Invención de una tradición: la fiesta de la independencia durante la construcción del Estado costarricense, 1821-1874

ResumenAnaliza la invención de la fiesta de la independencia en el calendario civil del Estado Costarricense, en el periodo de 1824-1874, y retoma la función de las fiestas civiles en la construcción del Estado y nación. Abstract This article analyzes the invention of Independence Day festivities in the civil calendar of the Costa Rican state, in the years 1821 to 1874, and reconsiders the function of civic celebrations in the construction of state and nation

Las relaciones comerciales de Costa Rica en el Pacífico (1575-1821)

IntroducciónLos inicios de la colonización de Costa Rica y el comercio con Panamá En 1575 podemos situar los inicios de la sociedad colonial de Costa Rica y el fin del largo periodo de inestabilidad que caracterizó a la conquista. La colonización del interior del país se sustentó en el establecimiento del régimen de encomienda sobre la población indígena de gran parte de los habitantes originales del Valle Central del país, sobrevivientes a la catástrofe demográfica provocada por la conquista española…

El Estado nacional y los indígenas: el caso de Talamanca y Guatuzo. Costa Rica 1821-1910

Resumen Explora la forma y el momento en que se inicia y se desarrolló al consumo del café en la sociedad costarricense, con el fin de determinar la relación entre el consumo de café y sociabilidad identataria y reconocer los factores que contribuyeron al crecimiento de consumo interno. Abstract The author explores how and when coffee consumption developed in Costa Rican society in order to determine the relationship between coffee consumption, sociability, and identity, and highlight the factor which contributed  to the growth of domestic consumption.

La minería en Costa Rica: 1821-1843

Introducción La minera se convertirá entre 1821 y 1843 en una de las opciones económicas que mas preocuparon a los costarricenses en la búsqueda de  una economía que superara el relativo aislamiento colonial y permitiera establecer nexos permanentes con el mercado mundial. De allí que esta actividad, al igual que la caña de azúcar, el tabaco, el café y las materias extractivas, se convirtieron en ramos de la producción, que el país trataba de impulsar con mayor o menor éxito para su plena inserción en el modelo de desarrollo hacia afuera que se estableció en los mecanismos de división del trabajo re elaborados después de la Revolución Industrial y en la que  en Costa Rica , como en el resto de América Latina, le correspondería jugar el papel de  administrador de materias primas y productos agrícolas dentro de la orbita  del incipiente capitalismo decimonónico.

“Endogamia y exogamia en la sociedad colonial cartaginesa, 1738-1821”

ResumenEstudio sobre los patrones de matrimonio en la ciudad de Cartago, Costa Rica, en el período 1738-1821. El análisis de los matrimonios endogámicos y exogámicos permite explicar el proceso de mestizaje y el crecimiento diferencial de diferentes grupos étnicos que habitaban en la capital colonial.AbstractA study on marriage patterns in the city of Cartago, Costa Rica, from 1738 to 1821. The discussion of endodagamous and exogamus marriages helps explain the process of racial mixture and the differential growth of ethnic groups inhabiting of colonial capital.

Las fiestas cívico-electorales en San José y el reconocimiento de la autoridad de los elegidos (1821-1870)

ResumenAnaliza las fiestas cívico-electorales en San José durante el período 1821-1870 y su relación con la legitimación de la autoridad de los individuos en el poder. El proceso de invención de la ritualidad cívico-electoral queda aquí al descubierto.AbstractThe author analyzes the civic/electoral festivities in San José from 1821 to 1870, and their connections with processes by which individuals in power legitimized their authority. The invention of civic/electoral rituals is thus made transparent.

El ejército en Costa Rica. Poder político, poder militar, 1821-1890. Libro de Edwin Solís S y Carlos González Pacheco

IntroducciónLa obra de Carlos González y Edwin Solís S. sobre el ejército costarricense es en sentido crítico, un estudio de la coyuntura del poder político y militar, instaurado en el país de 1870 a 1890. Esto se observa, si se revisa con detenimiento la fundamentación documental referida a esa countura y si se toma en cuenta los resultados de los capítulos segundo, tercero y cuarto (de conclusiones)... 

Comentario del libro ‘El Río San Juan en la lucha de las Potencias, 1821-1860’

IntroducciónLa nueva obra de Clotilde Obregón Quesada constituye un aporte esclarecedor no sólo para los estudiosos de la historia de las relaciones internacionales de la Centroamérica del siglo pasado, sino también para todos quienes se interesan por el desarrollo político del Istmo en la hora actual. En efecto, si bien la temática del libro gira en torno a las complejas relaciones de poder expresadas en la lucha por la hegemonía sobre el río San Juan y la Vía del Tránsito a mediados del siglo XIX, también ofrece una interesante explicación sobre la naturaleza y significación de las tensiones que, desde entonces, prevalecen en el área...

Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl mineral pseudojohannite Cu6.5[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2]2(OH)5.25H2O

Raman spectra of pseudojohannite were studied and related to the structure of the mineral. Observed bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of (UO2)2+ and (SO4)2- units and of water molecules. The published formula of pseudojohannite is Cu6.5(UO2)8\[O8](OH)5\[(SO4)4].25H2O; however Raman spectroscopy does not detect any hydroxyl units. Raman bands at 805 and 810 cm-1 are assigned to (UO2)2+ stretching modes. The Raman bands at 1017 and 1100 cm-1 are assigned to the (SO4)2- symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibrations. The three Raman bands at 423, 465 and 496 cm-1 are assigned to the (SO4)2- ν2 bending modes. The bands at 210 and 279 cm-1 are assigned to the doubly degenerate ν2 bending vibration of the (UO2)2+ units. U-O bond lengths in uranyl and O-H…O hydrogen bond lengths were calculated from the Raman and infrared spectra.

Phosphorylation of Exo1 modulates homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks

DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via the homologous recombination pathway is a multi-stage process, which results in repair of the DSB without loss of genetic information or fidelity. One essential step in this process is the generation of extended single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions at the break site. This ssDNA serves to induce cell cycle checkpoints and is required for Rad51 mediated strand invasion of the sister chromatid. Here, we show that human Exonuclease 1 (Exo1) is required for the normal repair of DSBs by HR. Cells depleted of Exo1 show chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to ionising radiation (IR) exposure. We find that Exo1 accumulates rapidly at DSBs and is required for the recruitment of RPA and Rad51 to sites of DSBs, suggesting a role for Exo1 in ssDNA generation. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of Exo1 by ATM appears to regulate the activity of Exo1 following resection, allowing optimal Rad51 loading and the completion of HR repair. These data establish a role for Exo1 in resection of DSBs in human cells, highlighting the critical requirement of Exo1 for DSB repair via HR and thus the maintenance of genomic stability.

Application of a new discreet form of Gauss’ theorem for measuring volume

Volume measurements are useful in many branches of science and medicine. They are usually accomplished by acquiring a sequence of cross sectional images through the object using an appropriate scanning modality, for example x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) or ultrasound (US). In the cases of CT and MR, a dividing cubes algorithm can be used to describe the surface as a triangle mesh. However, such algorithms are not suitable for US data, especially when the image sequence is multiplanar (as it usually is). This problem may be overcome by manually tracing regions of interest (ROIs) on the registered multiplanar images and connecting the points into a triangular mesh. In this paper we describe and evaluate a new discreet form of Gauss’ theorem which enables the calculation of the volume of any enclosed surface described by a triangular mesh. The volume is calculated by summing the vector product of the centroid, area and normal of each surface triangle. The algorithm was tested on computer-generated objects, US-scanned balloons, livers and kidneys and CT-scanned clay rocks. The results, expressed as the mean percentage difference ± one standard deviation were 1.2 ± 2.3, 5.5 ± 4.7, 3.0 ± 3.2 and −1.2 ± 3.2% for balloons, livers, kidneys and rocks respectively. The results compare favourably with other volume estimation methods such as planimetry and tetrahedral decomposition.

Depression: an emotional obstacle to seeking medical advice for infertility

Objective: To investigate the mental and general health of infertile women who had not sought medical advice for their recognized infertility and were therefore not represented in clinical populations. Design: Longitudinal cohort study.Setting Population based.Patient(s) Participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health aged 28-33 years in 2006 who had ever tried to conceive or had been pregnant (n = 5,936).Intervention(s) None.Main Outcome Measure(s) Infertility, not seeking medical advice. Result(s): Compared with fertile women (n = 4,905), infertile women (n = 1,031) had higher odds of self-reported depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.43), endometriosis (5.43, 4.01-7.36), polycystic ovary syndrome (9.52, 7.30-12.41), irregular periods (1.99, 1.68-2.36), type II diabetes (4.70, 1.79-12.37), or gestational diabetes (1.66, 1.12-2.46). Compared with infertile women who sought medical advice (n = 728), those who had not sought medical advice (n = 303) had higher odds of self-reported depression (1.67, 1.18-2.37), other mental health problems (3.14, 1.14-8.64), urinary tract infections (1.67, 1.12-2.49), heavy periods (1.63, 1.16-2.29), or a cancer diagnosis (11.33, 2.57-49.89). Infertile women who had or had not sought medical advice had similar odds of reporting an anxiety disorder or anxiety-related symptoms. Conclusion(s): Women with self-reported depression were unlikely to have sought medical advice for infertility. Depression and depressive symptoms may be barriers to seeking medical advice for infertility.

A pharmacogenomic evaluation of migraine therapy

Migraine is a common idiopathic primary headache disorder with significant mental, physical and social health implications. Accompanying an intense unilateral pulsating head pain other characteristic migraine symptoms include nausea, emesis, phonophobia, photophobia and in approximately 20-30% of migraine cases, neurologic disturbances associated with the aura phase. Although selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists (i.e., 5-HT(1B/1D)) are successful in alleviating migrainous symptoms in < or = 70% of known sufferers, for the remaining 30%, additional migraine abortive medications remain unsuccessful, not tested or yet to be identified. Genetic characterization of the migrainous disorder is making steady progress with an increasing number of genomic susceptibility loci now identified on chromosomes 1q, 4q, 5q, 6p, 11q, 14q, 15q, 17p, 18q, 19p and Xq. The 4q, 5q, 17p and 18q loci involve endophenotypic susceptibility regions for various migrainous symptoms. In an effort to develop individualized pharmacotherapeutics, the identification of these migraine endophenotypic loci may well be the catalyst needed to aid in this goal. In this review the authors discuss the present treatment of migraine, known genomic susceptibility regions and results from migraine (genetic) association studies. The authors also discuss pharmacogenomic considerations for more individualized migraine prophylactic treatments.