Serie de documentos Facultad de Jurisprudencia N° 75. Estado del arte del proyecto de invstigación. "Los daños antijurídicos producidos por los agentes de las Fuerzas Militares: límites al ejercicio de la fuerza del Estado como función pública"

La concepción de Estado moderno está íntimamente vinculada al ejercicio del monopolio legítimo de la fuerza, en tanto supone que la violencia es una de las principales prerrogativas que el Estado pretende detentar, para constituirse en una organización política de poder que perdure en la sociedad en la que se instaura. En este sentido, el proyecto de investigación tiene como uno de sus objetivos específicos, identificar, caracterizar y analizar los daños antijurídicos por los cuales el Comité de Conciliación del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional autoriza el ejercicio de la acción de repetición contra los funcionarios o ex-funcionarios de las Fuerzas Militares, limitando el análisis al periodo transcurrido durante los años 2010 a 2016. Lo anterior, con el fin de establecer cuáles son las causas generadoras de responsabilidad más frecuentes en las que han incurrido los agentes de la entidad, para luego observar su impacto en el erario de la nación y verificar cómo se constituyen en una necesidad de imposición de límites al ejercicio de la fuerza del Estado.

Implicaciones humanitarias de la contratación de empresas militares privadas (PMC) por parte de los Estados. Estudio de caso; Estados Unidos y Blackwater en Irak (2003-2007)

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad analizar las implicaciones humanitarias de la participación de las Compañías Militares Privadas (PMC) contratadas por los Estados en escenarios de conflicto, a partir del caso de Blackwater y Estados Unidos en Irak (2003-2007), con el fin de mostrar a través de algunos hechos específicos como el acaecido en la plaza Al Nisour los vacíos existentes en la regulación de sus actividades. Frente a estos hechos se muestra como la Comunidad Internacional ha tratado de avanzar en la creación de un régimen internacional que las controle, sin embargo, como se evidencia a lo largo de este escrito la falta de compromiso por parte de los Estados ha hecho que esta tarea se vea obstaculizada y por lo tanto la actuación de estas compañías se encuentra aún en una zona jurídica gris.

A GEOGRAFIA NO APOIO À DECISÃO EM SITUAÇÕES DE EMERGÊNCIA

Com a missão de fornecer dados confiáveis para as atividades de suprimento de água nas operações de combate a incêndios de médio e grande porte, o Grupo Tático de Suprimento de Água para Incêndio (GTSAI) representa um braço importante do apoio tático e estratégico do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Agindo de forma proativa, o GTSAI elaborou o Plano de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, com objetivo de levantar, dentro de cada jurisdição das unidades de bombeiros da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, os recursos hídricos que possam auxiliar  por ocasião das suas diversas missões de Defesa Civil.  Para esse objetivo, passou a utilizar técnicas de Geoprocessamento, a partir de uma associação com o LAGEOP (Laboratório de Geoprocessamento), situado no Departamento de Geografia do Instituto de Geociências do Centro de Ciências Matemáticas da UFRJ. O Plano prevê o cadastramento do poder operacional existente dentro de cada unidade (efetivos, viaturas e equipamentos específicos, juntamente com conhecimento sobre a natureza e condições de funcionamento de hidrantes), e também um levantamento detalhado de áreas ditas “críticas”, para definição de medidas especiais de apoio às ações relativas a emergências ambientais em que estejam envolvidas as citadas áreas críticas (hospitais, igrejas, escolas, indústrias químicas, entre outras). O sistema encontra-se em pleno funcionamento no CBMERJ (Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde já existem bases de dados e programas funcionando em 108 unidades (grupamentos).  Por questões de segurança, é possível acessar apenas para visualização os dados já cadastrados e qualquer alteração nos mesmos somente pode ser executada por pessoal autorizado.  Para acessar o sistema para simples visualização dos resultados, o endereço é www.viconsaga.com.br/cbmerj/pgorh, com login visitante e senha visitante.

ATIVISMOS CARTOGRÁFICOS: NOTAS SOBRE FORMAS E USOS DA REPRESENTAÇÃO ESPACIAL E JOGOS DE PODER

Iniciativas recentes apontam o surgimento de cartografias com denominações como “novas cartografias sociais”, “cartografias participativas”, “cartografias da ação”, entre outras. Paralelamente, as tecnologias de representação espacial vêm se multiplicando e tornando mais capazes e difundidas, num processo que reúne distintos tipos de usuários e produtores de tecnologia (p. ex, profissionais cartógrafos, geógrafos, e grandes empresas como a Google). Tudo isso dialoga com renovados debates sobre as representações espaciais que acreditamos tensionar a cartografia a partir de três eixos de debate: uso dos mapas como instrumentos em jogos de poder; possibilidades e limites da representação cartográfica (sobretudo, diante da complexidade de jogos políticos); e a denúncia da linguagem ou formação discursiva da cartografia como uma forma de saber-poder em disputa (uma arena). Operamos com a idéia de que estes processos constituem um campo dialógico complexo e múltiplo, que propomos chamar “ativismos cartográficos”. Este campo, marcado por uma reflexividade entre seus constituintes e normas próprias em aberta definição/negociação, para nós tem quatro vetores centrais de emanação de práticas que vêm crescendo e se fortalecendo: 1) o debate acadêmico sobre as representações espaciais; 2) o uso de cartografias como instrumentos de luta; 3) o uso de cartografias como tecnologias sociais de gestão pelo Estado; 4) Cartografias como sistemas de informações, “meio” de comunicação e representação cujo controle é objeto de disputa

O controle de convencionalidade no Brasil: da Convenção de Viena ao Bloco de Constitucionalidade

ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar una nueva tesis introducida recientemente en Brasil llamada control de convencionalidad, paralela y simultánea a la del control de constitucionalidad, y cómo podrían los jueces y las juezas y abogados y abogadas hacer un buen uso de ellos en sus actividades diarias. Como este nuevo “poder” surgió en el sistema jurídico brasileño a partir de la enmienda constitucional número 45 de 2004, haremos unaretrospectiva histórica, a través de un análisis de la jerarquía de los tratados de derechos humanos, al tener como base la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo y la doctrina portuguesadel bloque de constitucionalidad.Palabras clave: Control de convencionalidad, bloque de constitucionalidad, Derechos Humanos, tratados internacionales. ResumoO presente artigo tem por escopo a análise da possibilidade de utilização, por parte dos magistrados brasileiros, do chamado “Controle de Convencionalidade”, paralelo e concomitante ao controle de constitucionalidade. Tendo tal prerrogativa surgido a partir da Emenda Constitucional Nº 45, far-se-á um retrospecto histórico da hierarquia dos tratados internacionais de Direitos Humanos no ordenamento pátrio, analisando a jurisprudência do SupremoTribunal Federal, bem como a utilização do Bloco de Constitucionalidade como paradigma de controle da constitucionalidade-convencionalidade das leis.Palavras chave: controle de convencionalidade, Bloco de Constitucionalidade, Direitos Humanos, tratados internacionais.

Model Based Estimating System for Civil Concrete Structures

An earlier CRC-CI project on ‘automatic estimating’ (AE) has shown the key benefit of model-based design methodologies in building design and construction to be the provision of timely quantitative cost evaluations. Furthermore, using AE during design improves design options, and results in improved design turn-around times, better design quality and/or lower costs. However, AEs for civil engineering structures do not exist; and research partners in the CRC-CI expressed interest in exploring the development of such a process. This document reports on these investigations. The central objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits and costs of developing an AE for concrete civil engineering works. By studying existing documents and through interviews with design engineers, contractors and estimators, we have established that current civil engineering practices (mainly roads/bridges) do not use model-based planning/design. Drawings are executed in 2D and only completed at the end of lengthy planning/design project management lifecycle stages. We have also determined that estimating plays two important, but different roles. The first is part of project management (which we have called macro level estimating). Estimating in this domain sets project budgets, controls quality delivery and contains costs. The second role is estimating during planning/design (micro level estimating). The difference between the two roles is that the former is performed at the end of various lifecycle stages, whereas the latter is performed at any suitable time during planning/design.

Concurrent multi-scale modeling of civil infrastructures for analyses on structural deterioration—Part I : Modeling methodology and strategy

This paper aims to develop the methodology and strategy for concurrent finite element modeling of civil infrastructures at the different scale levels for the purposes of analyses of structural deteriorating. The modeling strategy and method were investigated to develop the concurrent multi-scale model of structural behavior (CMSM-of-SB) in which the global structural behavior and nonlinear damage features of local details in a large complicated structure could be concurrently analyzed in order to meet the needs of structural-state evaluation as well as structural deteriorating. In the proposed method, the “large-scale” modeling is adopted for the global structure with linear responses between stress and strain and the “small-scale” modeling is available for nonlinear damage analyses of the local welded details. A longitudinal truss in steel bridge decks was selected as a case to study how a CMSM-of-SB was developed. The reduced-scale specimen of the longitudinal truss was studied in the laboratory to measure its dynamic and static behavior in global truss and local welded details, while the multi-scale models using constraint equations and substructuring were developed for numerical simulation. The comparison of dynamic and static response between the calculated results by different models indicated that the proposed multi-scale model was found to be the most efficient and accurate. The verification of the model with results from the tested truss under the specific loading showed that, responses at the material scale in the vicinity of local details as well as structural global behaviors could be obtained and fit well with the measured results. The proposed concurrent multi-scale modeling strategy and implementation procedures were applied to Runyang cable-stayed bridge (RYCB) and the CMSM-of-SB of the bridge deck system was accordingly constructed as a practical application.

Concurrent multi-scale modeling of civil infrastructures for analyses on structural deteriorating—Part II : Model updating and verification

This paper is a continuation of the paper titled “Concurrent multi-scale modeling of civil infrastructure for analyses on structural deteriorating—Part I: Modeling methodology and strategy” with the emphasis on model updating and verification for the developed concurrent multi-scale model. The sensitivity-based parameter updating method was applied and some important issues such as selection of reference data and model parameters, and model updating procedures on the multi-scale model were investigated based on the sensitivity analysis of the selected model parameters. The experimental modal data as well as static response in terms of component nominal stresses and hot-spot stresses at the concerned locations were used for dynamic response- and static response-oriented model updating, respectively. The updated multi-scale model was further verified to act as the baseline model which is assumed to be finite-element model closest to the real situation of the structure available for the subsequent arbitrary numerical simulation. The comparison of dynamic and static responses between the calculated results by the final model and measured data indicated the updating and verification methods applied in this paper are reliable and accurate for the multi-scale model of frame-like structure. The general procedures of multi-scale model updating and verification were finally proposed for nonlinear physical-based modeling of large civil infrastructure, and it was applied to the model verification of a long-span bridge as an actual engineering practice of the proposed procedures.

Can B.I.M be civil?

After many years of development BIM (Building Information Modelling) is starting to achieve significant penetration into the building sector of the construction industry. This paper describes the current status of BIM and the drivers that are motivating the change from 2D CAD to BIM within the building sector. The paper then discusses what the implications of the technology underlying BIM may be for the civil construction sector of the construction industry. A project carried out by the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation is used as an example of this technology as well as several international examples.

Multi-objective mission flight planning in civil unmanned aerial systems

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as an ideal platform for a wide range of civil applications such as disaster monitoring, atmospheric observation and outback delivery. However, the operation of UAVs is currently restricted to specially segregated regions of airspace outside of the National Airspace System (NAS). Mission Flight Planning (MFP) is an integral part of UAV operation that addresses some of the requirements (such as safety and the rules of the air) of integrating UAVs in the NAS. Automated MFP is a key enabler for a number of UAV operating scenarios as it aids in increasing the level of onboard autonomy. For example, onboard MFP is required to ensure continued conformance with the NAS integration requirements when there is an outage in the communications link. MFP is a motion planning task concerned with finding a path between a designated start waypoint and goal waypoint. This path is described with a sequence of 4 Dimensional (4D) waypoints (three spatial and one time dimension) or equivalently with a sequence of trajectory segments (or tracks). It is necessary to consider the time dimension as the UAV operates in a dynamic environment. Existing methods for generic motion planning, UAV motion planning and general vehicle motion planning cannot adequately address the requirements of MFP. The flight plan needs to optimise for multiple decision objectives including mission safety objectives, the rules of the air and mission efficiency objectives. Online (in-flight) replanning capability is needed as the UAV operates in a large, dynamic and uncertain outdoor environment. This thesis derives a multi-objective 4D search algorithm entitled Multi- Step A* (MSA*) based on the seminal A* search algorithm. MSA* is proven to find the optimal (least cost) path given a variable successor operator (which enables arbitrary track angle and track velocity resolution). Furthermore, it is shown to be of comparable complexity to multi-objective, vector neighbourhood based A* (Vector A*, an extension of A*). A variable successor operator enables the imposition of a multi-resolution lattice structure on the search space (which results in fewer search nodes). Unlike cell decomposition based methods, soundness is guaranteed with multi-resolution MSA*. MSA* is demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations to be computationally efficient. It is shown that multi-resolution, lattice based MSA* finds paths of equivalent cost (less than 0.5% difference) to Vector A* (the benchmark) in a third of the computation time (on average). This is the first contribution of the research. The second contribution is the discovery of the additive consistency property for planning with multiple decision objectives. Additive consistency ensures that the planner is not biased (which results in a suboptimal path) by ensuring that the cost of traversing a track using one step equals that of traversing the same track using multiple steps. MSA* mitigates uncertainty through online replanning, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and tolerance. Each trajectory segment is modeled with a cell sequence that completely encloses the trajectory segment. The tolerance, measured as the minimum distance between the track and cell boundaries, is the third major contribution. Even though MSA* is demonstrated for UAV MFP, it is extensible to other 4D vehicle motion planning applications. Finally, the research proposes a self-scheduling replanning architecture for MFP. This architecture replicates the decision strategies of human experts to meet the time constraints of online replanning. Based on a feedback loop, the proposed architecture switches between fast, near-optimal planning and optimal planning to minimise the need for hold manoeuvres. The derived MFP framework is original and shown, through extensive verification and validation, to satisfy the requirements of UAV MFP. As MFP is an enabling factor for operation of UAVs in the NAS, the presented work is both original and significant.

Beyond charity : outlines of a jurisprudence for civil society

There is not a single, coherent, jurisprudence for civil society organisations. Pressure for a clearly enuciated body of law applying to the whole of this sector of society continues to increase. The rise of third sector scholarship, the retreat of the welfare state, the rediscovery of the concept of civil society and pressures to strengthen social capital have all contributed to an ongoing stream of inquiry into the laws that regulate and favour civil society organisations. There have been almost thirty inquiries over the last sixty years into the doctrine of charitable purpose in common law countries. Those inquiries have established that problems with the law applying to civil society organisations are rooted in the common law adopting a ‘technical’ definition of charitable purpose and the failure of this body of law to develop in response to societal changes. Even though it is now well recognised that problems with law reform stem from problems inherent in the doctrine of charitable purpose, statutory reforms have merely ‘bolted on’ additions to the flawed ‘technical’ definition. In this way the scope of operation of the law has been incrementally expanded to include a larger number of civil society organisations. This piecemeal approach continues the exclusion of most civil society organisations from the law of charities discourse, and fails to address the underlying jurisprudential problems. Comprehensive reform requires revisiting the foundational problems embedded in the doctrine of charitable purpose, being informed by recent scholarship, and a paradigm shift that extends the doctrine to include all civil society organisations. Scholarly inquiry into civil society organisations, particularly from within the discipline of neoclassical economics, has elucidated insights that can inform legal theory development. This theory development requires decoupling the two distinct functions performed by the doctrine of charitable purpose which are: setting the scope of regulation, and determining entitlement to favours, such as tax exemption. If the two different functions of the doctrine are considered separately in the light of theoretical insights from other disciplines, the architecture for a jurisprudence emerges that facilitates regulation, but does not necessarily favour all civil society organisations. Informed by that broader discourse it is argued that when determining the scope of regulation, civil society organisations are identified by reference to charitable purposes that are not technically defined. These charitable purposes are in essence purposes which are: Altruistic, for public Benefit, pursued without Coercion. These charitable puposes differentiate civil society organisations from organisations in the three other sectors namely; Business, which is manifest in lack of altruism; Government, which is characterised by coercion; and Family, which is characterised by benefits being private not public. When determining entitlement to favour, it is theorised that it is the extent or nature of the public benefit evident in the pursuit of a charitable purpose that justifies entitlement to favour. Entitlement to favour based on the extent of public benefit is the theoretically simpler – the greater the public benefit the greater the justification for favour. To be entitled to favour based on the nature of a purpose being charitable the purpose must fall within one of three categories developed from the first three heads of Pemsel’s case (the landmark categorisation case on taxation favour). The three categories proposed are: Dealing with Disadvantage, Encouraging Edification; and Facilitating Freedom. In this alternative paradigm a recast doctrine of charitable purpose underpins a jurisprudence for civil society in a way similar to the way contract underpins the jurisprudence for the business sector, the way that freedom from arbitrary coercion underpins the jurisprudence of the government sector and the way that equity within families underpins succession and family law jurisprudence for the family sector. This alternative architecture for the common law, developed from the doctrine of charitable purpose but inclusive of all civil society purposes, is argued to cover the field of the law applying to civil society organisations and warrants its own third space as a body of law between public law and private law in jurisprudence.

Eat, drink and be civil

Brisbane is provincial city that has been developing rapidly since the early 1990s. The growth and development of its public and semi-public spaces means there are many more ways to engage with the city than was previously possible. --------- I suggest the city’s new and transformed spaces have enabled 2 important developments 1) a growth in forms of sociability and encounters with difference and 2) the negotiation of civic competencies. --------- The paper draws upon research conducted during a PhD project which used multi-method approaches - including qualitative [interviews] and quantitative data [surveys], psychoanalytic theory and text analysis.The study also made connections between the real city and the discursive city to argue that urban experience is constituted both materially and imaginatively.