Thoracic and heart biometrics of non-anesthetized agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha Wagler, 1831) measured on radiographic images

The agouti is a species intensively hunted throughout the Amazon and the semi-arid regions of northeastern Brazil. Considering the current trend in conservation management of wild species, the aim of this study was to determine the morphometric reference to the heart of agouti raised in captivity, based on thoracic and cardiac measurements in these animals. Thirty adult agoutis, 1 to 3 years of age, without clinical signs of cardiac disease were selected. The animals were physically restrained and radiographies in laterolateral (LL) and ventrodorsal (VD) recumbence were produced. The following measures were taken: the apicobasilar length of the heart (at the most cranial height of the Carina region to the heart apex) (AB), maximum width of the heart perpendicular to AB (CD), heart inclination angle (AIC), trachea inclination angle (AIT), distance from the right heart wall (DPTd), distance from the left heart wall (DPTe) and vertical depth of the thorax, and the ventral face of the vertebral column to the dorsal border of the sternum at the level of the trachea bifurcation (H). The ratios between AB/CD, AB/H and CD/H were also analyzed. To calculate the vertebral heart scale (VHS), the AB and CD measurements were laid over the thoracic vertebra starting at T4. Radiographic evaluation showed values consistent with those reported in small animals and some wild and exotic species. The main biometric values in the chest cavity and heart of agouti are arranged as follows: (1) The ratios between AB/H ratio and CD/H were not sensitive for identifying heart increases (p>0.05), while the ratio AB/CD was more sensitive in this identification (p<0.05); (2) AIC: 21.2±6.4º (mean between male and famale); (3) AIT for males and females: 9.93±3.23° and 8.4±3.94°; (4) DPTd and DPTe for males: 0.97±0.40cm and 0.7±0.30cm; (5) DPTd and DPTe for females: 1.12±0.42cm and 01.02±0.43cm; (6) VHS for males and females: 7.75±0.48v e 7.61±0.34v; (7) The caudal vena cava (CVC) was visualized dorsal-cranially and located right of the midline. The data obtained allowed the acquisition of the first reference values for biometry of the heart of agoutis, contributing to better understanding of cardiac morphology and identification of cardiomyopathy in these animals.

Identification of new flagellin-encoding fliC genes in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic animals using RFLP-PCR and sequencing methods

Identification of Escherichia coli requires knowledge regarding the prevalent serotypes and virulence factors profiles allows the classification in pathogenic/non-pathogenic. However, some of these bacteria do not express flagellar antigen invitro. In this case the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and sequencing of the fliC may be suitable for the identification of antigens by replacing the traditional serology. We studied 17 samples of E. coli isolated from animals and presenting antigen H nontypeable (HNT). The H antigens were characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of fliC gene. Three new flagellin genes were identified, for which specific antisera were obtained. The PCR-RFLP was shown to be faster than the serotyping H antigen in E. coli, provided information on some characteristics of these antigens and indicated the presence of new genes fliC.

Hematology values of captive giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla)

Hematological results are reported for 13 giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and 13 collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla). Animals were captive-reared adults held at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), and were considered healthy on physical examination. Examined parameters included red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total plasmatic protein and differential leukocyte counts. Also, a survey for hemoparasites was done and none was observed in thin blood smears. The results were generally similar to those previously reported in the exiguous literature for these species, providing further reference data for the interpretation of laboratory results besides health monitoring, assisting early disease diagnosis and providing relevant information for conservation programs for these species.

Haematological values for captive harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja)

Decreasing of harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) populations in natural environments, mainly in non-preserved areas, makes captive population management an important contribution to genetic diversity conservation. The aim of this study is to evaluate hematological parameters for captive harpy eagles maintained at the wild animals breeding center of Itaipu Binacional, Paraná State, Brazil. Fourteen blood samples from nine harpy eagles were collected from animals of both sexes, of different ages and with no clinical signs of disease. Significant variations were found in haematological values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leukocyte, a relative number of heterophils, absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and plasma protein between groups of young (less than six months old) and adult birds. Comparing males and females there was variation in the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) on heterophils, absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils. There was also variation in the values of red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leukocyte count, absolute number of lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils among birds that study compared to another reference birds. Due to the limited information available on harpy eagle hematology, this study will be useful to the clinical assessment of birds maintained in captivity.

Fifty years in the blink of an eye: a retrospective study of ocular and periocular lesions in domestic animals

A survey was undertaken aiming to obtain an overview of ocular and periocular lesions diagnosed in domestic mammals over a period of 50 years in a veterinary pathology diagnostic laboratory in the Central Region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In this lab, 33,075 histophatological exams had been performed over the period surveyed, of which 540 (1.6%) concerned ocular and periocular lesions. For various reasons ninety specimens were excluded from the study and the remaining 450 consisted of samples from dogs (53.5%), cattle (28.2%), cats (11.1%), horses (5.1%) sheep (1.3%), rabbits (0.4%), and pig (0.2%). The eyelids were the most prevalent (248/450) site of lesions in each of the species studied, followed by third eyelid (73/450), and conjunctiva (27/450). In dogs (241 samples) lesions in sebaceous glands (including Meibomian glands) were the most common findings (75/241), followed by melanocytic tumors (52/241) and nonspecific conjunctivitis (13/241). Squamous cell neoplasms, both benign and malignant, were relatively common. In cattle, anatomical sites affected by ocular and periocular lesions, in decreasing order of frequency, were eyelid, cornea and third eyelid. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) alone accounted for 80.3% of all diagnoses, while all neoplastic lesions made up for 85.0% of the lesions diagnosed in cattle. Neoplasia accounted for most of the lesions diagnosed in cats (39/50 cases); all of these were malignant, and SCC, hemangiosarcoma and fibrosarcoma were the most common types diagnosed. In horses, 19 out of 23 submissions were neoplasms and most were sarcoid (8/23) and SCC (8/23). There were six submissions from sheep with unpigmented skin, all of which represented SCC of the eyelids (5) and third eyelid (1).

Resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos caprinos nos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica

Resumo A utilização de anti-helmínticos por longos períodos como principal medida de controle das parasitoses gastrintestinais de ruminantes levou a ineficácia aos levamisol, benzimidazóis e avermectinas. Este estudo descreve a atividade anti-helmíntica in vivo em populações naturais de nematoides trichostrongilídeos de caprinos. Foram selecionados 18 rebanhos provenientes dos biomas Caatinga (n=12) e Mata Atlântica (n=6), do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, criados em pastagens comunais em região semiárida. Grupos de oito a 10 animais foram tratados com albendazol (ABZ), ivermectina (IVM), levamisol (LEV), moxidectina (MOX) e closantel (CLOS). Os resultados do Teste de Redução da Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes indicaram resistência simultânea dos gêneros Haemonchus sp. e Trichostrongylus spp. para o ABZ, IVM, LEV, MOX e CLOS. As percentagens de eficácia variaram de 0-92%, 0-75%, 0-91%, 69-97% e 0-85% para o ABZ, IVM, LEV, MXD e CLOS, respectivamente, no bioma Caatinga e 0-59% para o ABZ e 9-59% para o IVM no bioma Mata Atlântica. Verificou-se nos rebanhos eficácia inferior a 95% para estes anti-helmínticos, com exceção de um único rebanho no qual a eficácia para MOX foi de 97%, o que sugere a presença de NGIs resistentes aos principais classes de anti-helmínticos em rebanhos caprinos destes biomas.

Occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. In free-ranging wild canids from the Brazilian savanna

Abstract: The Brazilian savanna, also known as Cerrado, is one of the world's richest and most ecologically invaluable tropical savanna regions. There are few studies in Brazil about the diseases that affect the wild canids of this biome, which may be harmful to wildlife populations and public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in three Cerrado wild canids species using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Serum samples were tested from 19 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), 14 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and seven hoary foxes (Lycalopex vetulus), all free-ranging animals found in the municipalities of Araguari and Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, and Cumari, Goiás State, Brazil. Fourteen (35%) of these samples were seropositive. The most frequent serovars detected in the samples were Copenhageni and Hardjo, but reactions to the serovars Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Wolffi, and Icterohaemorrhagiae also occurred. Notwithstanding other reported results, this study is the first to report the presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in L. vetulus. The three species of wild canids examined may act as potential hosts for several serovars of leptospira in Brazil's savanna environment.

Maintenance of Brazilian Biodiversity by germplasm bank

Abstract: Currently the importance of using alternative strategies for biodiversity conservation is emphasized and since the establishment of germplasm bank is an alternative to the conservation of endangered species. This is a technique of great importance for the maintenance of Brazilian fauna. Since the early70'sthere was a growing concern about the need to preserve essential genetic resources for food and agriculture, mainly for conservation of genetic material from farm animals. Thus was created the Brasilia Zoo, in July 2010, the first Germplasm Bank of Wild Animals in Latin America, as an alternative strategy for the conservation of threatened or endangered species, using both gametes and somatic cells and stem cells. Then we argue to create new banks or research networks among different regions with aimed to tissue preservation.

Conservation laws for non-potential operators

The aim of this work is to study the conservation laws of continuous means mechanics and also to extend the Hamiltonian method for these kind of systems in order to valid for non-potential operators through variational approach. Besides illustrating with various examples of mechanical applications we also introduce in this work the new technique in order to treat such problems as the non-potential problem.

Composição florística em trechos de vegetação de caatinga e brejo de altitude na região do Vale do Pajeú, Pernambuco

(Composição florística em trechos de vegetação de caatinga e brejo de altitude na região do Vale do Pajeú, Pernambuco). Realizou-se um levantamento florístico em quatro áreas do vale do Pajeú, objetivando caracterizar a composição florística da vegetação ocorrente nas altitudes de 1100, 900, 700 e 500 m, em áreas dos municípios de Triunfo e Serra Talhada, PE. No período de setembro de 1991 a março de 1993 foram coletadas 159 espécies lenhosas. distribuídas em 45 famílias. As famílias com maior número de espécies na cota de 1100 m foram Myrtaceae (9), Flacourtiaceae e Rubiaceae (6); na cota de 900 m, foram Asteraceae, Myrtaceae e Mimosaceae (6); na de 700 m, Euphorbiaceae (6), Mimosaceae (4), Caesalpiniaceae e Anacardiaceae (3); e na de 500 m, Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae (7) e Caesalpiniaceae (4). Entre as quatro áreas, houve maior semelhança florística de 1100 com 900 m e de 700 com 500 m. A área de maior altitude, 1100 m, é ocupada por uma vegetação de brejo de altitude; as áreas de menores altitudes, 700 e 500 m, caracterizam-se como áreas de caatinga; enquanto a de 900 m apresenta predominantemente elementos de brejo, associados a outros de caatinga.

Seeds of species from the ‘caatinga’: proteins, oils and fatty acid contents

The seeds of 14 species from the ‘caatinga’, a dry forest ecosystem of the semiarid region of northeast Brazil, were analysed for total protein and total lipid contents, as well as fatty acid distribution. The seeds of Argemone mexicana L., an introduced and naturalized species in Brazil, commonly found in ‘caatingas’ and other vegetation, were also analysed. The protein contents ranged from 123 g.kg-1 to 551 g.kg-1, higher contents being found in species of Leguminosae, but also in Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae, 409 g.kg-1). Oil contents ranged from 10 g.kg-1 to 400 g.kg-1. The contents of protein and oil were found to be inversely proportional in the seeds of most species, the figures for proteins being generally higher than those of oils. Most species presented either oleic or linoleic as predominant fatty acids. Cardiospermum cf. corindum L. presented eicosenoic acid as the predominant fatty acid.

Estrutura do tegumento seminal de quatro espécies de Leguminosae (Caesalpinioideae), ocorrentes numa área de caatinga (PE ­ Brasil)

Neste estudo observou-se que os tegumentos seminais de Caesalpinia ferrea, C. pyramidalis, Senna martiana e S. spectabilis var. excelsa estão compostos de um estrato de macrosclereídes, revestido por cutícula e subcutícula, seguido por uma camada de osteosclereídes, parênquima esclerificado e camada interna também de osteosclereídes. A impermeabilidade dos tegumentos seminais, possivelmente, se restringe à região das macroesclereídes.

Potencial de infectividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares oriundos de área de caatinga nativa e degradada por mineração, no Estado da Bahia, Brasil

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar o número de esporos e o número mais provável de propágulos infectivos de FMA em solos da mineradora Caraíba, verificando influências sazonais na dinâmica desses propágulos e determinando os efeitos da mineração sobre o potencial de infectividade micorrízica. Foram realizadas coletas de solo na estação seca (agosto/98) e na chuvosa (fevereiro/99), em seis sub áreas da mineradora de cobre: 1 - local onde é depositado o rejeito; 2 - arredores da área industrial; 3 - local onde são depositados restos de rocha com pouco minério; 4 - caatinga nativa, não impactada; 5 - interface entre a caatinga e o rejeito; 6 - local onde foi retirada a camada superficial do solo. Foram identificadas 32 espécies de plantas num raio de dois metros, a partir dos pontos de coleta de solo. Maior diversidade (21 espécies) foi encontrada na sub área 4 e menor (2 espécies) na sub área 3. As sub áreas 1, 3 e 5 apresentaram o menor número de esporos (< 1 por g de solo), possivelmente devido aos elevados valores de Cu e Fe e ao pH mais alcalino. Em geral a densidade dos esporos e o número de propágulos infectivos foram baixos (< 2 por g de solo). Não houve diferença significativa entre o número de esporos nas estações seca e chuvosa, a não ser para a sub área 6. Entretanto, houve variação entre as sub áreas, com diferenças significativas nas duas estações do ano.

Diversidade e potencial de infectividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em área de caatinga, na Região de Xingó, Estado de Alagoas, Brasil

A região de Xingó ocupa 2.800 km², em Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe e Bahia, constituindo parte ainda conservada do semi-árido nordestino. Para avaliação da diversidade e da densidade de propágulos de FMA no solo e da colonização micorrízica em plantas da área, foram realizadas coletas de solo e raízes nas estações seca (agosto/2000) e chuvosa (março/2001), em duas subáreas de Piranhas e Olho d'Água do Casado, em Alagoas. Mais de 95% das plantas, dentre as 71 examinadas, apresentaram micorriza arbuscular (5% a 80%). Das 30 espécies de fanerógamas, correspondentes a 14 famílias, apenas Pilosocereus sp. não estava associado com FMA. Os percentuais médios de colonização (@16 a 20%) foram semelhantes nos dois períodos. Houve relação inversa entre o número de esporos e o número mais provável (NMP) de propágulos infectivos em Olho d'Água do Casado, com menor densidade de esporos (< 2 esporos.g-1 de solo) e maior NMP de propágulos (4,7 e 11,6 esporos.g-1 de solo), nos períodos chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. Em Piranhas o número de esporos e o NMP de propágulos foram similares no período chuvoso, enquanto no período seco houve 1,5 vezes mais esporos do que propágulos infectivos. Foram identificados 24 táxons de FMA, com maior representatividade de Acaulosporaceaee Glomaceae. Os FMA estão bem representados, formando associação com a maioria das espécies de caatinga, apesar das limitações climáticas da região.

Mimosa splendida Barneby (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) rediscovered in Central Brazil: preliminary studies for conservation of a rare species

The poorly known Mimosa splendida Barneby has been rediscovered in the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Brazil, 105 years after its single record in 1895. Data on its habitat description, demography, reproductive parameters, and geographic range are presented. Preliminary results suggest that the rarity of M. splendida in herbarium collections is associated with a narrow geographic range, and a specialized habitat preference on rocky slopes.