Uso de web services e softwares livres na disseminação de informações georreferenciadas sobre produtos da floresta amazônica.

Georreferenced information has been increasingly required for the planning and decision-making in different sectors of society. New ways of dissemination of data, such as the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web services, have contributed to the ease of access to this information. Even with all the technological advances in the area of data distribution, there is still low availability of georreferenced data about the Amazon. The goal of the present work is the development of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI), that is, an environment of sharing and use of georreferenced data based on the technology of web services, metadata and interfaces that allow the user easy access to these data. The present work discussess the OGC patterns, the most relevant georeferrenced data servers, the main web clients, and the revolution in the dissemination of georeferrenced data which geobrowsers and web clients offered to regular users. Data to be released for the case study come from the project Exploitation of Non-wooden Forest Products-PFNM-in progress at the National Institute of Research in the Amazon-INPA-as well as from inventories of NGOs and other government bodies. Besides contributing to the enhancement of PFNM, this project aims at encouraging the use of GIS in the state of Amazonas offering tech support for the deployment of geographic databases and sharing between agencies, optimizing the resources applied in this area through the use of free software and integration of diffuse information currently available.

Empreendedores brasileiros na educação física e no esporte: atitudes inovadoras de pioneiros

Em constantes situações de recomeço na Educação Física e no Esporte, homens e mulheres se destacam buscando superar problemas e empreendem esforços no sentido de transformar para melhor a área e torná-la mais organizada. Assim, este trabalho que tem como tema o empreendedorismo na Educação Física e no Esporte levanta a seguinte questão: a figura do empreendedor na Educação Física e no Esporte brasileiros configura-se como elemento central em importância na gestão e na produção e gestão de conhecimentos nestas áreas? O conceito de empreendedorismo é traduzido a partir de diferentes dimensões por autores da área de administração/gestão (DRUCKER, 1987; OLIVEIRA, 1995; DORNELAS, 2005; CHIAVENATO, 2005, SARKAR, 2008). Já as ações empreendedoras nas áreas de Educação Física e do Esporte serão constituídas a partir de diferentes fontes, dentre elas Rodrigues (2007); jornais, documentos. Foram selecionados por meio de pesquisa exploratória junto a historiadores: Inezil Penna Marinho, Aloyr Queiroz de Araújo e Manoel José Gomes Tubino, Arnaldo Guinle, João Havelange, Carlos Arthur Nuzman. Conclui-se que a figura do empreendedor na Educação Física e no Esporte brasileiros configura-se como elemento central na gestão e tem caráter individual. Este viés de interpretação confirma a tese de um tipo ideal (WEBER, 1997) de empreendedor e inovador da Educação Física e Esporte que implica numa caracterização tipológica de líder sonhador de grandes causas e realizações em suas áreas de interesse profissional e individual. Ao final admite-se que a gestão do Esporte deve ter suas raízes mais no Esporte do que na gestão.

Delegações legislativas e poder regulamentar: política e direito na administração pública brasileira

Esta tese objetiva analisar o fenômeno das delegações legislativas no Brasil, de forma a situar o princípio da indelegabilidade na interseção entre a ciência política descritiva e o Direito Administrativo. O trabalho está organizado em três partes. A primeira parte tem como foco a apresentação do debate sobre as delegações legislativas no conhecimento jurídico corrente, sua casuística e inconsistências. Inicia-se com o estudo do princípio da indelegabilidade legislativa, verificando suas origens e pressupostos, passando por seus corolários do Estado de Direito (rule of law), princípio democrático e separação de Poderes. Na sequência, será narrada a história da denominada nondelegation doctrine, desenvolvida nos EUA e que ensejou profícua discussão a merecer análise para o aprofundamento da questão no Brasil. Também serão objeto da Primeira Parte o exame da figura da lei delegada, prevista no art. 68 da Constituição, bem como das principais teorias sobre o poder regulamentar, verificando as suas espécies e características básicas. Por fim, será examinada a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, destacando-se as dificuldades de uma definição clara quanto aos limites jurídicos às delegações legislativas. Na segunda parte, as delegações legislativas serão apresentadas como uma das engrenagens da dinâmica política presidencialista, tendo em vista o chamado presidencialismo de coalizão suas críticas, resultados e impactos na democracia brasileira. A experiência dos EUA será, mais uma vez, levada em consideração. Serão abordadas as teorias de public choice e o modo como elas são usadas para aperfeiçoar o debate sobre delegações legislativas, tornando-o mais próximo da realidade, numa construção pragmática do próprio Direito Administrativo daquele país. Finalmente, na terceira parte, será apresentada uma proposta de abordagem para as delegações legislativas no Brasil. A meta é oferecer parâmetros interpretativos, os quais poderão contribuir para a redefinição dos limites do poder regulamentar, enquanto mecanismo de delegação legislativa em benefício e promoção dos valores constitucionais. Almeja-se um desenho de poder regulamentar compatível com uma Administração Pública que seja funcional e capaz de atingir suas finalidades, dentro do projeto democrático da Constituição de 1988. Isto para, ao final, propor critérios objetivos que possam, em conjunto, auxiliar o intérprete no exame de legitimidade das delegações.

National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) research highlights in the Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It is a unique and valuable national treasure because of its ecological, recreational, economic and cultural benefits. The problems facing the Bay are well known and extensively documented, and are largely related to human uses of the watershed and resources within the Bay. Over the past several decades as the origins of the Chesapeake’s problems became clear, citizens groups and Federal, State, and local governments have entered into agreements and worked together to restore the Bay’s productivity and ecological health. In May 2010, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order number 13508 that tasked a team of Federal agencies to develop a way forward in the protection and restoration of the Chesapeake watershed. Success of both State and Federal efforts will depend on having relevant, sound information regarding the ecology and function of the system as the basis of management and decision making. In response to the executive order, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) has compiled an overview of its research in Chesapeake Bay watershed. NCCOS has a long history of Chesapeake Bay research, investigating the causes and consequences of changes throughout the watershed’s ecosystems. This document presents a cross section of research results that have advanced the understanding of the structure and function of the Chesapeake and enabled the accurate and timely prediction of events with the potential to impact both human communities and ecosystems. There are three main focus areas: changes in land use patterns in the watershed and the related impacts on contaminant and pathogen distribution and concentrations; nutrient inputs and algal bloom events; and habitat use and life history patterns of species in the watershed. Land use changes in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have dramatically changed how the system functions. A comparison of several subsystems within the Bay drainages has shown that water quality is directly related to land use and how the land use affects ecosystem health of the rivers and streams that enter the Chesapeake Bay. Across the Chesapeake as a whole, the rivers that drain developed areas, such as the Potomac and James rivers, tend to have much more highly contaminated sediments than does the mainstem of the Bay itself. In addition to what might be considered traditional contaminants, such as hydrocarbons, new contaminants are appearing in measurable amounts. At fourteen sites studied in the Bay, thirteen different pharmaceuticals were detected. The impact of pharmaceuticals on organisms and the people who eat them is still unknown. The effects of water borne infections on people and marine life are known, however, and the exposure to certain bacteria is a significant health risk. A model is now available that predicts the likelihood of occurrence of a strain of bacteria known as Vibrio vulnificus throughout Bay waters.

Fisheries profile mapping of coastal districts in Maharashtra state through GIS

In recent times, GIS is being increasingly used as a decision support system for management of fisheries and aquaculture. It provides new innovative approaches of the dynamic relations that characterize this sector. In this context, a study is conducted based on the secondary data of a major maritime state, Maharashtra, where mapping of fisheries profile of coastal districts in the state is performed through GIS tool having critical geographic dimensions. This paper aims to map information of the state which can be used for the purpose of planning and decision making as each aspect of map has a different component involved. For this purpose, at the core of the system, the data were accessed and integrated from different sources mainly from the five coastal districts of Maharashtra state. Data were brought in tabular form through Microsoft Excel and then joined to Map info Professional version 8.0 GIS software was used with the digitized map of Maharashtra state to enable mapping. This was further synchronized and integrated to generate four thematic maps searchable on several criteria. Map 1 contains the searchable criteria as regards to the fish growth for the year 1997-2004 and fish seed production for the year 2003-04. Map 2 contains fisher population along with their occupation for the year 1992. Map 3 contains brackish water and shrimp farming production and culture area. Map 4 contains infrastructural facilities which include type of boats etc. With this mapping, planners and various stakeholders have accessible information as regards to the various components of fisheries in the state of Maharashtra.

Engineering as a tool for improving human habitat

The conventional approaches to poverty alleviation in the slums entail a cocktail of interventions in health, education, governance and physical improvements, often stretching the scarce resources far and thin. Driven by the 'poverty' mindset, physical measures such as minimal paving, public water posts and community latrines actually brand the slums apart instead of assimilating them into the urban infrastructure fabric. The concept of Slum Networking proposes comprehensive water and environmental sanitation infrastructure as the central and catalytic leverage for holistic development. At costs less than the conventional 'slum' solutions, it tries to penetrate a high quality urban infrastructure net deeply into the slums to assimilate them into the city rather than lock them in as disadvantaged islands. Further, it transcends resource barriers and 'aid' through innovative partnerships and the latent resource mobilisation potential of the so-called 'poor'. This paper examines Slum Networking as implemented in Sanjaynagar in Ahmedabad, India and compares it with a similar settlement with no interventions in Ahmedabad. It assesses the knock-on impact of physical infrastructure on health, education and poverty. Finally, it evaluates the multiplier effect of physical infrastructure and the partnerships on the subsequent investments by the community in its own shelter and habitat. Copyright © 2009 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Data-based robust multiobjective optimization of interconnected processes: energy efficiency case study in papermaking.

Reducing energy consumption is a major challenge for "energy-intensive" industries such as papermaking. A commercially viable energy saving solution is to employ data-based optimization techniques to obtain a set of "optimized" operational settings that satisfy certain performance indices. The difficulties of this are: 1) the problems of this type are inherently multicriteria in the sense that improving one performance index might result in compromising the other important measures; 2) practical systems often exhibit unknown complex dynamics and several interconnections which make the modeling task difficult; and 3) as the models are acquired from the existing historical data, they are valid only locally and extrapolations incorporate risk of increasing process variability. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new decision support system for robust multiobjective optimization of interconnected processes. The plant is first divided into serially connected units to model the process, product quality, energy consumption, and corresponding uncertainty measures. Then multiobjective gradient descent algorithm is used to solve the problem in line with user's preference information. Finally, the optimization results are visualized for analysis and decision making. In practice, if further iterations of the optimization algorithm are considered, validity of the local models must be checked prior to proceeding to further iterations. The method is implemented by a MATLAB-based interactive tool DataExplorer supporting a range of data analysis, modeling, and multiobjective optimization techniques. The proposed approach was tested in two U.K.-based commercial paper mills where the aim was reducing steam consumption and increasing productivity while maintaining the product quality by optimization of vacuum pressures in forming and press sections. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Data-based robust multiobjective optimization of interconnected processes: Energy efficiency case study in papermaking

Reducing energy consumption is a major challenge for energy-intensive industries such as papermaking. A commercially viable energy saving solution is to employ data-based optimization techniques to obtain a set of optimized operational settings that satisfy certain performance indices. The difficulties of this are: 1) the problems of this type are inherently multicriteria in the sense that improving one performance index might result in compromising the other important measures; 2) practical systems often exhibit unknown complex dynamics and several interconnections which make the modeling task difficult; and 3) as the models are acquired from the existing historical data, they are valid only locally and extrapolations incorporate risk of increasing process variability. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new decision support system for robust multiobjective optimization of interconnected processes. The plant is first divided into serially connected units to model the process, product quality, energy consumption, and corresponding uncertainty measures. Then multiobjective gradient descent algorithm is used to solve the problem in line with user's preference information. Finally, the optimization results are visualized for analysis and decision making. In practice, if further iterations of the optimization algorithm are considered, validity of the local models must be checked prior to proceeding to further iterations. The method is implemented by a MATLAB-based interactive tool DataExplorer supporting a range of data analysis, modeling, and multiobjective optimization techniques. The proposed approach was tested in two U.K.-based commercial paper mills where the aim was reducing steam consumption and increasing productivity while maintaining the product quality by optimization of vacuum pressures in forming and press sections. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. © 2006 IEEE.

A starting point for addressing product innovativeness in the Fuzzy Front-End

Product innovativeness is a primary contingent factor to be addressed for the development of flexible management for the front-end. However, due to complexity of this early phase of the innovation process, the definition of which attributes to customise is critical to support a contingent approach. Therefore, this study investigates front-end attributes that need to be customised to permit effective management for different degrees of innovation. To accomplish this aim, a literature review and five case studies were performed. The findings highlighted the front-end strategic and operational levels as factors influencing the front-end attributes related to product innovativeness. In conclusion, this study suggests that two front-end attributes should be customised: development activities and decision-making approach. Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Paradoxical evidence integration in rapid decision processes

Decisions about noisy stimuli require evidence integration over time. Traditionally, evidence integration and decision making are described as a one-stage process: a decision is made when evidence for the presence of a stimulus crosses a threshold. Here, we show that one-stage models cannot explain psychophysical experiments on feature fusion, where two visual stimuli are presented in rapid succession. Paradoxically, the second stimulus biases decisions more strongly than the first one, contrary to predictions of one-stage models and intuition. We present a two-stage model where sensory information is integrated and buffered before it is fed into a drift diffusion process. The model is tested in a series of psychophysical experiments and explains both accuracy and reaction time distributions. © 2012 Rüter et al.