Comparison of lumbar range of movement and lumbar lordosis in back pain patients and matched controls

Inconclusive findings have been shown in previous studies comparing lumbar range of movement (LROM) and lumbar lordosis between back pain patients and healthy subjects. In these studies, confounding variables such as age, gender, height, obesity, and pain level were usually not well controlled. The present study aimed to compare LROM and lumbar lordosis between back pain patients and matched controls. Fifteen male back pain patients and 15 age-, height-, obesity-, and physical activity-matched male controls were investigated. To minimize the effect of pain on the measurements, only patients with minimal or no pain at the time of testing were included in the study. Inclinometer technique was used for the evaluation of LROM in flexion, extension and lateral flexion as well as lumbar lordosis. A lumbar rotameter was used for measuring axial rotation. Pelvic motion was limited by a pelvic restraint device during LROM measurements. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the back pain and control groups in flexion, extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation LROM and also in lumbar lordosis. This may indicate that when a back pain patient is not in pain, LROM and lumbar lordosis may not be the measures that distinguish between back pain patients and subjects without back pain.

MR image-based measurement of rates of change in volumes of brain structures. Part II: Application to a study of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging

We present global and regional rates of brain atrophy measured on serially acquired T1-weighted brain MR images for a group of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and age-matched normal control (NC) subjects using the analysis procedure described in Part I. Three rates of brain atrophy: the rate of atrophy in the cerebrum, the rate of lateral ventricular enlargement and the rate of atrophy in the region of temporal lobes, were evaluated for 14 AD patients and 14 age-matched NC subjects. All three rates showed significant differences between the two groups, However, the greatest separation of the two groups was obtained when the regional rates were combined. This application has demonstrated that rates of brain atrophy, especially in specific regions of the brain, based on MR images can provide sensitive measures for evaluating the progression of AD. These measures will be useful for the evaluation of therapeutic effects of novel therapies for AD. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Distribution kinetics of solutes in the isolated in-situ perfused rat head using the multiple indicator dilution technique and a physiological two-barrier model

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of [C-14]diclofenac, [C-14]salicylate and [H-3]clonidine using a single pass rat head perfusion preparation. The head was perfused with 3-[N-morpholino] propane-sulfonic acid-buffered Ringer's solution. Tc-99m-red blood cells and a drug were injected in a bolus into the internal carotid artery and collected from the posterior facial vein over 28 min. A two-barrier stochastic organ model was used to estimate the statistical moments of the solutes. Plasma, interstitial and cellular distribution volumes for the solutes ranged from 1.0 mL (diclofenac) to 1.6 mL (salicylate), 2.0 mL (diclofenac) to 4.2 mL (water) and 3.9 mL (salicylate) to 20.9 mL (diclofenac), respectively. A comparison of these volumes to water indicated some exclusion of the drugs from the interstitial space and salicylate from the cellular space. Permeability-surface area (PS) products calculated from plasma to interstitial fluid permeation clearances (CLPI) (range 0.02-0.40 mL s(-1)) and fractions of solute unbound in the perfusate were in the order: diclofenac>salicylate >clonidine>sucrose (from 41.8 to 0.10 mL s(-1)). The slow efflux of diclofenac, compared with clonidine and salicylate, may be related to its low average unbound fraction in the cells. This work accounts for the tail of disposition curves in describing pharmacokinetics in the head.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy: An alternative minimal invasive surgical technique for the adrenal gland

Background: Presently the surgical approach to the adrenal gland is in a state of flux. While the traditional approach to the adrenal gland has been the open transabdominal technique, more recently laparoscopic approaches, particularly via the transabdominal route, have increasingly been utilized. However, laparoscopic intervention for the adrenal gland can be problematic in certain circumstances, particularly for large adrenal masses and in instances of adrenal malignancies. Methods: In this report we describe the use of hand-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy as an alternative minimal invasive surgical approach to the adrenal gland. Hand-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy using the HandPort system (Smith & Nephew, Sydney, Australia) was undertaken in three patients requiring adrenalectomy for mass lesions including one patient with Conn's syndrome. Results: In all three cases, surgery proceeded promptly and uneventfully. In the present paper, the details of the technique of hand-assisted adrenalectomy are described. This is the first report in the world literature of this new technique for the adrenal gland. Conclusions: Hand-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an easily performed technique, which can be completed within a short operative time span and which has the advantage of providing intraoperative tactile localization for the adrenal gland. It may be particularly applicable for large adrenal tumours, yet only involves the performance of a small abdominal incision. Postoperative recovery is comparable with that reported for the laparoscopic-only technique. Hand-assisted adrenalectomy is a new technique which has great potential and which warrants further evaluation.

Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes : Trematoda)

Complete small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and partial (D1-D3) large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (lsrDNA) sequences were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Digenea via maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Here we contribute 80 new ssrDNA and 124 new lsrDNA sequences. Fully complementary data sets of the two genes were assembled from newly generated and previously published sequences and comprised 163 digenean taxa representing 77 nominal families and seven aspidogastrean outgroup taxa representing three families. Analyses were conducted on the genes independently as well as combined and separate analyses including only the higher plagiorchiidan taxa were performed using a reduced-taxon alignment including additional characters that could not be otherwise unambiguously aligned. The combined data analyses yielded the most strongly supported results and differences between the two methods of analysis were primarily in their degree of resolution. The Bayesian analysis including all taxa and characters, and incorporating a model of nucleotide substitution (general-time-reversible with among-site rate heterogeneity), was considered the best estimate of the phylogeny and was used to evaluate their classification and evolution. In broad terms, the Digenea forms a dichotomy that is split between a lineage leading to the Brachylaimoidea, Diplostomoidea and Schistosomatoidea (collectively the Diplostomida nomen novum (nom. nov.)) and the remainder of the Digenea (the Plagiorchiida), in which the Bivesiculata nom. nov. and Transversotremata nom. nov. form the two most basal lineages, followed by the Hemiurata. The remainder of the Plagiorchiida forms a large number of independent lineages leading to the crown clade Xiphidiata nom. nov. that comprises the Allocreadioidea, Gorgoderoidea, Microphalloidea and Plagiorchioidea, which are united by the presence of a penetrating stylet in their cercariae. Although a majority of families and to a lesser degree, superfamilies are supported as currently defined, the traditional divisions of the Echinostomida, Plagiorchiida and Strigeida were found to comprise non-natural assemblages. Therefore, the membership of established higher taxa are emended, new taxa erected and a revised, phylogenetically based classification proposed and discussed in light of ontogeny, morphology and taxonomic history. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

James W. Gerard: His image of imperial Germany, 1913-1918

The subject of this study was a typical, if in some respects well qualified, U.S. ambassadorial appointee for his time, the early twentieth century: an attorney, judge, and politician who served competently in his one diplomatic assignment, in Berlin, before returning to private life.—Ed.

The mouse secretome: functional classification of the proteins secreted into the extracellular environment

We have developed a computational strategy to identify the set of soluble proteins secreted into the extracellular environment of a cell. Within the protein sequences predominantly derived from the RIKEN representative transcript and protein set, we identified 2033 unique soluble proteins that are potentially secreted from the cell. These proteins contain a signal peptide required for entry into the secretory pathway and lack any transmembrane domains or intracellular localization signals. This class of proteins, which we have termed the mouse secretome, included >500 novel proteins and 92 proteins

A technique to assess small-scale heterogeneity of chemical properties in soil aggregates

A new method is presented which allows the separation of the soil aggregate exterior from the aggregate core. The method employs a combination of aggregate freezing with rapid separation of aggregate exteriors using ultrasonic energy. The factors influencing the thickness of the removed aggregate surface layer include water content of the aggregate prior to freezing, temperature difference between that of the frozen aggregate and that of the liquid it is submerged in during sonification, sonification time and energy, and the type of the immersion liquid. The success of the method and the thickness of the removed aggregate surface were examined using barium ( Ba2+) as a tracer. Barium ( as BaCl2) is rapidly absorbed by soil and is present at only very low levels in natural soils. Surface layers of 0.2 - 0.4 cm thickness were successfully removed from aggregates of 1 - 4 cm diameter. Two examples are given from soils in northern NSW to demonstrate the occurrence of small- scale heterogeneity in soil chemical properties. Compared with the surface fraction, a 4 - 7% higher calcium concentration was found in the core fraction of a clay loam soil ( Dermosol). Conversely, on a cracking clay soil ( Vertosol), atrazine concentration was around 15 times greater in the aggregate surface fractions compared with core fractions. Compared with the traditional estimation of soil chemical properties on homogenised bulk soil samples, it is suggested that separate analysis of aggregate surface and core fractions could provide useful additional information on the relationships between soil properties and environmental responses.

Resolution enhancement by subtraction of confocal signals taken at different pinhole sizes

Subtractive imaging in confocal fluorescence light microscopy is based on the subtraction of a suitably weighted widefield image from a confocal image. An approximation to a widefield image can be obtained by detection with an opened confocal pinhole. The subtraction of images enhances the resolution in-plane as well as along the optic axis. Due to the linearity of the approach, the effect of subtractive imaging in Fourier-space corresponds to a reduction of low spatial frequency contributions leading to a relative enhancement of the high frequencies. Along the direction of the optic axis this also results in an improved sectioning. Image processing can achieve a similar effect. However, a 3D volume dataset must be acquired and processed, yielding a result essentially identical to subtractive imaging but superior in signal-to-noise ratio. The latter can be increased further with the technique of weighted averaging in Fourier-space. A comparison of 2D and 3D experimental data analysed with subtractive imaging, the equivalent Fourier-space processing of the confocal data only, and Fourier-space weighted averaging is presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design gráfico : análise da relação com a performance da micro e pequena empresa

O design possui um papel central nos negócios, participando de forma crucial no intercambio cultural e econômico da sociedade. Uma das competências do profissional de design gráfico é o desenvolvimento da Identidade Visual Corporativa (IVC). Ela tem como função definir visualmente o perfil de uma empresa, configurando-se, assim, como um composto mercadológico de fundamental importância para diferenciação das organizações, possuindo um importante papel para o crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar de que forma os gestores de MPEs percebem a atuação do design gráfico sobre a performance do seu negócio, avaliada a partir da sua experiência com a IVC desenvolvida por um profissional de design e aplicada pela empresa em suas atividades. A pesquisa é aplicada, em relação a sua finalidade, e exploratória, quanto ao seu objetivo. Sua condução se deu a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores das MPEs investigadas e pesquisa documental em materiais fornecidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, realizando-se, desta forma, uma triangulação metodológica a fim de contribuir para o exame do fenômeno. Como estratégia de investigação foi utilizado o estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado com 7 (sete) MPEs que haviam incorporado sua IVC há pelo menos 2 (dois) anos, dos setores de comércio e serviço, localizadas nos municípios de Vitória, Vila Velha, Serra ou Cariacica. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, com base nas etapas descritas por Bardin (1977) e Laville (1999), distribuindo as unidades de análise (frases e parágrafos) nas categorias desenvolvidas: Motivação, Integração da IVC, Gestão da IVC, Relevância da IVC, IVC e Performance e Expressão Visual. A análise utilizou a abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio da técnica de percentagem, e qualitativa, com maior ênfase na última, onde foram analisadas as categorias e seus elementos, assim como as relações entre elas, buscando extrair os significados construídos. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que a maior parte dos gestores das MPEs investigadas identificam que o design gráfico, por meio da IVC, contribui de forma positiva para a performance do seu negócio, proporcionando diferentes tipos de benefícios, dentre os mais citados foram: Identificação/Reconhecimento, Fortalecimento (solidez, estabilidade, profissionalismo), Novos Clientes, Imagem, Receptividade, Agregação de Valor para a Marca e Diferenciação.

Design gráfico : análise da relação com a performance da micro e pequena empresa

O design possui um papel central nos negócios, participando de forma crucial no intercambio cultural e econômico da sociedade. Uma das competências do profissional de design gráfico é o desenvolvimento da Identidade Visual Corporativa (IVC). Ela tem como função definir visualmente o perfil de uma empresa, configurando-se, assim, como um composto mercadológico de fundamental importância para diferenciação das organizações, possuindo um importante papel para o crescimento das micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar de que forma os gestores de MPEs percebem a atuação do design gráfico sobre a performance do seu negócio, avaliada a partir da sua experiência com a IVC desenvolvida por um profissional de design e aplicada pela empresa em suas atividades. A pesquisa é aplicada, em relação a sua finalidade, e exploratória, quanto ao seu objetivo. Sua condução se deu a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores das MPEs investigadas e pesquisa documental em materiais fornecidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, realizando-se, desta forma, uma triangulação metodológica a fim de contribuir para o exame do fenômeno. Como estratégia de investigação foi utilizado o estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado com 7 (sete) MPEs que haviam incorporado sua IVC há pelo menos 2 (dois) anos, dos setores de comércio e serviço, localizadas nos municípios de Vitória, Vila Velha, Serra ou Cariacica. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, com base nas etapas descritas por Bardin (1977) e Laville (1999), distribuindo as unidades de análise (frases e parágrafos) nas categorias desenvolvidas: Motivação, Integração da IVC, Gestão da IVC, Relevância da IVC, IVC e Performance e Expressão Visual. A análise utilizou a abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio da técnica de percentagem, e qualitativa, com maior ênfase na última, onde foram analisadas as categorias e seus elementos, assim como as relações entre elas, buscando extrair os significados construídos. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que a maior parte dos gestores das MPEs investigadas identificam que o design gráfico, por meio da IVC, contribui de forma positiva para a performance do seu negócio, proporcionando diferentes tipos de benefícios, dentre os mais citados foram: Identificação/Reconhecimento, Fortalecimento (solidez, estabilidade, profissionalismo), Novos Clientes, Imagem, Receptividade, Agregação de Valor para a Marca e Diferenciação.

Estudo da evolução da paisagem da área do município de Linhares (ES) nos anos de 1985 e de 2013/2014, por meio das métricas

Trata a presente pesquisa sobre o estudo da evolução da área da paisagem que compõe o município de Linhares (ES), nos anos de 1985 e 2013/2014, que constitui o maior município do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foi realizada, por meio de processamento digital de imagens de satélites LANDSAT 5 e 8, a classificação de uso e ocupação da terra da área em estudo. Além disso usou-se as imagens do satélite RapdEye para acurácia da classificação digital das imagens. A partir dos resultados levantados de uso e ocupação foram definidas as matrizes da paisagem para 1985 e 2013/2014, bem como avaliadas as manchas que compõem a matriz. Foram aplicadas as métricas da paisagem utilizando a ferramenta de estatística Fragstats, possibilitando o cálculo dos Índices de Paisagem afim de avaliar a evolução qualitativa e quantitativa da paisagem do município de Linhares.

Unknown Radial Distortion Centers in Multiple View Geometry Problems

The radial undistortion model proposed by Fitzgibbon and the radial fundamental matrix were early steps to extend classical epipolar geometry to distorted cameras. Later minimal solvers have been proposed to find relative pose and radial distortion, given point correspondences between images. However, a big drawback of all these approaches is that they require the distortion center to be exactly known. In this paper we show how the distortion center can be absorbed into a new radial fundamental matrix. This new formulation is much more practical in reality as it allows also digital zoom, cropped images and camera-lens systems where the distortion center does not exactly coincide with the image center. In particular we start from the setting where only one of the two images contains radial distortion, analyze the structure of the particular radial fundamental matrix and show that the technique also generalizes to other linear multi-view relationships like trifocal tensor and homography. For the new radial fundamental matrix we propose different estimation algorithms from 9,10 and 11 points. We show how to extract the epipoles and prove the practical applicability on several epipolar geometry image pairs with strong distortion that - to the best of our knowledge - no other existing algorithm can handle properly.