with circulation of the vapor phase. The apparatus and experimental procedures developed are described and applied for the determination of VLE data. VLE isobarics data were obtained through a Fischer's ebulliometer of circulation of both phases, for the systems pentane + dodecane, heptane + dodecane and decane + dodecane. Using the two new dynamic cells especially projected, of easy operation and low cost, with circulation of the vapor phase, data for the systems heptane + decane + dodecane, acetone + water, tween 20 + dodecane, phenol + water and distillation curves of a gasoline without addictive were measured. Compositions of the equilibrium phases were found by densimetry, chromatography, and total organic carbon analyzer. Calibration curves of density versus composition were prepared from synthetic mixtures and the behavior excess volumes were evaluated. The VLE data obtained experimentally for the hydrocarbon and aqueous systems were submitted to the test of thermodynamic consistency, as well as the obtained from the literature data for another binary systems, mainly in the bank DDB (Dortmund Data Bank), where the Gibbs-Duhem equation is used obtaining a satisfactory data base. The results of the thermodynamic consistency tests for the binary and ternary systems were evaluated in terms of deviations for applications such as model development. Later, those groups of data (tested and approved) were used in the KijPoly program for the determination of the binary kij parameters of the cubic equations of state original Peng-Robinson and with the expanded alpha function. These obtained parameters can be applied for simulation of the reservoirs petroleum conditions and of the several distillation processes found in the petrochemistry industry, through simulators. The two designed dynamic cells used equipments of national technology for the determination Humberto Neves Maia de Oliveira Tese de Doutorado PPGEQ/PRH-ANP 14/UFRN of VLE data were well succeed, demonstrating efficiency and low cost. Multicomponents systems, mixtures of components of different molecular weights and also diluted solutions may be studied in these developed VLE cells

Cosmological term and fundamental physics

A nonvanishing cosmological term in Einstein's equations implies a nonvanishing spacetime curvature even in the absence of any kind of matter. It would, in consequence, affect many of the underlying kinematic tenets of physical theory. The usual commutative spacetime translations of the Poincare group would be replaced by the mixed conformal translations of the de Sitter group, leading to obvious alterations in elementary concepts such as time, energy and momentum. Although negligible at small scales, such modifications may come to have important consequences both in the large and for the inflationary picture of the early Universe. A qualitative discussion is presented, which suggests deep changes in Hamiltonian, Quantum and Statistical Mechanics. In the primeval universe as described by the standard cosmological model, in particular, the equations of state of the matter sources could be quite different from those usually introduced.