Mejora del comportamiento térmico de los morteros de cal aditivados y su empleo en la rehabilitación de inmuebles = Improvement of thermal behaviour of additived lime mortars and their use in rehabilitation of buildings

La envolvente de la edificación es la responsable de equilibrar el intercambio energético entre el interior y el exterior, por lo tanto cualquier actuación encaminada a la reducción del consumo energético ha de establecer, como uno de sus objetivos prioritarios, la mejora del comportamiento de la misma. Las edificaciones anteriores a 1940 constituyen la mayor parte de las existentes en áreas rurales y centros urbanos. En ellas, la repercusión de la fachada sobre las transmitancias globales pone de manifiesto la necesidad de intervención. Sin embargo, su elevada inercia térmica y los importantes saltos térmicos característicos de gran parte de España plantean la importancia de que aquélla se efectúe por el exterior. A tal respecto, la falta de disponibilidad de espesor suficiente para implantar sistemas tipo SATE deriva en que, frecuentemente, la única solución viable sea la de aislar por el interior perdiendo con ello la capacidad de acumulación térmica del muro y con el asociado riesgo de condensaciones. La amplia tradición en el empleo de revestimientos, especialmente en base de cal, permiten que éstos sean utilizados no sólo como elemento estético o de protección de la obra de fábrica antigua sino también para la mejora del comportamiento térmico del soporte, si se aprovecha el mecanismo de transmisión térmica por radiación. Éste es el objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral en la que se estudia la modificación de las propiedades radiantes de los morteros de revestimiento para la mejora de la eficiencia energética de las construcciones históricas, principalmente las constituidas por muros monolíticos, aunque podría ser de aplicación a otro tipo de construcciones compuestas por diversas capas. Como punto de partida, se estudió y revisó la documentación disponible sobre las investigaciones de las tres áreas científico-tecnológicas que convergen en la Tesis Doctoral: rehabilitación, material y comportamiento térmico, a partir de lo cual se comprobó la inexistencia de estudios similares al objeto de la presente Tesis Doctoral. Complementariamente, se analizaron los revestimientos en lo concerniente a los materiales que los constituyen, la composición de las mezclas y características de cada una de las capas así como al enfoque que, desde el punto de vista térmico, se estimaba más adecuado para la obtención de los objetivos propuestos. Basándonos en dichos análisis, se preseleccionaron ochenta materiales que fueron ensayados en términos de reflectancia y emisividad para elegir cuatro con los que se continuó la investigación. Éstos, junto con la cal elegida para la investigación y el árido marmóreo característico de la última capa de revestimiento, fueron caracterizados térmicamente, de forma pormenorizada, así como química y físicamente. Los fundamentos teóricos y los estudios preliminares desarrollados con distintos materiales, en estado fresco y endurecido, fueron empleados en la dosificación de componentes de las mezclas, en dos proporciones distintas, para el estudio del efecto del agregado. Éstas se ensayaron en estado fresco, para comprobar su adecuación de puesta en obra y prever su VI adherencia al soporte, así como en estado endurecido a 28 y 90 días de curado, para conocer las propiedades que permitieran prever su compatibilidad con aquél y estimar el alcance de la reducción de transferencias térmicas lograda. Además, se estudiaron las características generales de las mezclas que sirvieron para establecer correlaciones entre distintas propiedades y entender los resultados mecánicos, físicos (comportamiento frente al agua) y energéticos. Del estudio conjunto de las distintas propiedades analizadas se propusieron dos mezclas, una blanca y otra coloreada, cuyas características permiten garantizar la compatibilidad con la obra de fábrica antigua, desde el punto de vista físico y mecánico, y preservar la autenticidad de los revestimientos, en cuanto a la técnica de aplicación tradicional en sistemas multicapa. El comportamiento térmico de las mismas, sobre una obra de fábrica de 40 cm de espesor, se estimó, en estado estacionario y pseudo-transitorio, demostrándose reducciones del flujo térmico entre 16-48%, en condiciones de verano, y entre el 6-11%, en invierno, en función de la coloración y de la rugosidad de la superficie, en comparación con el empleo de la mezcla tradicional. Por lo que, se constata la viabilidad de los materiales compuestos propuestos y su adecuación al objetivo de la investigación. VII ABSTRACT The envelope is responsible for balancing the energy exchange between the inside and outside in buildings. For this reason, any action aimed at reducing energy consumption must establish, as one of its key priorities, its improvement. In rural areas and urban centers, most of the constructions were built before 1940. In them, the impact of the façade on the global transmittance highlights the need for intervention. However, its high thermal inertia and fluctuation of temperatures in the majority of Spain bring up that it should be placed outside the insulation. In this regard, the lack of availability of enough thickness to implement systems such as ETICS results in that often the only viable solution is to isolate the interior, losing thereby the wall’s heat storage capacity with the associated risk of condensation. The tradition in the use of renders, especially lime-based, allows us to use them not only as an aesthetic element or to protect the ancient masonry, but also for improved thermal performance of the support by taking advantage of the heat transfer mechanism by radiation. This is the aim of this Doctoral Thesis in which the modification of the radiative properties of lime mortars for renders to improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings, mainly composed of monolithic walls, is studied, although it could be applied to other structures composed of several layers. As a starting point, the available literature in the three scientific-technological areas that converge at the Doctoral Thesis: rehabilitation, material and thermal behaviour, was reviewed, and confirmed the absence of researches similar to this Doctoral Thesis. Additionally, the renders were studied with regard to the materials that constitute them, the composition of the mixtures and the characteristics of each layer, as well as to the approach which, from a thermal point of view, was deemed the most suitable for achieving the objectives sets. Based on thre aforementioned analysis, eighty materials tested in terms of reflectance and emissivity were pre-selected, to choose four with which the research was continued. Common marble sand, used in the last layer of the renders, together with the appointed materials and hydrated lime were characterized thermally, in detail, as well as chemically and physically. The theoretical bases and preliminary studies with different materials, in fresh and hardened state, were used in the dosage of the composition of the mixtures. In order to study their effect they were used in two different proportions, that is, ten mixtures in total. These were tested in their fresh state to evaluate their setting-up suitability and foresee their adhesion to the support, as well as in their hardened state, at 28 and 90 days of curing, to establish the properties which enabled us to anticipate their compatibility with the old masonry walls and estimate the scope of the reduction of heat transfers achieved. In addition, the general characteristics of the mixtures used to establish correlations and to understand the mechanical, physical and energy results were studied. Two mixtures, one white and one colored, were proposed as the result of the different properties analysed, whose characteristics allow the guarantee of mechanical and physical compatibility VIII with the old masonry and preserve the authenticity of the renders. The thermal behavior of both, applied on a masonry wall 40 cm thick, was estimated at a steady and pseudo-transient state, with heat flow reductions between 16-48% during summertime and 6-11% during wintertime, depending on the color and surface roughness, compared to the use of the traditional mixture. So, the viability of the proposed composite materials and their fitness to the aim of the research are established.

Lupinus mariae-josphi, a new lupin endemic of soils with active lime and high pH in South Eastern Spain, is nodulated by a new bacterial lineage within Bradyrhizobium genus

Lupinus mariae-josephi is a recently described species (Pascual, 2004) able to grow in soils with high pH and active lime content in the Valencia province (Spain). L. mariae-josephi endosymbionts are extremely slowgrowing bacteria with genetic and symbiotic characteristics that differentiate them from Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating Lupinus spp. native of the Iberian Peninsula and adapted to grow in acid soils. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed that all the endosymbiotic isolates from L. mariae-josephi tested are legume-host selective and are unable to nodulate species such as L. angustifolius, and L. luteus. In contrast, Bradyrhizobium strains from Lupinus spp. tested were able to nodulate L. mariae-josephi, although the nodules fixed nitrogen inefficiently. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with housekeeping genes (rrn, glnII, recA, atpD) and nodulation gene nodC. Housekeeping gene phylogeny revealed that L. mariae-josephi rhizobia form a strongly supported monophyletic group within Bradyrhizobium genus. This cluster also includes B. jicamae and certain strains of B. elkanii. Contrarily, isolates from other Lupinus spp. native of the Iberian Peninsula were grouped mainly within B. canariense and two B. japonicum lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of L. mariae-josephi isolates based on the nodC symbiotic gene defined a solid clade close to isolates from Algerian Retama spp. and to fast-growing rhizobia.

The determinants of the quality of Sales-Marketing Interface in a Multinational Customer Brand Focused Company: The Latin American Branches

Customer evolution and changes in consumers, determine the fact that the quality of the interface between marketing and sales may represent a true competitive advantage for the firm. Building on multidimensional theoretical and empirical models developed in Europe and on social network analysis, the organizational interface between the marketing and sales departments of a multinational high-growth company with operations in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay is studied. Both, attitudinal and social network measures of information exchange are used to make operational the nature and quality of the interface and its impact on performance. Results show the existence of a positive relationship of formalization, joint planning, teamwork, trust and information transfer on interface quality, as well as a positive relationship between interface quality and business performance. We conclude that efficient design and organizational management of the exchange network are essential for the successful performance of consumer goods companies that seek to develop distinctive capabilities to adapt to markets that experience vertiginous changes

Training organization of a middle-size company engaged in information technology services: theory and practice

In order to establish an active internal know-how -reserve~ in an information processing and engineering services . company, a training architecture tailored to the company as an whole must be defined. When a company' s earnings come from . advisory services dynamically structured i.n the form of projects, as is the case at hand, difficulties arise that must be taken into account in the architectural design. The first difficulties are of a psychological nature and the design method proposed here begjns wi th the definition of the highest training metasystem, which is aimed at making adjustments for the variety of perceptions of the company's human components, before the architecture can be designed. This approach may be considered as an application of the cybernetic Law of Requisita Variety (Ashby) and of the Principle of Conceptual Integrity (Brooks) . Also included is a description of sorne of the results of the first steps of metasystems at the level of company organization.

Oración que en las solemnes exequias ... por ... Don Fray Joaquín Company celebradas en 11 de marzo de 1815

Signaturizado

Towards measuring the complexity of introducing semantics into a company

The Semantics Difficulty Model (SDM) is a model that measures the difficult of introducing semantics technology into a company. SDM manages three descriptions of stages, which we will refer to as ?snapshots?: a company semantic snapshot, data snapshot and semantic application snapshot. Understanding a priory the complexity of introducing semantics into a company is important because it allows the organization to take early decisions, thus saving time and money, mitigating risks and improving innovation, time to market and productivity. SDM works by measuring the distance between each initial snapshot and its reference models (the company semantic snapshots reference model, data snapshots reference model, and the semantic application snapshots reference model) with Euclidian distances. The difficulty level will be "not at all difficult" when the distance is small, and becomes "extremely difficult" when the the distance is large. SDM has been tested experimentally with 2000 simulated companies with arrangements and several initial stages. The output is measured by five linguistic values: "not at all difficult, slightly difficult, averagely difficult, very difficult and extremely difficult". As the preliminary results of our SDM simulation model indicate, transforming a search application into integrated data from different sources with semantics is a "slightly difficult", in contrast with data and opinion extraction applications for which it is "very difficult".

New designs of the ceramic bricks of horizontal hexagonal hollow

This article is intended to state that Technical Drawing is a multiple tool of expression and communication essential to develop inquiry processes, the scientifically basis and comprehension of drawings and technological designs that can be manufactured. We demonstrate graphically and analytically that spatial vision and graphic thinking allow us to identify graphically real life problems, develop proposals of solutions to be analysed from different points of view, plan and develop the project, provide information needed to make decisions on objects and technological processes. From the knowledge of Technical Drawing and CAD tools we have developed graphic analyses to improve and optimize our proposed modification of the geometry of the rectangular cells of conventional bricks by hexagonal cells, which is protected by a Spanish patent owned by the Polytechnic University of Madrid. This new internal geometry of the bricks will improve the efficiency and the acoustic damping of walls built with the ceramic bricks of horizontal hollow, maintaining the same size of the conventional bricks, without increasing costs either in the manufacture and the sale. A single brick will achieve the width equivalent to more than FOUR conventional bricks.

Alegacion juridica por parte del Dr. Dn. Juan Bautista Company... Cura... de Chestealcampo... en la causa que sigue con Vicente Sanchiz, Christoval Delaro y diferentes vecinos cosecheros... [Texto impreso] : sobre pago y respectiuo modo... de satisfacer el Diez- mo.

Sign. : []1, A-K2

Dilecto filio Ioachimo Company Ordinis Fratrum Minorum S. Francisci... [Texto impreso]

Texto paralelo latín-español

Influencia del tratamiento "a fuego" en las características del estuco tradicional con cal = Influence of treatment "by fire" in the characteristics of traditional lime stucco

Esta investigación avanza en el intento de recuperar la técnica tradicional del estuco a fuego, paradigma de la decoración de espacios interiores hasta la mitad del s. XX por sus imitaciones marmóreas de gran calidad. Para ejecutarlos se utilizaban morteros de cal con áridos de mármol, pigmentos minerales y grasas; con estos materiales se preparaban y tendían las masas, se pintaban al fresco y se terminaban con el paso de una herramienta metálica caliente. Como sucede con otras técnicas, el paso del tiempo ha difuminado los conocimientos sobre la materia, haciendo muy difícil la conservación o restauración de los ejemplos en nuestro patrimonio. A partir de la escasa bibliografía existente se ha recuperado el proceso, sometiendo las muestras elaboradas a diferentes ensayos que han caracterizado el acabado final,tanto en sus características intrínsecas como en las que le son conferidas al proteger finalmente las muestras con una capa de cera, tal y como se realizaba tradicionalmente.---ABSTRACT---This research advances in the attempt to recover the traditional technique of stucco by fire; paradigm of indoor decoration until half of 20th century due to its high quality marbled imitations. On its implementation process, it was used lime mortars with marble aggregates, mineral pigments and greases. With these materials, masses were prepared and extended into the walls, they were painted in fresco and ended with the passage of a heated metal tool. As with any other technique, the time passing over has blurred the knowledge on the subject, making very difficult the preservation or restoration of examples in our heritage. Despite of the limited literature, the process has been recovered; subjecting the samples prepared at different trials that have characterized the finished, both in its merits and its conferred characteristics by finally protecting the samples with a layer of wax, as was done traditionally.

RETRATO DEL EX.MO É ILL.MO S.OR D.N FRAI JOAQUIN COMPANY [Material gráfico] : Caballero Gran Cruz de la Rl. distinguida Orden de Carlos III Arzobispo antes de Zaragoza y después de Valencia

Resumen: Descripción: retrato de 3/4 en el interior de un óvalo. Viste indumentaria de arzobispo. En el ángulo izqdo., la mitra y báculo

Lime rendering of the houses of historical core of Maracaibo, Venezuela

An advance of the study undertaken of the plastering of the few dwellings that still exist in the historical area of Maracaibo is presented, with a base of restoration mortar of the plastering of sandstone known as “piedra de ojo”. The mortars are made of lime with a ferruginous stone aggregate that gives them a pinkish color, with additions of ceramics, bamboo, sand, wood and straw, and kneaded with salty water from Lake Maracaibo

A practical approach to project management in a very small company

This article shows how a very small company has tailored Scrum according to its own needs. The main additions made were the “sprint design” phase and the “sprint test” phase. Before the sprint 0, the requirements elicitation and the functional specification were made in order to meet deadlines and costs agreed with clients. Besides, the introduction of an agile project management tool has supported all the process and it is considered the main success factor for the institutionalization of the Scrum process.