Biomass fly ash incorporation in cement based materials

In recent years, pressures on global environment and energy security have led to an increasing demand on renewable energy sources, and diversification of Europe’s energy supply. Among these resources the biomass could exert an important role, since it is considered a renewable and CO2 neutral energy resource once the consumption rate is lower than the growth rate, and can potentially provide energy for heat, power and transports from the same installation. Currently, most of the biomass ash produced in industrial plants is either disposed of in landfill or recycled on agricultural fields or forest, and most times this goes on without any form of control. However, considering that the disposal cost of biomass ashes are raising, and that biomass ash volumes are increasing worldwide, a sustainable ash management has to be established. The main objective of the present study is the effect of biomass fly ashes in cement mortars and concretes in order to be used as a supplementary cementitious material. The wastes analyzed in the study were collected from the fluidized bed boilers and grate boilers available in the thermal power plants and paper pulp plants situated in Portugal. The physical as well as chemical characterisations of the biomass fly ashes were investigated. The cement was replaced by the biomass fly ashes in 10, 20 and 30% (weight %) in order to investigate the fresh properties as well as the hardened properties of biomass fly ash incorporated cement mortar and concrete formulations. Expansion reactions such as alkali silica reaction (ASR), sulphate attack (external and internal) were conducted in order to check the durability of the biomass fly ash incorporated cement mortars and concretes. Alternative applications such as incorporation in lime mortars and alkali activation of the biomass fly ashes were also attempted. The biomass fly ash particles were irregular in shape and fine in nature. The chemical characterization revealed that the biomass fly ashes were similar to a class C fly ash. The mortar results showed a good scope for biomass fly ashes as supplementary cementitious materials in lower dosages (<20%). The poor workability, concerns about the organic content, alkalis, chlorides and sulphates stand as the reasons for preventing the use of biomass fly ash in high content in the cement mortars. The results obtained from the durability tests have shown a clear reduction in expansion for the biomass fly ash mortars/concretes and the binder blend made with biomass fly ash (20%) and metakaolin (10%) inhibited the ASR reaction effectively. The biomass fly ash incorporation in lime mortars did not improve the mortar properties significantly though the carbonation was enhanced in the 15-20% incorporation. The biomass fly ash metakaolin blend worked well in the alkali activated complex binder application also. Portland cement free binders (with 30-40 MPa compressive strength) were obtained on the alkali activation of biomass fly ashes (60-80%) blended with metakaolin (20-40%).

Dependable wireless real-time communications for open environments

Wireless communication technologies have become widely adopted, appearing in heterogeneous applications ranging from tracking victims, responders and equipments in disaster scenarios to machine health monitoring in networked manufacturing systems. Very often, applications demand a strictly bounded timing response, which, in distributed systems, is generally highly dependent on the performance of the underlying communication technology. These systems are said to have real-time timeliness requirements since data communication must be conducted within predefined temporal bounds, whose unfulfillment may compromise the correct behavior of the system and cause economic losses or endanger human lives. The potential adoption of wireless technologies for an increasingly broad range of application scenarios has made the operational requirements more complex and heterogeneous than before for wired technologies. On par with this trend, there is an increasing demand for the provision of cost-effective distributed systems with improved deployment, maintenance and adaptation features. These systems tend to require operational flexibility, which can only be ensured if the underlying communication technology provides both time and event triggered data transmission services while supporting on-line, on-the-fly parameter modification. Generally, wireless enabled applications have deployment requirements that can only be addressed through the use of batteries and/or energy harvesting mechanisms for power supply. These applications usually have stringent autonomy requirements and demand a small form factor, which hinders the use of large batteries. As the communication support may represent a significant part of the energy requirements of a station, the use of power-hungry technologies is not adequate. Hence, in such applications, low-range technologies have been widely adopted. In fact, although low range technologies provide smaller data rates, they spend just a fraction of the energy of their higher-power counterparts. The timeliness requirements of data communications, in general, can be met by ensuring the availability of the medium for any station initiating a transmission. In controlled (close) environments this can be guaranteed, as there is a strict regulation of which stations are installed in the area and for which purpose. Nevertheless, in open environments, this is hard to control because no a priori abstract knowledge is available of which stations and technologies may contend for the medium at any given instant. Hence, the support of wireless real-time communications in unmanaged scenarios is a highly challenging task. Wireless low-power technologies have been the focus of a large research effort, for example, in the Wireless Sensor Network domain. Although bringing extended autonomy to battery powered stations, such technologies are known to be negatively influenced by similar technologies contending for the medium and, especially, by technologies using higher power transmissions over the same frequency bands. A frequency band that is becoming increasingly crowded with competing technologies is the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band, encompassing, for example, Bluetooth and ZigBee, two lowpower communication standards which are the base of several real-time protocols. Although these technologies employ mechanisms to improve their coexistence, they are still vulnerable to transmissions from uncoordinated stations with similar technologies or to higher power technologies such as Wi- Fi, which hinders the support of wireless dependable real-time communications in open environments. The Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered Protocol (WFTT) is a master/multi-slave protocol that builds on the flexibility and timeliness provided by the FTT paradigm and on the deterministic medium capture and maintenance provided by the bandjacking technique. This dissertation presents the WFTT protocol and argues that it allows supporting wireless real-time communication services with high dependability requirements in open environments where multiple contention-based technologies may dispute the medium access. Besides, it claims that it is feasible to provide flexible and timely wireless communications at the same time in open environments. The WFTT protocol was inspired on the FTT paradigm, from which higher layer services such as, for example, admission control has been ported. After realizing that bandjacking was an effective technique to ensure the medium access and maintenance in open environments crowded with contention-based communication technologies, it was recognized that the mechanism could be used to devise a wireless medium access protocol that could bring the features offered by the FTT paradigm to the wireless domain. The performance of the WFTT protocol is reported in this dissertation with a description of the implemented devices, the test-bed and a discussion of the obtained results.

Quantificação de mercúrio em águas de consumo: validação do método na Luságua

Para o ser humano, a água sempre foi um recurso essencial ao longo da sua evolução. Hoje em dia, com todo o avanço tecnológico, a água é um bem muito vulnerável às diversas atividades antropogénicas. Entre os muitos contaminantes que podem afetar a qualidade da água para consumo humano, os metais causam grande preocupação devido à sua elevada toxicidade. O mercúrio é um dos contaminantes que deve ser devidamente controlado devido ao seu elevado grau de toxicidade. Este Estágio foi realizado no Laboratório Luságua e o seu principal objetivo foi avaliar se era possível baixar o limite de quantificação da técnica existente na empresa para quantificar o mercúrio em águas de consumo e validar o método através do cálculo de vários parâmetros de controlo de qualidade. Foi ainda feita a comparação entre a técnica de quantificação de mercúrio existente na Luságua (CV-AAS) e a existente na Universidade de Aveiro (CVAFS) para avaliar se havia uma mais-valia para a Luságua se adquirisse um novo equipamento para analisar o mercúrio em águas. Os parâmetros de validação avaliados nos dois métodos derem resultados semelhantes, não identificando a necessidade atual de substituir o equipamento existente na Luságua, até porque se conseguiu baixar o limite de quantificação, atingindo assim o objetivo estabelecido no início para este Estágio.

Wind energy resource modelling in Portugal and its future large-scale alteration due to anthropogenic induced climate changes

The high dependence of Portugal from foreign energy sources (mainly fossil fuels), together with the international commitments assumed by Portugal and the national strategy in terms of energy policy, as well as resources sustainability and climate change issues, inevitably force Portugal to invest in its energetic self-sufficiency. The 20/20/20 Strategy defined by the European Union defines that in 2020 60% of the total electricity consumption must come from renewable energy sources. Wind energy is currently a major source of electricity generation in Portugal, producing about 23% of the national total electricity consumption in 2013. The National Energy Strategy 2020 (ENE2020), which aims to ensure the national compliance of the European Strategy 20/20/20, states that about half of this 60% target will be provided by wind energy. This work aims to implement and optimise a numerical weather prediction model in the simulation and modelling of the wind energy resource in Portugal, both in offshore and onshore areas. The numerical model optimisation consisted in the determination of which initial and boundary conditions and planetary boundary layer physical parameterizations options provide wind power flux (or energy density), wind speed and direction simulations closest to in situ measured wind data. Specifically for offshore areas, it is also intended to evaluate if the numerical model, once optimised, is able to produce power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ measured data than wind measurements collected by satellites. This work also aims to study and analyse possible impacts that anthropogenic climate changes may have on the future wind energetic resource in Europe. The results show that the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-Interim are those that, among all the forcing databases currently available to drive numerical weather prediction models, allow wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ wind measurements. It was also found that the Pleim-Xiu and ACM2 planetary boundary layer parameterizations are the ones that showed the best performance in terms of wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations. This model optimisation allowed a significant reduction of the wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations errors and, specifically for offshore areas, wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ wind measurements than data obtained from satellites, which is a very valuable and interesting achievement. This work also revealed that future anthropogenic climate changes can negatively impact future European wind energy resource, due to tendencies towards a reduction in future wind speeds especially by the end of the current century and under stronger radiative forcing conditions.

The effects of chemicals in isopods : a multi-organizational evaluation

The global aim of this thesis was to evaluate and assess the effects of a pesticide (dimethoate) and a metal (nickel), as model chemicals, within different organization levels, starting at the detoxification pathways (enzymatic biomarkers) and energy costs associated (energy content quantification, energy consumption and CEA) along with the physiological alterations at the individual and population level (mortality), leading to a metabolomic analysis (using liquid 1H-NMR) and finally a gene expression analysis (transcriptome and RT-qPCR analysis). To better understand potential variations in response to stressors, abiotic factors were also assessed in terrestrial isopods such as temperature, soil moisture and UV radiation. The evaluation performed using biochemical biomarkers and energy related parameters showed that increases in temperature might negatively affect the organisms by generating oxidative stress. It also showed that this species is acclimated to environments with low soil moisture, and that in high moisture scenarios there was a short gap between the optimal and adverse conditions that led to increased mortality. As for UV-R, doses nowadays present have shown to induce significant negative impact on these organisms. The long-term exposure to dimethoate showed that besides the neurotoxicity resulting from acetylcholinesterase inhibition, this stressor also caused oxidative stress. This effect was observed for both concentrations used (recommended field dose application and a below EC50 value) and that its combination with different temperatures (20ºC and 25ºC) showed different response patterns. It was also observed that dimethoate’s degradation rate in soils was higher in the presence of isopods. In a similar study performed with nickel, oxidative stress was also observed. But, in the case of this stressor exposure, organisms showed a strategy where the energetic costs necessary for detoxification (biomarkers) seemed to be compensated by positive alterations in the energy related parameters. In this work we presented for the first time a metabolomic profile of terrestrial isopods exposed to stressors (dimethoate and niquel), since until the moment only a previous study was performed on a metabolomic evaluation in nonexposed isopods. In the first part of the study we identify 24 new metabolites that had not been described previously. On the second part of the study a metabolomic profile variation of abstract non-exposed organism throughout the exposure was presented and finally the metabolomic profile of organisms exposed to dimethoate and nickel. The exposure to nickel suggested alteration in growth, moult, haemocyanin and glutathione synthesis, energy pathways and in osmoregulation. As for the exposure to dimethoate alterations in osmoregulation, energy pathways, moult and neurotransmission were also suggested. In this work it was also presented the first full body transcriptome of a terrestrial isopod from the species Porcellionides pruinosus, which will complement the scarce information available for this group of organisms. This transcriptome also served as base for a RNA-Seq and a RT-qPCR analysis. The results of the RNA-Seq analysis performed in organisms exposed to nickel showed that this stressor negatively impacted at the genetic and epigenetic levels, in the trafficking, storage and elimination of metals, generates oxidative stress, inducing neurotoxicity and also affecting reproduction. These results were confirmed through RT-qPCR. As for the impact of dimethoate on these organisms it was only accessed through RT-qPCR and showed oxidative stress, an impact in neurotransmission, in epigenetic markers, DNA repair and cell cycle impairment. This study allowed the design of an Adverse Outcome Pathway draft that can be used further on for legislative purposes.

Desenvolvimento de um carro elétrico puro: instrumentação e registos energéticos

Desde meados do século XX os avanços na indústria automóvel trazem a associação da eletrónica sendo esta cada vez mais necessária. Com este trabalho pretende-se construir um computador de bordo de um veículo elétrico dando continuação a uma dissertação anterior, que consistiu em um Controlador de Motor de carro elétrico com capacidade de travagem regenerativa. Este Computador deve ser de baixo custo e é destinado à instrumentação, apresentação de balanços energéticos e funções básicas de diagnóstico do estado do veículo. Foi igualmente um objetivo desenvolver uma Interface a partir de um LCD para este Computador de Bordo. No modelo de Controlador de Motor disponível foram aplicadas alterações e adições na instrumentação de forma a conseguir um diagnóstico do veículo mais preciso e extenso. Para o computador ter conhecimento do consumo e outros parâmetros relacionados com o motor e respetivo Controlador, foi necessário estabelecer uma comunicação entre ambas unidades. Antes de se implementar um protocolo de comunicação realizou-se uma pesquisa por protocolos usados na indústria automóvel, com o intuito de saber qual o mais apropriado para o presente trabalho. A tarefa seguinte consistiu em uma pesquisa por hardware com o qual desenvolver o Computador e sua Interface. Os balanços energéticos implicaram o desenvolvimento de métodos de cálculo, efetuados com os parâmetros transmitidos pelo Controlador de Motor. No final da dissertação demonstra-se todas as funcionalidades do Computador de Bordo desenvolvido e como este é utilizado.

Consumo de álcool nos adolescentes do concelho de Olhão

Dissertação mest., Psicologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Avaliação de desempenho de estações de tratamento de água para consumo humano

Tese de dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Eficiência energética em residências de estudantes da Universidade do Algarve. O caso de estudo da Residência Masculina Ferragial

Dissertação de mest. em energias renováveis e Gestão da Energia. Instituto Superior de Engenharia,Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Estudo da utilização de energia solar nas escolas básicas e secundárias da região do Algarve

Utilização da energia solar nas escolas e.b. 2/3 do Algarve.

Tele-experimentação de técnicas de monitorização via internet com aplicações em agricultura e energia solar (TeleAgriSol)

Tele-experimentação detécnicas de monitorização via Internet com aplicações em agricultura e energia solar.

Metodologia de avaliação de desempenho regional da sustentabilidade ambiental de instalações de tratamento, transporte e armazenamento de águas para consumo humano

Dissertação de mest., Recursos Hídricos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Cinética de inibição do etanol e consumo de açúcar, em reator biológico, usando resíduos industriais de citrinos e de alfarroba. Aumento de escala de produção em unidade-piloto

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2013

Estudo da aplicação de um sistema frigorífico de absorção movido a energia solar na Ilha do Príncipe

Dissertação de mest., Energias Renováveis e Gestão de Energia (Tecnológica), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2012

Perspectivas de produção e comercialização de figo para consumo em fresco no Algarve

Actualmente a produção de figo detém grande importância especialmente nos países que confinam com o Mar Vermelho, Mediterrâneo e Arábico.