Puhetavat naisten asemasta ja sukupuolten tasa-arvosta Kamerunissa: diskursiivinen näkökulma kamerunilaisilla asiantuntijoilla kerättyyn haastatteluaineistoon kriittis-feministisen viitekehyksen valossa

Tässä sosiaalipsykologian pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan naisten asemaan ja sukupuolten väliseen tasa- arvoon liittyviä puhetapoja kamerunilaisilla tasa-arvokysymysten asiantuntijoilla. Asiantuntijat edustavat erilaisia paikallisia naisten oikeuksia ja sukupuolten tasa-arvoa edistäviä kansalaisjärjestöjä ja yhdistyksiä. Sukupuolten välisen tasa-arvon kehittäminen ja naisen aseman parantaminen globaalisti ovat olleet viime aikoina pinnalla. Tasa-arvon edistäminen on ollut myös afrikkalaisten yhteiskuntien haasteita jälki-kolonialistisella ajalla. Tässä tutkimuksessa ollaan kiinnostuneita mahdollisista ristiriidoista ja jännitteistä, joita syntyy länsimaisten ja paikallisten tasa-arvokäsitysten kohdatessa. Aineistona on sosiaalipsykologian laitoksen tutkimusprojektin yhteydessä Kamerunissa vuonna 2001 naisten asioita ajavien järjestöjen työntekijöillä kerätty haastatteluaineisto, jota lähestytään kielenkäytön sosiaalista todellisuutta rakentavaa luonnetta painottavasta diskursiivisesta näkökulmasta. Metodisesti tutkimuksessa nojaudutaan diskursiivisen sosiaalipsykologian, erityisesti brittiläisen diskursiivisen psykologian ja suomalaisen diskurssianalyysin, epistemologisiin lähtökohtiin ja teoreettis-metodologiseen välineistöön. Tärkeimmät analyyttiset käsitteet ovat tulkintarepertuaari ja subjektipositio. Aineistosta etsittiin puhetapoja mm. paikantamalla retorisia keinoja, joilla erilaisia kantoja faktuaalistetaan. Haastatteluaineistoa lähestytään sosiaalista todellisuutta tuottavana tilanteisena toimintana. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään analysoimaan sitä, miten sekä haastattelija että haastateltavat tarjoavat, haastavat ja tuottavat erilaisia kantoja siitä, mikä naisten asema Kamerunissa on ja miten sitä tulisi parantaa. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, millaisena länsimainen näkökulma naisten asemaan ilmenee haastateltavien puheessa. Tutkimustuloksina löydettiin kaksi laajempaa puhetapaa, joiden alle tulkintarepertuaarit lukeutuivat. Nämä nimettiin ”tasa-arvopuheeksi” ja ”kulttuurieropuheeksi”. Tasa-arvopuheessa tasa-arvo ja naisten aseman parantaminen esitettiin tavoiteltavana päämääränä, ja siinä tuotettiin sosiaalista todellisuutta, jossa naisten asema esitettiin epätasa-arvoisena ja sukupuolten väliset suhteet nähtiin hierarkkisina ja alistavina naisten kannalta. Tämä puhetapa liittyi ensisijaisesti järjestön tehtävään, ja se tulkittiin keinoksi oikeuttaa järjestön toimintaa tasa-arvon edistämiseksi. Tämän puhetavan alla erottui kaksi tulkintarepertuaaria: ”tietämättömyys tasa-arvon esteenä” ja ”uskomukset tasa-arvon esteenä”. Kulttuurieropuheessa haastateltavat rakensivat eroa länsimaisen/eurooppalaisen ja afrikkalaisen/kamerunilaisen kulttuurin välille. Toisaalta länsimainen feminismi tarjosi haastateltaville keinoja samaistua ”yhteiseen taisteluun” naisten oikeuksien puolesta. Toisaalta länsimainen feminismi edusti haastateltaville ei-tavoiteltavaa tilaa, joka näyttäytyi peruuttamattomasti yhteen sovittamattomalta afrikkalaisen naiskuvan kanssa. Kulttuurieropuheen alle hahmottui kaksi erilaista puhetapaa, jotka nimettiin ”tasa-arvo naisten taisteluna” tulkintarepertuaariksi ja ”afrikkalaisen naisen” tulkintarepertuaariksi. Tärkeimpiä lähteitä metodin osalta olivat Potter & Wetherell (1987), Edwards & Potter (1992) sekä Jokinen, Juhila & Suoninen (1993, 1999). Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä nojauduttiin tasa-arvon teoretisoinnin osalta mm. Anne Maria Hollin (1996, 2003) ja postkoloniaalin feminismin viitekehyksen osalta mm. Chandra Mohantyn (1984, 2003) kirjoituksiin.

Application of novel method for surface-ray tracing over hyperboloidal scatterers

A novel geodesic constant method has been developed for the hitherto unsolved problem of surface-ray tracing over a class of surface, namely the general hyperboloid of revolution (GHOR). All the ray-geometric parameters are obtained analytically in a one-parameter form. The ray parameters derived here for the first time can be readily used in the UTD formulation for computing the mutual coupling between the antennas located on the GHOR.

The top 100 questions of importance to the future of global agriculture

Despite a significant growth in food production over the past half-century, one of the most important challenges facing society today is how to feed an expected population of some nine billion by the middle of the 20th century. To meet the expected demand for food without significant increases in prices, it has been estimated that we need to produce 70-100 per cent more food, in light of the growing impacts of climate change, concerns over energy security, regional dietary shifts and the Millennium Development target of halving world poverty and hunger by 2015. The goal for the agricultural sector is no longer simply to maximize productivity, but to optimize across a far more complex landscape of production, rural development, environmental, social justice and food consumption outcomes. However, there remain significant challenges to developing national and international policies that support the wide emergence of more sustainable forms of land use and efficient agricultural production. The lack of information flow between scientists, practitioners and policy makers is known to exacerbate the difficulties, despite increased emphasis upon evidence-based policy. In this paper, we seek to improve dialogue and understanding between agricultural research and policy by identifying the 100 most important questions for global agriculture. These have been compiled using a horizon-scanning approach with leading experts and representatives of major agricultural organizations worldwide. The aim is to use sound scientific evidence to inform decision making and guide policy makers in the future direction of agricultural research priorities and policy support. If addressed, we anticipate that these questions will have a significant impact on global agricultural practices worldwide, while improving the synergy between agricultural policy, practice and research. This research forms part of the UK Government's Foresight Global Food and Farming Futures project.

A New Era for Chemical Superconductors

A review of the development of ceramic superconductors and the steady increase in the superconducting transition temperature which currently stands at 135 K or about 164 K under pressure.

Conjectures about phase turbulence in the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation

In the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, we consider possible ''phase turbulent'' regimes, where asymptotic correlations are controlled by phase fluctuations rather than by topological defects. Conjecturing that the decay of such correlations is governed by the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) model of growing interfaces, we derive the following results: (1) A scaling ansatz implies that equal-time spatial correlations in 1d, 2d, and 3d decay like e(-Ax2 zeta), where A is a nonuniversal constant, and zeta=1/2 in 1d. (2) Temporal correlations decay as exp(-t(2 beta)h(t/L(z))), with the scaling law <(beta)over bar> = <(zeta)over bar>/z, where z = 3/2, 1.58..., and 1.66..., for d = 1,2, and 3 respectively. The scaling function h(y) approaches a constant as y --> 0, and behaves like y(2(beta-<(beta)over bar>)), for large y. If in 3d the associated KPZ model turns out to be in its weak-coupling (''smooth'') phase, then, instead of the above behavior, the CGLE exhibits rotating long-range order whose connected correlations decay like 1/x in space or 1/t(1/2) in time. (3) For system sizes, L, and times t respectively less than a crossover length, L(c), and time, t(c), correlations are governed by the free-field or Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) equation, rather than the KPZ model. In 1d, we find that L(c) is large: L(c) similar to 35,000; for L < L(c) we show numerical evidence for stretched exponential decay of temporal correlations with an exponent consistent with the EW value beta(EW)= 1/4.

Novel geodesic splitting on paraboloid of revolution with applications to ray-theoretic analysis

Computer simulations have shown a novel geodesic splitting on the paraboloid of revolution leading to a multiplicity of surface ray paths. Such a phenomenon would have wide ramifications for wave propagation problems in general, besides applications in target-detection problems and the computational requirements of ray-theoretic formulations such as the UTD, in computing the antenna characteristics in the high-frequency domain.

Surface-ray tracing solution of ellipsoid of revolution for UTD mutual coupling applications

An analytical surface-ray tracing has been carried out for the prolate ellipsoid of revolution using a novel geodesic constant method. This method yields closed form expressions for all the ray-geometric parameters required for the UTD mutual coupling calculations for the antennas located arbitrarily in three dimensions, on the ellipsoid of revolution.

The Metal-Nonmetal Transition: A Global Perspective

A wide range of condensed matter systems traverse the metal-nonmetal transition. These include doped semiconductors, metal-ammonia solutions, metal clusters, metal alloys, transition metal oxides, and superconducting cuprates. Certain simple criteria, such as those due to Herzfeld and Mott, have been highly successful in explaining the metallicity of materials. In this article, we demonstrate the amazing effectiveness of these criteria and examine them in the light of recent experimental findings. We then discuss the Limitations in our understanding of the phenomenon of the metal-nonmetal transition.

Liquid alloy semiconductors revisited - Discussion

In 1990 Enderby and Barnes reviewed the electrical properties of liquid alloys which show features associated with semiconducting behaviour. They proposed an empirical classification scheme based on the notion that some liquid semiconductors are characterized by a finite gap in σ (E), the energy-dependent conductivity (narrow definition), whereas in others σ (E) is continuous (broad definition). Interesting behaviour occurs for systems at the narrow/broad boundary and further analysis of these liquid alloys will form the subject matter of this paper. Particular attention will be focused on liquid silver chalcogenides as these offer a severe test of current theories.

Magnetic field-induced metal-insulator transitions in graphite and diluted magnetic semiconductors - Discussion

Two topical subjects related with the effect of magnetic field on electrical conduction and the metal-insulator transition are discussed. The first topic is an electronic phase transition in graphite, which is interpreted as a manifestation of a nestingtype instability inherent to a one-dimensional narrow Landau sub-band. The second topic is spin-dependent tranport in III-V based diluted magnetic semiconductors; in particular, a large negative magnetoresistance observed in the vicinity of metal-nonmetal transition.

Mott insulator high T-c bipolaronic superconductor transition in cuprates - Discussion

All ‘undoped’ cuprates are antiferromagnetic Mott insulators. We argue that with doping they remain to be insulators including the ‘overdoped’ samples. Hence, there is no clear dividing line between non–metallic cuprates and high–temperature superconductors. Based on the generic Hamiltonian including the electron–phonon interaction and the direct Coulomb repulsion the ground state of doped cuprates is shown to be a charged 2e Bose liquid of small bipolarons. A theory of the normal state transport of copper oxides is developed. The temperature dependence of the resistivity and of the Hall effect agrees remarkably well with the experimental data in La2–xSrxCuO4 for the entire temperature regime including unusual ‘logarithmic’ low–temperature region. The violation of Kohler's rule in magnetoresistivity is explained. The resistive and thermodynamic superconducting transitions in a magnetic field are quantitatively described.