Interacciones de la glicina en soluciones acuosas de tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil, 3-metilimidazolio a diferentes temperaturas

Densities of glycine in aqueous solutions of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate were determined at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 313.15 K. The apparent molar volume, infinite dilution apparent molar volume, second derivative of the infinite dilution partial molar volume with respect to temperature, partial molar volume of transfer at infinite dilution, and the number of hydration were determined. It was found that the apparent molar volume at infinite dilution was positive, but decreased with increasing ionic liquid concentration and increased with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the partial molar volume of transfer at infinite dilution behaved in a similar manner, but was negative.

Vanadato de bismuto sintetizado por combustão em solução na presença de diferentes combustíveis: síntese, caracterização e estudo da atividade fotocatalítica

In this manuscript, a BiVO4 semiconductor was synthesized by solution combustion synthesis using different fuels (Alanine, Glycine and Urea). Also, the Tween® 80 surfactant was added during synthesis. BiVO4 was characterized by XRD, SEM and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the discoloration of methylene blue at 664 nm under UV-visible light irradiation. According to XRD, the monoclinic phase of BiVO4 was obtained for the samples. The smallest particle size and highest k obs value were observed for the BiVO4/alanine sample, which promoted greater demethylation of methylene blue.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NEW SERIES OF ORGANOTIN(IV) ESTERS WITH N,N-DIACETYLGLYCINE

A bioactive N,N-diacetylglycine (NNDAG) and new organotin(IV) complexes (OTCs) (1-7) were synthesized. Spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize NNDAG and OTCs. FTIR was employed to verify N,N protection of glycine by acetyl groups. The disappearance of υ(OH) at 3000-2600 cm-1 showed de-protonation of free ligand. The Δυ 150<200 cm-1 of OTCs 4-7 verified bidentate coordination with tetrahedral geometry. The Δυ of OTCs1 and 3 was <200 cm-1 exhibitingtrans -octahedral geometry while OTC 2 dimer was assigned a unique sinusoidal view. The 1H NMR spectra of OTCs verified their synthesis by de-protonation of NNDAG and no chemical shift was found downfield for carboxylic acid proton. The 13C, 119Sn NMR and Mass spectrometric data also supported FTIR and 1H NMR descriptions. The OTCs 4, 5, 6 and7 (500 ppm) proved twice as active against Escherichia coli as the standard antibiotic enoxacin (1000 ppm). The promising property of the OTCs (4, 5, 6 and7) is clearly due to their tetrahedral. The OTCs 4and 5 exhibited excellent activity against M. minimum and good activity against T. castaneum.LD50 of all the compounds were determined and OTCs4, 5 and 7 were found to be active.

Effect of continuous growing of resistant soybean genotypes on Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 reproduction

Even though resistance is the most promising tactic for root-knot nematode management on soybean (Glycine max), virulent biotypes may occur and be selected on specific resistant plant genotypes. In the present study, reproduction rate of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 increased after four sequences of continuous culture of the parasite on resistant soybean genotypes.

Seleção de genótipos de soja resistentes a duas estirpes de Soybean mosaic virus

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the most prevalent virus on soybeans (Glycine max) throughout the world. It causes mottling on seeds and has been associated with yield reduction. Recently, a new strain (SMV 95-1) was found infecting resistant cultivars, causing dwarfing and systemic necrosis. In a screening test carried out with the strains SMV 95-1 and SMV 95-2 on the germplasm collection, several resistant cvs. Embrapa 60, Embrapa 61, Embrapa 62, Embrapa 66 , Embrapa 133, Embrapa 134, Embrapa 135, and Embrapa 136 were identified as resistant to both strains. The resistant genotypes may serve in future soybean breeding programs in Brazil.

Infecção latente de Colletotrichum truncatum e Cercospora kikuchii em soja

As perdas anuais por doenças, no Brasil, são estimadas em 15-20%, representando cerca de US$1,3 bilhão de prejuízos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a associação (infecção latente) dos patógenos com a planta de soja (Glycine max) e verificar o efeito do fungicida difenoconazole e da época de aplicação sobre a infecção latente e o rendimento da soja. Foi instalado um experimento em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos; testemunha e aplicações do fungicida difenoconazole (75g i.a./ha) nos estádios de R5.3, R5.4 e R5.5. Para o estudo da infecção latente, seis plantas foram tomadas ao acaso em cada parcela nos estádios R5.2, R5.4 e R7.2. De cada planta foram coletados o folíolo central da folha do sétimo nó e segmentos de 5 cm da base, meio e topo da haste principal. Os folíolos e segmentos das hastes foram desinfestados, tratados com paraquat a 11,64%, incubados em câmara úmida por 3-4 dias e avaliados de acordo com o grau de colonização e freqüência dos fungos associados. Foram também avaliados a severidade das doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) (Septoria glycines e Cercospora kikuchii), a porcentagem de desfolha, a produtividade de grãos e o peso de 1.000 sementes (PMS). A infecção latente por Colletotrichum truncatum já havia ocorrido no estádio R5.2. A C. kikuchii ocorreu a partir de R5.2. Não foi observado efeito do fungicida ou da época de aplicação sobre a infecção latente. Não houve diferença de rendimento entre a testemunha e os estádios de aplicação do fungicida, porém, a severidade das DFC e a porcentagem de desfolha foram menores e o PMS foi maior na aplicação feita no estádio R5.4.

Observação de resistência parcial a Septoria glycines em soja

Seleção de genótipos de soja (Glycine max) resistentes à mancha parda foi avaliada em condições de casa de vegetação, inoculando-se plantas de soja com um mês de idade com suspensão de esporos calibrada para 10(6) esporos/ml. A avaliação foi iniciada duas semanas após a inoculação e consistiu em determinar a área abaixo da curva de progresso de lesão, índice de amarelecimento e período necessário para atingir 5% de área foliar necrosada. Nenhum genótipo testado foi imune à mancha parda da soja. No entanto, as cultivares CTS-40, IAS-2, IAS-5, PI PI 230 975 e PI 204 332 exibiram menor porcentagem de área foliar necrosada e apresentaram maior período em dias para atingir 5 % de severidade. Os resultados mostram que o nível de severidade estabelecido baseado no número de dias para atingi-lo é um bom indicador para seleção de genótipos com resistência parcial a Septoria glycines. Os genótipos identificados como tolerantes, neste trabalho, poderão ser utilizados nos programas de melhoramento de soja no Brasil.

Cultural practices and genetic resistance as factors affecting soybean stem canker and plant yield in the Cerrado

Field experiments were conducted in the 1995-96 soybean (Glycine max) growing season to evaluate the effects of cultural practices and host genetic resistance on the intensity of soybean stem canker, caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis (Dpm). Experiments were conducted in a commercial field severely infected in the previous (1994-95) season. In one study, minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) cropping systems were investigated for their effects on disease development and on plant yields in cvs. FT-Cristalina (susceptible) and FT-Seriema (moderately resistant). Another study evaluated the effects of plant densities (8, 15, 21 and 36 plants/m) on disease development in cvs. FT-Cristalina, FT-101 (moderately resistant) and FT-104 (resistant). Disease incidence and severity were consistently lower in NT than in MT, and plant yields were increased by 23% and 14% in the NT system for the susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars, respectively, compared to the yields in the MT system. The Gompertz and Logistic models described well the disease progress curves in all situations. For both susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars, disease severity increased proportionately to the increase in plant densities. At the end of the season, 100% of the plants of cv. FT-Cristalina were infected by Dpm, at all plant densities. Disease levels on cv. FT-101 were intermediate while only very low disease levels were recorded on cv. FT-104. There was a consistent negative correlation between stem canker severity and yield. Some practices demonstrated potential for direct application in disease control, and could be combined considering their additive effects.

Use of semi-seletive media for detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on bean and soybean seeds

This work was aimed at evaluating the possibility of using bromophenol blue as an indicator for detecting the presence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the seeds of dry-beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max), through incubation of the seeds on an agar medium and "blotter" substrates. The seeds were artificially inoculated with four S. sclerotiorum isolates, plated on the agar medium, named Neon, and on modified Neon agar media all incubated at 14 and 20 ºC for seven days in the dark. Half of the seeds inoculated were surface desinfested prior to plating on the medium. The seeds showing change of colour in the medium, from blue to light yellow, as well as formation of typical mycelium and sclerotia in some cases, were considered to be infected or contaminated by S. sclerotiorum. The two incubation temperatures compared did not show significant (P<0.05) differences in detection level for most of the isolates tested on the different media. According to results obtained in this study, the Neon agar medium with incubation at 14 or 20 ºC has proved to be a reliable and quick method for the detection of S. sclerotiorum mycelium in naturally infected seeds of bean and soybean.

Uptake and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in soybean infected with Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica

Two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars were used in this study, Ocepar 4, rated as moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 but susceptible to M. javanica, and 'BR 16', susceptible to both nematodes. The effect of nematodes infection on the uptake and transport of N, P and Ca to the shoot was studied in plants growing in a split root system. The upper half was inoculated with 0, 3,000, 9,000 or 27,000 eggs/plant while the lower half received 15N, 32P or 45Ca. Infected plants showed an increase of root but a decrease of shoot mass with increasing inoculum levels. In general, total endogenous nutrients increased in the roots and tended to decrease in the shoots with increasing inoculum levels. When concentrations were calculated, there was an increase in the three nutrients in the roots, and an increase of Ca but no significant variation of N and P was observed in the shoots. The total amount of 15N in the roots increased at the highest inoculum levels but 32P and 45Ca decreased. In the shoots there was a reduction of 32P and 45Ca. The specific concentrations of the labelled nutrients (abundance or radioactivity/tissue mass) also showed a decrease of 32P and 45Ca in the shoots and roots of infected plants and an increase of 15N in the shoots. Considering that overall nutrient concentrations reflect cumulative nutrient uptake and the data from labelled elements gave information at a specific moment of the infection, thus nematodes do interfere with nutrient uptake and translocation.

Mosaic in Senna occidentalis in southern Brazil induced by a new strain of Soybean mosaic virus

Plants of Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) with mosaic symptoms were collected near a soybean (Glycine max) field where some plants exhibited symptoms of mosaic and blistering. A preliminary examination of leaf tissue from diseased S. occidentalis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of pinwheel inclusions as well as long flexuous particles, indicating the presence of a potyvirus. Host range, serology, and amino acid sequence from this potyvirus were similar to those from other Brazilian isolates of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). The 3'- terminal region of the genomic RNA was cloned and a cDNA sequence of 1.9 kb upstream of the poly (A) tract was determined. The sequence contains a single open reading frame and a 3'- non-translated region (NTR) of 259 bp. The nucleotide sequence of the CP gene of SMV-Soc was 98% identical to that of Brazilian isolates SMV-B, SMV-L, and SMV-FT10. The percentage of nucleotide identity of their 3'-NTR's was 91, 98, and 99% in relation to SMV-L, SMV-B, and SMV-FT10, respectively. In contrast to other Brazilian SMV isolates studied, SMV-Soc was able to infect sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Based on these results, the S. occidentalis isolate was identified as a new strain of SMV belonging to the SMV strain, group G5 and was named SMV-Soc. This is the first report of naturaly occurring SMV infecting plants of S. occidentalis in Brazil, adding this weed as a new source of SMV in the field.

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de genótipos de soja do ciclo precoce/médio em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar porcentagem de germinação, vigor, sanidade de sementes e produtividade de 18 linhagens de soja (Glycine max). O ensaio de campo foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 18 tratamentos, constituídos pelos genótipos de soja. Os genótipos UFV94-426803 e BR92-06665 apresentaram a maior e a menor porcentagem de germinação (96 e 69%, respectivamente). Essa variável correlacionou-se positivamente com o vigor das sementes (r= +0,79), e negativamente com a incidência de Fusarium semitectum, Phomopsis sojae e Colletotrichum dematium (r= -0,33, -0,39, e --0,26, respectivamente). As linhagens CSP-5 e BR93-6957 apresentaram, respectivamente, o maior (90) e o menor (54,5) vigor das sementes. Houve correlação positiva do vigor das sementes com a produtividade de grãos (r= +0,59), e negativa com a incidência de F. semitectum e P. sojae (r= -0,36 e --0,60, respectivamente). Verificou-se uma incidência de 47 e 9% de F. semitectum, respectivamente, para os genótipos FT-2002 e CSP-5. Os genótipos BR93-6957 e UFV94-426803 apresentaram, respectivamente, 49,7 e 2,1% de incidência de P. sojae e 'CSP-2' foi o genótipo que apresentou a maior incidência de C. dematium, (3,8%). 'FT-2001' e 'UFV94-1896' apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior (3,9 t/ha) e a menor (2,48 t/ha) produtividade de grãos. Houve correlação negativa dessa variável com a incidência de P. sojae (r= -0,44). As cultivares BR-16 e OCEPAR-3 apresentaram valores intermediários para todas variáveis avaliadas, embora não tenham diferido significativamente dos demais genótipos avaliados nesse ensaio.

Fungicidas e mistura de fungicidas no controle do oídio da soja

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em Londrina/PR para avaliar a eficácia de fungicidas e suas misturas no controle do oídio (Microsphaera diffusa) da soja (Glycine max). Uma aplicação dos produtos foi feita no estádio R4 da soja cv. EMBRAPA 48. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com os seguintes fungicidas: tebuconazol-1 e tebuconazol-2, carbendazim-1 e carbendazim-2 (produtos comerciais diferentes). Teste 1 - tebuconazol-2 (150 g i. a./ha), prochloraz + propiconazol (225 + 62,5), propiconazole + carbendazim-1 (50 + 175) e tebuconazol-1 + propiconazol (75 + 62,5); Teste 2 - carbendazim-1 (250), carbendazim-2 (250) e tebuconazol-2 (100).

Effect of population densities of Heterodera glycines race 3 on leaf area, photosynthesis and yield of soybean

The effect of Heterodera glycines on photosynthesis, leaf area and yield of soybean (Glycine max) was studied in two experiments carried out under greenhouse condition. Soybean seeds were sown in 1.5 l (Experiment 1) or 5.0 l (Experiment 2) clay pots filled with a mixture of field soil + sand (1:1) sterilized with methyl bromide. Eight days after sowing, seedlings were thinned to one per pot, and one day later inoculated with 0; 1.200; 3.600; 10.800; 32.400 or 97.200 J2 juveniles of H. glycines. Experiment 1 was carried out during the first 45 days of the inoculation while Experiment 2 was conducted during the whole cycle of the crop. Measurements of photosynthetic rate, stomatic conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf color, leaf area, and chlorophyll leaf content were taken at ten-day intervals throughout the experiments. Data on fresh root weight, top dry weight, grain yield, number of eggs/gram of roots, and nematode reproduction factor were obtained at the end of the trials. Each treatment was replicated ten times. There was a marked reduction in both photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, as well as an evident yellowing of the leaves of the infected plants. Even at the lowest Pi, the effects of H. glycines on the top dry weight or grain yield were quite severe. Despite the parasitism, soybean yield was highly correlated with the integrated leaf area and, accordingly, the use of this parameter was suggested for the design of potential damage prediction models that include physiological aspects of nematode-diseased plants.

Detecção de Heterodera glycines em plantio de soja mediante espectrorradiometria no visível e infravermelho próximo

O ataque do nematóide de cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines, limita o potencial de expansão e maior produtividade de áreas plantadas com soja (Glycine Max). O conhecimento da distribuição espacial desse patógeno na lavoura é fundamental, para elaboração de estratégias de manejo. A área em estudo estava localizada em lavoura de soja, variedade BRS133, localizada no Município de Florínea, SP, com solos naturalmente infestados por H. glycines. Foram obtidas medidas de espectrorradiometria de campo, 112 dias após o plantio, nas regiões do visível e do infravermelho próximo do espectro eletromagnético, a fim de se conhecer o padrão da resposta espectral de plantas atacadas pelo fitonematóide. Paralelamente, foram retiradas amostras de solo e encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Nematologia, Departamento de Fitossanidade da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Jaboticabal, onde foram processadas para determinação da densidade populacional do nematóide. As medidas do espectrorradiômetro foram transformadas em índice vegetativo, com diferença normalizada (NDVI), que foi relacionado com a densidade populacional do nematóide, peso da matéria fresca e número de vagens por planta. Observou-se que diferentes densidades de população estão diretamente relacionados com a resposta espectral das plantas expressa, através dos valores do NDVI.