HIERFSTAT, a package for R to compute and test hierarchical F-statistics

The package HIERFSTAT for the statistical software R, created by the R Development Core Team, allows the estimate of hierarchical F-statistics from a hierarchy with any numbers of levels. In addition, it allows testing the statistical significance of population differentiation for these different levels, using a generalized likelihood-ratio test. The package HIERFSTAT is available at http://www.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/hierfstat.htm.

Scaling of semivariograms and the kriging estimation of field-measured properties

Two methods were evaluated for scaling a set of semivariograms into a unified function for kriging estimation of field-measured properties. Scaling is performed using sample variances and sills of individual semivariograms as scale factors. Theoretical developments show that kriging weights are independent of the scaling factor which appears simply as a constant multiplying both sides of the kriging equations. The scaling techniques were applied to four sets of semivariograms representing spatial scales of 30 x 30 m to 600 x 900 km. Experimental semivariograms in each set successfully coalesced into a single curve by variances and sills of individual semivariograms. To evaluate the scaling techniques, kriged estimates derived from scaled semivariogram models were compared with those derived from unscaled models. Differences in kriged estimates of the order of 5% were found for the cases in which the scaling technique was not successful in coalescing the individual semivariograms, which also means that the spatial variability of these properties is different. The proposed scaling techniques enhance interpretation of semivariograms when a variety of measurements are made at the same location. They also reduce computational times for kriging estimations because kriging weights only need to be calculated for one variable. Weights remain unchanged for all other variables in the data set whose semivariograms are scaled.

Adsorção de fósforo e sua relação com formas de ferro em dez solos do Uruguai

Oxihidróxidos de ferro formam ligações químicas muito fortes com ânions fosfatos, diminuindo suas disponibilidades para as plantas. Este trabalho foi realizado em 1994 e 1995, com os objetivos de quantificar formas de ferro em solos do Uruguai e de relacioná-las com a adsorção de fósforo. Em amostras superficiais (0 a 15 cm) do horizonte A de dez solos, o ferro extraído com ditionito (Fe d) variou entre 1.598 e 8.592 mg kg-1 e esteve relacionado com o material de origem. As formas de ferro de baixa cristalinidade, extraídas com oxalato de amônio 0,2 mol L-1 pH 3 (Fe03), representaram de 45 a 78% do total extraído com o ditionito. A capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (K2), calculada a partir do modelo de Langmuir, variou de 104 a 704 mg kg-1. Encontrou-se correlação significativa (r = 0,894, P < 0,01) entre as formas de óxidos de ferro de baixa cristalinidade (Fe03) e a adsorção de fósforo pelos solos. A porcentagem de fósforo adsorvida pelos solos após a adição de 600 mg de P kg-1 (P600) relacionou-se significativamente (r = 0,975, P < 0,01) com a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo pelos solos. Também apresentou alta correlação (r = 0,894, P < 0,01) com as formas de ferro de baixa cristalinidade (Fe03), e pode ser utilizado como um índice para estimar a capacidade de adsorção de fósforo desses solos.

[Archives de la Parole]. , Parabole de l'enfant prodigue : parjé, groupe central, indo-aryen / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [R.G. Haridas], voix

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Etat du Karnataka. Kanara]