Development, capabilities and technology : an evaluative framework

In this paper we present a framework to be used for evaluation of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) projects. The framework is based on Sen´s notion of development as freedom where human capabilities and functionings are seen as key aspects to development. Sen´s capability approach presents an alternative way of seeing and evaluating development (alternative to more traditional ways of measuring development). The approach is based on expanding freedoms, or eliminating unfreedoms, for people so that they can live a life that they have reason to value. Even though Sen is referenced a lot in ICT4D literature the analysis rarely goes further then stating that Sen presents an alternative to traditional ways of development. Reasons can be that the capability approach does not specifically mention technology, in addition to the lack of guidelines presented by Sen on how to use the framework. The aim of this paper is to operationalize the evaluation process and to include a clear role for technology in Sen´s capability framework. The framework is validated with a case on distance education from Bangladesh. 

A computational comparison of different algorithms for very large p-median problems

In this paper, we propose a new method for solving large scale p-median problem instances based on real data. We compare different approaches in terms of runtime, memory footprint and quality of solutions obtained. In order to test the different methods on real data, we introduce a new benchmark for the p-median problem based on real Swedish data. Because of the size of the problem addressed, up to 1938 candidate nodes, a number of algorithms, both exact and heuristic, are considered. We also propose an improved hybrid version of a genetic algorithm called impGA. Experiments show that impGA behaves as well as other methods for the standard set of medium-size problems taken from Beasley’s benchmark, but produces comparatively good results in terms of quality, runtime and memory footprint on our specific benchmark based on real Swedish data.

Utvecklingsarbete i skolanNågra reflexioner med utgångspunkt från kvalitativautvärderingsstudier i två svenska gymnasieskolor

Vilka förutsättningar krävs för att skolans utvecklingsarbete skall kunna initieras och genomföras på ett framgångsrikt sätt? Vad är det t.ex. för faktorer som underlättar respektive försvårar detta arbete? Syftet med detta paper är därför att:- försöka identifiera några faktorer som kan antas påverka möjligheterna att bedriva skolutveckling samt att i några avseenden diskutera vilken roll dessa spelar

The "reflection protocol" - a way to develop learning and independent thinking?

It is now-a-days more and more common in the academic world to use new forms of “learning-tools”. One of those is the “reflection protocol”, which usually consist of a few pages of freely written text, related to something the students have read. There seems to be a lot of different opinions about the value to use this method. Some teachers and students are enthusiastic and others are rather critical. To write a “reflection protocol” is not in the first place to do a summery, a review, not even to analyze a text. Instead it is about to write down thoughts and questions that comes up as a result of the reading. It is also about doing associations, reflections and to interpret a text and relate this to a theme of some kind. The purpose to use “reflection protocols” is, as we see it, mainly for the student to practice independent thinking from a scientific point of view, but it also gives a possibility to a better understanding of another person’s thinking. This seems to open up for a fruitful dialogue and a way to learn. We will in this paper discuss if that could be the case.

Forskningscirkeln en arbetsform för att utveckla skolan mot en lärande organisationlärande organisation?

När samhället blir mera komplext ställs generellt sett allt större krav på enskilda individer och organisationer. Detta innebär också att t ex kraven på skolan som organisation ökar i motsva-rande grad. Om förändringar i skolan skall lyckas måste lärarna involveras (Hargreaves, 1998). Förändringen måste helt enkelt utgå från lärarna själva. “It is teachers who, in the end, will change the world of the school by understanding it“ (Lawrence Stenhouse, citerad i Egerbladh & Tiller, 1998). För många lärare är kärnpunkten när verksamheten skall förändras om den går att genomföra i praktiken. På det sätt som lärare förstår hur skolan fungerar kan även antas ha betydelse för hur de utför sina arbetsuppgifter. Det är mot en sådan bakgrund som s k forskningscirklar, som ett forum för ett möte mellan lärare och forskare, blir av intresse. Kan då också s k lärande organisationer innehålla forskningscirklar som en möjlig arbetsform för att både förstå och att utveckla skolans verksamhet i praktiken? Med utgångspunkt från den bakgrund som skisserats upp är syftet med detta paper sålunda att diskutera: a) Under vilka förutsättningar är det möjligt att tala om skolan som en lärande organisa-tion?b) Är det möjligt att betrakta forskningscirkeln som ett, av flera tänkbara, medel för att utveckla skolan mot en lärande organisation?Jag utgår från två av Senges (1995) huvudkriterier, personlig utveckling (Personal Mastery) och team-lärande, för att diskutera några aspekter av de frågeställningar som anges i syftet. För att ge en mer fullständig bild skulle det självfallet ha varit att föredra att de tre övriga kriterierna som Senge använder hade kunnat behandlas på ett motsvarande sätt. Jag väljer dock bort dessa då det inte finns möjlighet att klara av en sådan uppgift inom den begränsade ram som ett paper av den här typen ger utrymme för.

När folkhögskolan möter högskolan -Erfarenheter från en forskningscirkel om pedagogiska praktiker

Utvecklingen och framväxten av det sk informationssamhället har medfört att det svenska högskolesystemet har byggts ut. Ny grupper av studenter söker sig till högskolan. Från drygt 40.000 studenter i mitten av 60-talet finns idag över 400.000 studenter vid våra högskolor och universitet. Ett vidgat tillträde till högre utbildning ställer flera nya och utmanande frågor. Har så många människor motiv och förmåga att ta sig an högskolestudier? Är utbygnaden motiverad och löner den sig? Hur skall gymnasieskola och vuxenutbildning förbereda de kommande studenterna på ett bra sätt? Behöver så många utbilda sig, eller med andra ord, passar alla dessa nya studenter för högskolans krav? Är högskolan verkligen intresserad av att anpassa sig och ge dessa nya grupper tillträde till den högre utbildningen? Dessa och andra frågor, som utgår från den nya situation som högskolan befinner sig i, diskuterade och bearbetade en grupp lärare från Högskolan Dalarna och fem av Dalarnas folkhögskolor i en forskningscirkel. Syftet med detta paper är att sammanfatta erfarenheterna från forskningscirkeln.

School leaders as agents of change : a case study on how two head teachers are trying to implement the learning study method in their school

This paper seeks to describe and discuss the impact of inspections of schools in Sweden. It outlines the political context, based on New Public Management (NPM) theory, according to what role the Schools Inspectorate is supposed to play in order to govern and control. Attention is also devoted, referring an on-going case study, to how inspections influence head teachers and their leadership in their everyday work.   Reports from the Schools inspectorate are public. This forces both politicians and head teachers to take measures. In this case, the head teachers perceived that the inspection reports confirmed what they already knew, but it also gave them an alibi and a tool to push their teachers to take part in everyday school development work. During the first year after the inspection the head teachers mainly strived to adjust formal deficiencies in local steering documents. However, some of the deviations reported from the Schools inspectorate are regarding pedagogical problems that are complicated and difficult to handle. As interventions in many cases will show up much later the results are, for example as increased goal fulfilment, in this case, still an open question. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that the Schools Inspectorate must be seen as a result of the governing philosophy that denotes New Public Management NPM).

Degree projects improving co-operation between the teacher education program and schools : - Swedish experiences

In 1977, when teacher education inSwedenwas incorporated into the university system, the main reason was to transform it into an academic tradition. Now, nearly 30 years later, there is still tension between the academic and the vocational tradition; they show up as different and separated elements in a program that is meant to prepare students for a career as a teacher and for a possible future career as a researcher in this field. This tension gives rise to a risk of allowing parallel “tracks” to develop and of isolating the degree thesis work from other courses. On the teacher-training program in which we are involved, close co-operation with partner-schools, where the practical part of the program takes place, has been established. Here, the students´ degree theses are an important factor in making this co-operation work on a concrete level. Accordingly, the purpose of the degree thesis is both to reflect problems in schools and contribute to better teaching in the individual school, but also to offer relevant educational subject matter to the students, which may be adapted as an element in the university’s research environments. From these points of view, the degree thesis is an important part of teacher education and rather more than just a single course. The degree thesis should be an element that gives the students an opportunity to show that they have reached central goals in the teacher education program. It should also be an integral part in the development of critical and scholarly thinking, deepening pedagogical and didactic knowledge and giving the students an opportunity to apply research methods. We will here use two minor case studies: one that compares teacher education programs in five Swedish universities and one minor study at one of those universities, in order to elaborate on the questions: - What purpose has a degree thesis and what role does it play in teacher education? - What criteria are relevant to assessing a degree thesis and what qualities do the degree theses have? - Is it possible to assess a degree thesis fairly and what happens to students who do not pass? - How could the degree thesis be used to improve the contact between the teacher education program and its partner schools in order to contribute to the development of the individual school?

How initial vocational education and training (IVET) teachers in Sweden perceive their prospects of being able to prepare upper secondary school pupils for a future occupation

Vocational teachers in Swedish upper secondary schools are a heterogeneous category of teachers, connected to different types of trade. These teachers represent a broad set of trade skills varying in content and character. In their teacher role, they continue to wear the clothes, speak the language, share the culture and remain mentally in their former professions. Still, it is central that they keep up this contact to be able to school the pupils into the environment of the trade in question, but also to help them to understand what skills a profession demands. However, the individual teacher also has to distance himself from the negative elements in the culture of the profession: patterns and habits that, for various reasons, have to be broken or changed. This paper draws attention to the ways in which a group of vocational teachers, who were participants in a project that aimed to train unauthorized vocational teachers, expressed their ambitions to prepare the pupils for a future professional career. When collecting information, we used the degree dissertations they produced and discussed in seminars, and informal dialogues. The result shows that it is important that the instruction location resembles a real working site as far as possible. These places are more or less realistic copies of a garage, a restaurant kitchen, a hairdressing salon, and so on, in order to give the pupils a realistic setting for instruction. However, the fact that these simulated workplaces lack the necessary support functions that exist in a company creates problems, problems which make a lot of extra work for the teachers. Vocational teachers also have to instruct the pupil in the experienced practitioner’s professional skills and working situation, but the pupil herself/himself must learn the job by doing it in practice. Some vocational upper secondary programs lack relevant course literature and the businesses give little support. This also makes extra work for the teachers. Moreover, the distance between the vocational programs and the trainee jobs was experienced as being difficult to overcome. One reason seems to be differences between businesses and differing preconditions between small and big companies’ abilities to take care of these pupils. The upper secondary school vocational programs also play a role in cementing existing gender roles, as well as perpetuating class-related patterns on the labour market.

Must teachers be social workers, as well …? : Reflections on the current teacher role in the Swedish upper secondary school and how it affects teacher training

The Swedish upper secondary school has made a transition from a school for the elite to be a school for everybody. When almost every youth nowadays chooses to continue studying, for some of them this is not what they want to do most of all. However, as there in practice is no choice, there come up problems and many upper secondary school teachers experience a growing frustration. We will here discuss some aspects of the following questions: -  How do upper secondary schoolteachers handle their working-conditions in a new situation? - What possible consequences do this have on teacher education?

Do inspections of schools influence head teachers’ leadership?

This paper seeks to describe and discuss the impact of inspections of schools in Sweden. It outlines the political context, based on New Public Management (NPM) theory, according to what role the Schools Inspectorate is supposed to play in order to govern and control. Attention is also devoted, referring an on-going case study, to how inspections influence head teachers and their leadership in their everyday work.   Reports from the Schools inspectorate are public. This forces both politicians and head teachers to take measures. In this case, the head teachers perceived that the inspection reports confirmed what they already knew, but it also gave them an alibi and a tool to push their teachers to take part in everyday school development work. During the first year after the inspection the head teachers mainly strived to adjust formal deficiencies in local steering documents. However, some of the deviations reported from the Schools inspectorate are regarding pedagogical problems that are complicated and difficult to handle. As interventions in many cases will show up much later the results are, for example as increased goal fulfilment, in this case, still an open question. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that the Schools Inspectorate must be seen as a result of the governing philosophy that denotes New Public Management NPM).