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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

A organização científica do trabalho em Portugal após a II Guerra Mundial 1945-1974

As preocupações com a introdução de melhorias na eficiência do trabalho e do trabalhador têm, desde sempre, estado presentes no mundo do trabalho. Porém, a utilização de métodos científicos no seu estudo, planificação e organização surge apenas nos anos iniciais do século XX tendo como objectivo o aumento do rendimento mediante a supressão de desperdícios de tempo, esforço e materiais. Por norma, habituámo-nos a conotar de imediato o tema com as realidades de países como os Estados Unidos da América, a França, a Alemanha ou o Japão. No entanto, na verdade, estes princípios difundiram-se praticamente por todo o mundo industrializado ou em vias de industrialização, tendo sido desenvolvidas experiências interessantes também na América do Sul, na Europa Oriental ou nos países periféricos da Europa do Sul, entre os quais Portugal. De facto, em Portugal, os primeiros indícios de reflexão em torno destes princípios surgem ainda no período da I República, por via de pequenos artigos publicados em alguns periódicos da época. No entanto, é após a II Guerra Mundial que o aprofundamento dos estudos e da aplicação dos métodos de organização científica do trabalho tem a sua época de maior desenvolvimento. É, de facto, neste período que se dá início ao que podemos considerar como a «época de ouro» da organização científica do trabalho no País, durante a qual são criados organismos privados e estatais que têm por objectivo difundir estes princípios não só a nível industrial, mas também agrícola e administrativo. As lógicas da época não são alheias a esta realidade, encontrando-se a mesma enredada nas dinâmicas da assistência técnica norte-americana, da inserção de Portugal nos organismos de cooperação económica e sendo influenciada por outros impactos internacionais, bem como pela forma como todos estes elementos se relacionam com os desafios que Portugal enfrentava na época, com a procura da produtividade e com a tomada de consciência sobre a necessidade de ultrapassar as debilidades que haviam sido reveladas pela II Guerra Mundial e pelos estudos preparatórios dos Planos de Fomento. Na verdade, traçar a história da organização científica do trabalho em Portugal é traçar uma narrativa em dois planos, nos quais os impulsos externos são evidentes mas cujas dinâmicas são assumidas por uma plataforma de apoio que, no País, apostou na importância da melhoria da eficácia da indústria e da Administração Pública através da aplicação destes princípios. Encontramo-nos, assim, perante um Estado que, também por esta via, se internacionaliza e moderniza, que cresce em funções e funcionários; que é impelido a enfrentar novos desafios; que se envolve e recebe impactos de movimentos, correntes e organismos internacionais, num mundo que se torna cada vez mais interligado. São os ventos da época que sopram em Portugal pela porta deixada aberta pela decisão de «não ficar de fora». O estudo que seguidamente se apresenta irá, assim, identificar os veículos que conduziram à introdução da organização científica do trabalho no País e as dinâmicas que os enredaram e definiram a nível nacional e internacional, sem esquecer os actores, objectivos e resistências em presença.

O Ne bis in idem no Espaço de Liberdade, Segurança e Justiça e no Direito Europeu da Concorrência

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

"Grundlage unseres Volkes ist die deutsche Familie“ : Ein Blick auf rechtsextreme Kindererziehung in Deutschland

[s.c.]

Tanztherapie in der Psychoonkologie : Auswirkungen der Intervention auf die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es zu prüfen, ob Tanztherapie einen Effekt auf dieLebensqualität bei Brustkrebspatientinnen hat. Brustkrebs ist die häufigste Krebserkrankungbei Frauen in Deutschland. Verbesserte Behandlungsformen und Früherkennungsmaßnahmenführen zu einem Anstieg der Überlebensrate. Dennoch bedingen ein langerBehandlungsweg und Unsicherheit über den Verlauf der Krankheit hohe Belastungen undUnsicherheiten. Nebenwirkungen und Langzeitfolgen der Interventionen beeinflussen zudemdie gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität. Körper und Psyche werden stark beansprucht undleiden. Die Psychoonkologie stellt dabei einen Teil des Behandlungsweges dar. Sie bildetesich aus der Erkenntnis heraus, dass die Krebserkrankung nicht nur den Körper beeinflusst,sondern den gesamten Menschen mit seiner seelischen und geistigen Verfassung. DieTanztherapie ist eine Maßnahme im Kanon der psychoonkologischen Betreuung. Sie vereintkörperliche Betätigung und kreative Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten. Psyche und Körper werden beidieser Therapieform angesprochen. Im Gruppensetting fließt zudem die soziale Komponentemit ein. Die These lautet demnach, dass Tanztherapie positive Auswirkungen auf diegesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität hat. Denn Körper, Psyche und soziales Umfeld sindTeile der Lebensqualität. Das methodische Vorgehen dieser Arbeit setzte sich aus demRecherchieren von relevanten Studien, Reviews und Metaanalysen zusammen. Es wurdendie Datenbanken Google Scholar, PubMed, PsyCONTENT und Springer Link bis zum Jahre2014 durchsucht. Schlüsselworte waren dabei Tanztherapie, Psychoonkologie, Krebspatient,Lebensqualität, gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität, künstlerische Therapie,dance/movement therapy, cancer patient, quality of life, health related quality of life.

Antiepileptika bei Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter und in der Schwangerschaft : Vergleich der Fachinformationen in Deutschland und der Schweiz mit dem aktuellen Wissensstand [Antiepileptics in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy : Comparison of specialized information with the current state of knowledge in Germany and Switzerland].

BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals regularly read the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) as one of the various sources of information on the risks of drug use in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the teratogenic potential of various antiepileptic drugs and to compare these data with the information provided by the SmPCs. METHODS: A literature search on the teratogenic risks of 19 antiepileptic agents was conducted and the results were compared with the information on the use in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy provided by the SmPCs of 38 commercial products available in Switzerland and Germany. RESULTS: The teratogenic risk is discussed in all available SmPCs. Quantification of the risk for birth defects and the numbers of documented pregnancies are mostly missing. Reproductive safety information in SmPCs showed poor concordance with risk levels reported in the literature. Recommendations concerning the need to monitor plasma levels and possibly perform dose adjustments during pregnancy to prevent treatment failure were missing in five Swiss and two German SmPCs. DISCUSSION: The information regarding use in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy provided by the SmPCs is heterogeneous and poorly reflects the current state of knowledge. Regular updates of SmPCs are warranted in order for these documents to be of reliable use for health care professionals.

Berlin, la Wilhelmstrasse [ministère de l'agriculture de 1919 à 1945] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58522

Molecular mechanics calculations of tin-bis (triphenylphosphine oxide) complexes

The capability of molecular mechanics for modeling the wide distribution of bond angles and bond lengths characteristic of coordination complexes was investigatecl. This was the preliminary step for future modeling of solvent extraction. Several tin-phosphine oxide COrnI)le:){es were selected as the test groUl) for t.he d,esired range of geometry they eX!libi ted as \-vell as the ligands they cOD.tained r Wllich were c\f interest in connection with solvation. A variety of adjustments were made to Allinger's M:M2 force·-field ill order to inl.prove its performance in the treatment of these systems. A set of u,nique force constants was introduced for' those terms representing the metal ligand bond lengths, bond angles, and, torsion angles. These were significantly smaller than trad.itionallY used. with organic compounds. The ~1orse poteIlt.ial energ'Y function was incorporated for the M-X l')ond lE~ngths and the cosine harmonic potential erlerg-y function was invoked for the MOP bond angle. These functions were found to accomodate the wide distribution of observed values better than the traditional harmonic approximations~ Crystal packing influences on the MOP angle were explored thr"ollgh ttle inclusion of the isolated molecule withil1 a shell cc)ntaini11g tl1e nearest neigl1'bors duri.rlg energy rninimization experiments~ This was found to further improve the fit of the MOP angle.

The crystal and molecular structure of bis (pyridoxamine) copper (II) dinitrate monohydrate

The crystal structure of Cu(PM)2(N03hoH20 (where PM is pyridoxamine, CSHI2N202) has been determined from three dimensional x-ray diffraction data. The crystals are triclinic, space group pI, a = 14.248 (2), b = 8.568 (1), c = 9.319 (1) 1, a = 94.08 (1), e = 89.73 (1), y~~ 99.18 (1)°, z = 2, jl(MoK) = 10.90 em-I, Po = 1.61 g/cm3 and Pc = 1.61 g/em3• The structure a was solved by Patterson techniques from data collected on a Picker 4-circle diffractometer to 26max = 45°. All atoms, including hydrogens, have been located. Anisotropic thermal parameters have been refined for all nonhydrogen atoms. For the 2390 independent reflections with F ? 3cr(F) , R = 0.0408. The results presented here provide the first detailed structural information of a metal complex with PM itself. The copper atoms are located on centres of symmetry and each is chela ted by two PM zwitterions through the amino groups and phenolate oxygen atoms. The zwitterionic form found in this structure involves the loss of a proton from the phenolate group and protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms. The two independent Cu(PM)2 moieties are symmetrically bridged by a single oxygen atom from one of the nitrate groups. The second nitrate group is not coordinated to the copper atoms but is central to an extensive hydrogen bonding network involving the water molecule and uncoordinated functional groups of PM.

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of bis diphenyl methyl and related peroxides in liquid phase /|nby C. Thankachan. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

Rates and products have been determined for the thermal decomposition of bis diphenyl methyl peroxide and diphenyl methyl tert* butyl peroxide at 110@~145@C* The decomposition was uniformly unimolecular with activation energies for the bis diphenyl methyl peroxide in tetrachloroethylene* toluene and nitrobenzene 26,6* 28*3f and 27 Kcals/mole respectively. Diphenyl methyl tert* butyl peroxide showed an activation energy of 38*6 Kcals/mole* About 80-90% of the products in the case of diphenyl methyl peroxide could be explained by the concerted process, this coupled with the negative entropies of activation obtained is a conclusive evidence for the reaction adopting a major concerted path* All the products in the case of diphenyl methyl peroxide could be explained by known reactions of alkoxy radicals* About 80-85% of tert butanol and benzophenone formed suggested far greater cage disproportionation than diffusing apart* Rates of bis triphenyl methyl peroxide have been determined in tetrachloroethylene at 100-120@C* The activation energy was found to be 31 Kcals/mole*

Bis-and tris (amidine) fluoroboron cations and related systems studies by Multinuclear NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectometry

The formation and the isolation of fluoroboron salts, (D2BF2+)(PF6-), (DD'BF2+)(PF6-) and (D3BF2+)(PF6-)2, have been carried out. 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5,4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4,3,O]non-5-ene (DBN), extremely strong organic bases, were introduced into the fluoroboron cation systems and induced a complicated redistribution reaction in the D/BF3/BC13 systems. The result was the formation of all BFnCI4-n-, D.BFnCI3-n and fluoroboron cation species which were detected by 19p and 11B NMR spectrometry. The displacement reaction of CI- from these D.BFnCI3-n (n = 1 and 2) species by the second entering ligand is much faster than in other nitrogen donor containing systems which have been previously studied. Tetramethylguanidine, oxazolines and thiazolines can also produce similar reactions in D/BF3/BCI3 systems, but no significant BFnC4-n- species were observed. As well as influences of their basicity and their steric hindrance, N=C-R(X) (X = N, 0 or S) and N=C( X)2 (X = N or S) structures of ligands have significant effects on the fonnationof fluoroboron cations and the related NMR parameters. D3BF2+ and some D2BF2+ show the expected inertness, but (DBU)2BF2+ shows an interestingly high reactivity. (D2BF2+)(X-) formed from weak organic bases such as pyridine can react with stronger organic bases and form DD'BF2+ and D'2BF2+ in acetone or nitromethane. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry is doubly meaningful to this work. Firstly, FABMS can be directly applied to the complicated fluoroboron cation containing solution systems as an excellent complementary technique to multinuclear NMR. Secondly, the gas-phase ion substitution reaction of (D2BF2+)(PF6-) with the strong organic bases is successfully observed in a FABMS ion source when the B-N bond is not too strong in these cations.

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of boron trihalide complexes of 1,1-BIS (dimethylamino) ethylene and related bases

Boron tribalide complexes of 1,1-bis(dimethylamino)ethylene (DME) , t etramethylurea (TMU), tetramethylguanidine (TMG) , and pentamethylguanidine (PMG) and also mixed boron t r ihalide adducts of DME have been investigated by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Both nitrogen and the C-Q-H carbon of DME are possible donor a toms to boron trihal ides but complexation has been found to occur only at carbon of DME. The initial adduct acts as a Bronsted acid and gives up a proton to free DME in solut ion. A side reaction in the DME-BF, system gives rise to trace amounts of a complex aSSigned as (DME)2BF2+. (DME)2BF2+ is produced in much larger quantities in t he DME-BF3-BC13 and DME-BF,-BBr, systems by reaction of free DME with DME:BF2X (X = Cl, Br). Restricted r otation about the C-N bonds of TMUlBC13 and n1U:BBr3 has been observed at low temperatures. This complements previous work in this system and confirms oxygen donation of TMU to boron trihalides . Restricted rotation at low temperatures also has been observed in DMEboron trihalide systems