Cooperative positioning for heterogeneous wireless systems

Future emerging market trends head towards positioning based services placing a new perspective on the way we obtain and exploit positioning information. On one hand, innovations in information technology and wireless communication systems enabled the development of numerous location based applications such as vehicle navigation and tracking, sensor networks applications, home automation, asset management, security and context aware location services. On the other hand, wireless networks themselves may bene t from localization information to improve the performances of di erent network layers. Location based routing, synchronization, interference cancellation are prime examples of applications where location information can be useful. Typical positioning solutions rely on measurements and exploitation of distance dependent signal metrics, such as the received signal strength, time of arrival or angle of arrival. They are cheaper and easier to implement than the dedicated positioning systems based on ngerprinting, but at the cost of accuracy. Therefore intelligent localization algorithms and signal processing techniques have to be applied to mitigate the lack of accuracy in distance estimates. Cooperation between nodes is used in cases where conventional positioning techniques do not perform well due to lack of existing infrastructure, or obstructed indoor environment. The objective is to concentrate on hybrid architecture where some nodes have points of attachment to an infrastructure, and simultaneously are interconnected via short-range ad hoc links. The availability of more capable handsets enables more innovative scenarios that take advantage of multiple radio access networks as well as peer-to-peer links for positioning. Link selection is used to optimize the tradeo between the power consumption of participating nodes and the quality of target localization. The Geometric Dilution of Precision and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound can be used as criteria for choosing the appropriate set of anchor nodes and corresponding measurements before attempting location estimation itself. This work analyzes the existing solutions for node selection in order to improve localization performance, and proposes a novel method based on utility functions. The proposed method is then extended to mobile and heterogeneous environments. Simulations have been carried out, as well as evaluation with real measurement data. In addition, some speci c cases have been considered, such as localization in ill-conditioned scenarios and the use of negative information. The proposed approaches have shown to enhance estimation accuracy, whilst signi cantly reducing complexity, power consumption and signalling overhead.

Network virtualisation from an operator perspective

Network virtualisation is seen as a promising approach to overcome the so-called “Internet impasse” and bring innovation back into the Internet, by allowing easier migration towards novel networking approaches as well as the coexistence of complementary network architectures on a shared infrastructure in a commercial context. Recently, the interest from the operators and mainstream industry in network virtualisation has grown quite significantly, as the potential benefits of virtualisation became clearer, both from an economical and an operational point of view. In the beginning, the concept has been mainly a research topic and has been materialized in small-scale testbeds and research network environments. This PhD Thesis aims to provide the network operator with a set of mechanisms and algorithms capable of managing and controlling virtual networks. To this end, we propose a framework that aims to allocate, monitor and control virtual resources in a centralized and efficient manner. In order to analyse the performance of the framework, we performed the implementation and evaluation on a small-scale testbed. To enable the operator to make an efficient allocation, in real-time, and on-demand, of virtual networks onto the substrate network, it is proposed a heuristic algorithm to perform the virtual network mapping. For the network operator to obtain the highest profit of the physical network, it is also proposed a mathematical formulation that aims to maximize the number of allocated virtual networks onto the physical network. Since the power consumption of the physical network is very significant in the operating costs, it is important to make the allocation of virtual networks in fewer physical resources and onto physical resources already active. To address this challenge, we propose a mathematical formulation that aims to minimize the energy consumption of the physical network without affecting the efficiency of the allocation of virtual networks. To minimize fragmentation of the physical network while increasing the revenue of the operator, it is extended the initial formulation to contemplate the re-optimization of previously mapped virtual networks, so that the operator has a better use of its physical infrastructure. It is also necessary to address the migration of virtual networks, either for reasons of load balancing or for reasons of imminent failure of physical resources, without affecting the proper functioning of the virtual network. To this end, we propose a method based on cloning techniques to perform the migration of virtual networks across the physical infrastructure, transparently, and without affecting the virtual network. In order to assess the resilience of virtual networks to physical network failures, while obtaining the optimal solution for the migration of virtual networks in case of imminent failure of physical resources, the mathematical formulation is extended to minimize the number of nodes migrated and the relocation of virtual links. In comparison with our optimization proposals, we found out that existing heuristics for mapping virtual networks have a poor performance. We also found that it is possible to minimize the energy consumption without penalizing the efficient allocation. By applying the re-optimization on the virtual networks, it has been shown that it is possible to obtain more free resources as well as having the physical resources better balanced. Finally, it was shown that virtual networks are quite resilient to failures on the physical network.

Ecology and conservation of felids in the Brazilian pantanal

Habitat conversion and environmental degradation have reached alarming levels in the Pantanal, endangering all its biodiversity. This scenario is complicated by the fact that the biome relies on only a few protected areas, which combined do not exceed 10% of the territory. Felids, as predators, play a vital role in the maintenance of this ecosystem, but require large areas, have low population densities and, typically, are very sensitive to environmental disturbances. Amolar Mountain Ridge is considered an area of extreme importance and high priority for conservation within the biome. There are four species of felids in this region: the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi). However, little is known about the ecology of these species in this region or the magnitude of interaction between the communities living around the protected areas and the animals. The goal of this study was to increase our knowledge about these felids and understand how people interact with them in order to contribute to their conservation in the network of parks within Amolar. Camera trapping surveys were carried out in two areas of the network, covering approximately 83,000 hectares, in order to identify the species of mammals occurring in the region, those that may be potential prey for the felids, and to obtain basic ecological data about both felids and prey. In addition, we conducted surveys in three riverside schools in order to assess the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of schoolchildren regarding the four focal felids, and surveys among the adult population to assess their perceptions and attitudes towards the jaguar. We recorded a total of 33 species of mammals from both study areas. The large cats were cathemeral, reflecting the temporal activity of larger prey, whereas the ocelot was nocturnal, mirroring the activity of smaller prey. Jaguar occupancy was influenced by prey abundance, while puma occupancy was influenced by patch density in drier dense forest. Jaguars and pumas may be competitors over temporal and spatial scales, while no resource overlap was found for ocelots. Overall, both adults and children tended to have negative perceptions about the cats, which were related to the fear of being attacked. To increase awareness about the species and to maximize the effectiveness of protective measures in the network of reserves, it is recommended to develop and implement an Environmental Educational Program in the medium- to long-term in order to minimize the fear of these felids and to counsel locals on the role of felids in the maintenance of the Pantanal’s biodiversity.

A intencionalidade educativa do educador de infância num contexto de pedagogia-em-participação: avaliação e qualidade da intervenção educativa na educação de infância

A presente investigação enquadra-se na avaliação e qualidade da intervenção educativa na Educação de Infância, assumindo neste estudo um relevante enfoque as questões da intencionalidade educativa. Tendo como suporte um estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado num contexto de Jardim de Infância que desenvolve a Pedagogia-em-Participação enquanto perspetiva educacional sustentadora da intervenção educativa, procurou-se compreender quais eram as intencionalidades que os educadores de infância detinham e de que forma é que estas se manifestavam, a três níveis: i) o que o profissional pensava relativamente à sua intervenção educativa; ii) como é que organizava a sua intervenção e como intervinha no contexto onde estava inserido; iii) o que procurava observar, registar e documentar, enquanto forma de dar visibilidade às aprendizagens das crianças e às suas próprias intencionalidades. Enquanto forma de atribuição de uma sustentação teórica a esta investigação e enquanto estratégia de definição dos procedimentos do traçado investigativo, procedeu-se ao estudo do pensamento de alguns pedagogos e à sua relação com a questão da intencionalidade educativa. Realizou-se, equitativamente, um aprofundamento de compreensões em torno de modelos pedagógicos de cariz participativo. Procedeu-se à análise e compreensão teórica e empírica do objeto de estudo, tendo subjacente dimensões da pedagogia da infância referenciadas no quadro teórico desta investigação, a saber: tempo pedagógico, espaços e materiais pedagógicos, interações, atividades e projetos, observação, planificação e registo, avaliação e documentação pedagógica. A fase de investigação empírica desenvolveu-se entre setembro de 2010 e julho de 2012 e considerou quatro subfases: subfase 0 – Negociação do estudo e acesso ao campo; subfase I – Familiarização com o contexto; subfase II – Observação sistemática e registo de notas de campo; subfase III – Análise dos portefólios de aprendizagem das crianças; subfase IV – Inquérito por entrevista aos educadores de infância.Os resultados do estudo apontam para a expressão da intencionalidade a diversos níveis. A intencionalidade evidenciou-se tanto nas ações e pensamentos dos intervenientes no processo educativo, como no ambiente educativo e na documentação pedagógica. Tanto as crianças como os educadores foram protagonistas da ação e participaram na definição, concretização e avaliação de intencionalidades. Apesar de emergirem de sujeitos diversos e em circunstâncias diferentes do quotidiano educativo, as intencionalidades dos sujeitos harmonizaram-se com os propósitos pedagógicos delineados pela Pedagogia-em-Participação para os tempos da rotina educativa, que tanto as crianças como os educadores conheciam. Os resultados do estudo clarificam que, para se identificar e interpretar a intencionalidade educativa do educador de infância, há necessidade de se atentar para a organização do ambiente educativo (espaços e materiais), para a sua dinâmica (tempo pedagógico) e para os propósitos subjacentes a esta mesma dinâmica. Para além disso, o ambiente educativo materializa e facilita a emergência das intencionalidades tanto do educador como das crianças. Os resultados do estudo revelam que a documentação assume-se um espelho de evidências dos propósitos dos sujeitos: espelho da forma como pensam, observam, sentem, valorizam e representam a realidade experienciada. Uma visão integradora e holística em torno dos resultados permite, por fim, evidenciar a necessidade de se proceder a mais estudos no âmbito desta temática, nomeadamente, no domínio das pedagogias participativas.

Alkali-free bioactive glasses for bone regeneration

Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics are a class of third generation biomaterials which elicit a special response on their surface when in contact with biological fluids, leading to strong bonding to living tissues. The purpose of the present study was to develop diopside based alkali-free bioactive glasses in order to achieve good sintering behaviour, high bioactivity, and a dissolution/ degradation rates compatible with the target applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Another aim was to understand the structure-property relationships in the investigated bioactive glasses. In this quest, various glass compositions within the Diopside (CaMgSi2O6) – Fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) – Tricalcium phosphate (3CaO•P2O5) system have been investigated. All the glasses were prepared by melt-quenching technique and characterized by a wide array of complementary characterization techniques. The glass-ceramics were produced by sintering of glass powders compacts followed by a suitable heat treatment to promote the nucleation and crystallization phenomena. Furthermore, selected parent glass compositions were doped with several functional ions and an attempt to understand their effects on the glass structure, sintering ability and on the in vitro bio-degradation and biomineralization behaviours of the glasses was made. The effects of the same variables on the devitrification (nucleation and crystallization) behaviour of glasses to form bioactive glass-ceramics were also investigated. Some of the glasses exhibited high bio-mineralization rates, expressed by the formation of a surface hydroxyapatite layer within 1–12 h of immersion in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. All the glasses showed relatively lower degradation rates in comparison to that of 45S5 Bioglass®. Some of the glasses showed very good in vitro behaviour and the glasses co-doped with zinc and strontium showed an in vitro dose dependent behaviour. The as-designed bioactive glasses and glass–ceramic materials are excellent candidates for applications in bone regeneration and for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Seamless integration of heterogeneous networks in multicast environments

Nowadays, communication environments are already characterized by a myriad of competing and complementary technologies that aim to provide an ubiquitous connectivity service. Next Generation Networks need to hide this heterogeneity by providing a new abstraction level, while simultaneously be aware of the underlying technologies to deliver richer service experiences to the end-user. Moreover, the increasing interest for group-based multimedia services followed by their ever growing resource demands and network dynamics, has been boosting the research towards more scalable and exible network control approaches. The work developed in this Thesis enables such abstraction and exploits the prevailing heterogeneity in favor of a context-aware network management and adaptation. In this scope, we introduce a novel hierarchical control framework with self-management capabilities that enables the concept of Abstract Multiparty Trees (AMTs) to ease the control of multiparty content distribution throughout heterogeneous networks. A thorough evaluation of the proposed multiparty transport control framework was performed in the scope of this Thesis, assessing its bene ts in terms of network selection, delivery tree recon guration and resource savings. Moreover, we developed an analytical study to highlight the scalability of the AMT concept as well as its exibility in large scale networks and group sizes. To prove the feasibility and easy deployment characteristic of the proposed control framework, we implemented a proof-of-concept demonstrator that comprehends the main control procedures conceptually introduced. Its outcomes highlight a good performance of the multiparty content distribution tree control, including its local and global recon guration. In order to endow the AMT concept with the ability to guarantee the best service experience by the end-user, we integrate in the control framework two additional QoE enhancement approaches. The rst employs the concept of Network Coding to improve the robustness of the multiparty content delivery, aiming at mitigating the impact of possible packet losses in the end-user service perception. The second approach relies on a machine learning scheme to autonomously determine at each node the expected QoE towards a certain destination. This knowledge is then used by di erent QoE-aware network management schemes that, jointly, maximize the overall users' QoE. The performance and scalability of the control procedures developed, aided by the context and QoE-aware mechanisms, show the advantages of the AMT concept and the proposed hierarchical control strategy for the multiparty content distribution with enhanced service experience. Moreover we also prove the feasibility of the solution in a practical environment, and provide future research directions that bene t the evolved control framework and make it commercially feasible.

A criança como actor social: um estudo de caso

Dissertação mest., Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Algarve, 2006

Avós e netos - duas gerações unidas: um projecto de actividades intergeracionais na Aldeia de São José de Alcalar

Dissertação mest., Gerontologia Social, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

The assessment of the practicability of the SOCOPSE project

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

Assessment of the non-indigenous species in Ria Formosa

Dissertação mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Estimação em pequenos domínios com modelos espaciotemporais de nível área

Tese dout., Métodos Quantitativos Aplicados à Economia e à Gestão, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Influência do comportamento vocal no sucesso reprodutor do xarroco lusitano Halobatracus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha (Ecologia e Conservação Marinha), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

A imagem de Lagos enquanto destino turístico: perspectiva dos turistas versus perspectiva dos residentes

Dissertação de mest., Marketing, Faculdade de Economia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

A integração dos assentamentos rurais tradicionais nas regiões urbanas: o exemplo do Algarve Central no Sul de Portugal

Versão em português do artigo submetido com o título “Towards Integrating Rural Vernacular Settlements in Urban Regions: A study of Algarve, Portugal” ao ISVS e-­‐journal em Abril de 2011.

Tecnologias da informação e electrónica aplicadas às estufas agrícolas

Ao longo dos últimos anos tem-se verificado uma tendência para a intencificação da produção, redução dos custos e melhoria na gestão dos processos produtivos. A complexidade dos fsctores implicados na obtenção destes objectivos torna indispensável, para poder gerir todo o sistema, que se recorra a um bom suporte informático, tanto em hardware como em software.