Synthesis and biological in vitro evaluation of novel PEG-psoralen conjugates

Psoralens are well-known photosensitizers, and 8- methoxypsoralen and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen are widely used in photomedicine as "psoralens plus UVA therapy" (PUVA), in photopheresis, and in sterilization of blood preparations. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic efficiency of PUVA therapy and photopheresis, four poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-psoralen conjugates were synthesized to promote tumor targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Peptide linkers were used to exploit specific enzymatic cleavage by lysosomal proteases. A new psoralen, 4-hydroxymethyl-4', 8-dimethylpsoralen (6), suitable for polymer conjugation was synthesized. The hydroxy group allowed exploring different strategies for PEG conjugation, and linkages with different stability such ester or urethanes were obtained. PEG (5 kDa) was covalently conjugated to the new psoralen derivative using four different linkages, namely, (i) direct ester bond (7), (ii) ester linkage with a peptide spacer (8), (iii) a carbamic linker (9), and (iv) a carbamic linker with a peptide spacer (12). The stability of these new conjugates was assessed at different pHs, in plasma and following incubation with cathepsin B. Conjugates 7 and 8 were rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma, while 9 was stable in buffer and in the presence of cathepsin B. As expected, only the conjugates containing the peptide linker released the drug in presence of cathepsin B. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity in the presence and absence of light was carried out in two cell lines (MCF-7 and A375 cells). Conjugates 7 and 8 displayed a similar activity to the free drug (probably due to the low stability of the ester linkage). Interestingly, the conjugates containing the carbamate linkage (9 and 12) were completely inactive in the dark (IC50 > 100 mu M in both cell lines). However, antiproliferative activity become apparent after UV irradiation. Conjugate 12 appears to be the most promising for future in vivo evaluation, since it was relatively stable in plasma, which should allow tumor targeting and drug release to occur by cathepsin B-mediated hydrolysis.

Plastic films for polytunnels can prolong the effective residual life of cypermethrin to over 6 months

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are degraded almost entirely by ultraviolet (UV)-catalysed oxidation. A bioassay using the beetle Tribolium confusum duVal caged on bandages soaked in 0.04% a.i. cypermethrin showed large differences in residual insecticide-life under three plastic films available for cladding polytunnels. Cypermethrin exposed to a UV film that transmitted 70% of UVB and 80% of UVA killed all beetles for 8 weeks, compared to only 3 weeks for cypermethrin exposed in a clear plastic envelope. Cypermethrin under a UV-absorbing film that reduced the transmission of UVB and UVA to 14% and 50%, respectively, gave a complete kill for 17 weeks. Reducing the transmission of UVB to virtually zero, and that of UVA to only 3%, using a UV-opaque film prolonged the effective life of the cypermethrin residue to 26 weeks, and some beetles were still killed for a further 11 weeks. Even after this time, beetles exposed to cypermethrin from the UV-opaque treatment were still affected by the insecticide, and only showed near-normal mobility after 24 months of pesticide exposure to the UV-opaque film. These results have implications for the recommended intervals between cypermethrin treatment and crop harvest, and on the time of introduction of insect-based biological control agents, when UV-opaque films are used in commercial horticulture.

Photochemical cross-linking of plastically compressed collagen gel produces an optimal scaffold for corneal tissue engineering

The experiments were designed to use photochemically cross-linked plastically compressed collagen (PCPCC) gel to support corneal epithelial cells. A plastically compressed collagen (PCC) scaffold was photo cross-linked by UVA in the presence of riboflavin to form a biomaterial with optimal mechanical properties. The breaking force, rheology, surgical suture strength, transparency, ultrastructure, and cell-based biocompatibility were compared between PCPCC and PCC gels. The breaking force increased proportionally with an increased concentration of riboflavin. The stress required to reach breaking point of the PCPCC scaffolds was over two times higher compared to the stress necessary to break PCC scaffolds in the presence of 0.1% riboflavin. Rheology results indicated that the structural properties of PCC remain unaltered after UVA cross-linking. The PCC gels were more easily broken than PCPCC gels when sutured on to bovine corneas. The optical density values of PCPCC and PCC showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). SEM analyses showed that the collagen fibres within the PCPCC gels were similar in morphology to PCC gels. No difference in cell-based biocompatibility was seen between the PCPCC and PCC scaffolds in terms of their ability to support the ex vivo expansion of corneal epithelial cells or their subsequent differentiation evidenced by similar levels of cytokeratin 14. In conclusion, PCPCC scaffold is an optimal biomaterial for use in therapeutic tissue engineering of the cornea.

Simple M-factor algorithm for improved estimation of the basic maximum usable frequency of radio waves reflected from the ionospheric F-region

The equations of Milsom are evaluated, giving the ground range and group delay of radio waves propagated via the horizontally stratified model ionosphere proposed by Bradley and Dudeney. Expressions for the ground range which allow for the effects of the underlying E- and F1-regions are used to evaluate the basic maximum usable frequency or M-factors for single F-layer hops. An algorithm for the rapid calculation of the M-factor at a given range is developed, and shown to be accurate to within 5%. The results reveal that the M(3000)F2-factor scaled from vertical-incidence ionograms using the standard URSI procedure can be up to 7.5% in error. A simple addition to the algorithm effects a correction to ionogram values to make these accurate to 0.5%.

Deleterious effect of TRIS buffer on growth rates and pigment content of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & EC Oliveira (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

This work evaluated the effects of Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS) buffer and its interaction with nutrient concentration on the development of Gracilaria birdie, a common species on the Brazilian coast that has been exploited for agar production. Responses to different conditions were assessed through growth rates and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin). Provasoli`s nutrient solution with and without TRIS addition was tested at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50%. The pH was also monitored. G. birdiae grew better in the absence of TRIS and at low nutrient concentrations, 12.5 and 25% (growth rates of 10.8-11.3%.day(-1)). Higher contents of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a were observed without TRIS at 12.5 and 25% (Phycoerythrin, 649.6-698.0 mu g g(-1) fresh biomass; Chlorophyll a, 156.0-168.6 mu g g(-1) fresh biomass). These findings highlight the deleterious effect of TRIS on growth and phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a content. They also demonstrate the importance of appropriate nutrient concentration for laboratory cultures, depending on the intrinsic characteristics of each species.

The effects of UV radiation on photosynthesis estimated as chlorophyll fluorescence in Zygnemopsis decussata (Chlorophyta) growing in a high mountain lake (Sierra Nevada, Southern Spain)

The effect of increased UV radiation on photosynthesis estimated as in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence i.e. optimal quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) and electron transport rate (ETR) in the green filamentous alga Zygnemopsis decussata (Streptophyta, Zygnematales) growing in the high mountain lake ""La Caldera"" (Sierra Nevada, Spain) at 3050 m altitude was evaluated. Two sets of in situ experiments were conducted: (1) On July 2006, F(v)/F(m) was measured throughout the day at different depths (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 m) and in the afternoon. ETR and phenolic compounds were determined. In addition, in order to analyze the effect of UV radiation, F(v)/F(m) was determined in algae incubated for 3 days at 0.5m under three different light treatments: PAR+UVA+UVB (PAB). PAR+UVA (PA) and PAR (P). (2) On August 2007, F(v)/F(m) was determined under PAB, PA and P treatments and desiccation/rehydration conditions. F(v)/F(m) decreased in algae growing in surface waters (0.1 m) but also at 1 m depth compared to that at 0.5 in depth. The decrease of F(v)/F(m) at noon due to photoinhibition was small (less than 10%) except in algae growing at 1 m depth (44%). The maximal electron transport rate was 3.5-5 times higher in algae growing at 0.25-0.5 m respectively than that at 0.1 and 1 m depth. These results are related to the accumulation of phenolic compounds: i.e. the algae at 0.25-0.5 in presentedrespectively about a 3-5 times higher concentration of phenolic compounds than that of algae at 0.1-1 m depth. The protection mechanisms seem to be stimulated by UVB radiation, since F(v)/F(m) was higher in the presence of UVB (PAB treatment) compared to PA or P treatments. UVA exerts the main photoinhibitory effect, not Only at midday, but also in the afternoon. UVB radiation also had a protective effect in algae grown under desiccation conditions for three days. During re-hydration, the rapid increase of F(v)/F(m) (after 1 h) was higher in the UVB-grown algae than in algae grown under UVA radiation. After 5 h. F(v)/F(m) values were similar in algae submitted to desiccation/rehydration under PAB and P treatments as they were in the control (submerged algae). The combined effect of desiccation and UVA produced the greatest decrease of photosynthesis in Z. decussata. Thifs UVB, in contrast to other species, may support the recovery process. Z. decussata can acclimate to severe stress, conditions in this high mountain lake by the photoprotection mechanism induced by UVB radiation through dynamic photoinhibition and the accumulation of phenolic compounds (UV screen and antioxidant substances).

The genotoxic effects of DNA lesions induced by artificial UV-radiation and sunlight

Solar radiation sustains and affects all life forms on Earth. The increase in solar UV-radiation at environmental levels, due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, highlights serious issues of social concern. This becomes still more dramatic in tropical and subtropical regions where radiation-intensity is still higher. Thus, there is the need to evaluate the harmful effects of solar UV-radiation on the DNA molecule as a basis for assessing the risks involved for human health, biological productivity and ecosystems. In order to evaluate the profile of DNA damage induced by this form of radiation and its genotoxic effects, plasmid DNA samples were exposed to artificial-UV lamps and directly to sunlight. The induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photoproducts (CPDs) and oxidative DNA damage in these molecules were evaluated by means of specific DNA repair enzymes. On the other hand, the biological effects of such lesions were determined through the analysis of the DNA inactivation rate and mutation frequency, after replication of the damaged pCMUT vector in an Escherichia coli MBL50 strain. The results indicated the induction of a significant number of CPDs after exposure to increasing doses of UVC, UVB, UVA radiation and sunlight. Interestingly, these photoproducts are those lesions that better correlate with plasmid inactivation as well as mutagenesis, and the oxidative DNA damages induced present very low correlation with these effects. The results indicated that DNA photoproducts play the main role in the induction of genotoxic effects by artificial UV-radiation sources and sunlight. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The use of polyacrylamides (PAMs) for removing natural organic matter (NOM) from Paraiba do Sul River (Brazil)

This work assesses the efficiency of polyacrylamides for natural organic matter (NOM) removal from Paraiba do Sul River (Brazil) raw water for drinking purposes. Jar tests were performed following an experimental design protocol. Three kinds of polyacrylamides (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) at 0.2 mg L(-1) were tested. After coagulation, turbidity, DOC, UVA(254) and SCAN (UV-absorbing material) were determined. Color and pH were also measured. It was found that polyacrylamides did not reduce the amounts of alum and lime needed in the process and that the amount of alum alone for removing UV-absorbing organic matter is significantly higher. Efficiency of the coagulation process decreased as follows: non-ionic -> cationic -> anionic -> no polyacrylamide. Removal efficiencies for the best case were: 100%, 90%, 83%, and 68% for turbidity, DOC, UVA(254), and SCAN, respectively.

O mutante pso9-1 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sensível a psoralenos fotoativados, contém um alelo mutante do gene MEC3 envolvido em checkpoint

Análises de complementação do mutante pso9-1, sensível a psoralenos mono- e bifuncionais fotoativados, UV254nm e nitrosoguanidina, com os mutantes pso1 a pso8, confirmou que este contém uma nova mutação pso. A clonagem molecular a partir de um banco genômico de levedura sugeriu pso9-1 como alelo mutante do gene de checkpoint que responde a danos no DNA MEC3. A não-complementação de vários fenótipos de sensibilidade em diplóides pso9-1/mec3∆ confirmou o alelismo dos dois mutantes. A sensibilidade à calcofluor white e à cafeína não foi aumentada nas linhagens pso9-1 e mec3∆, em relação as suas respectivas selvagens, sugerindo que o mutante pso9-1 não porta uma mutação na região promotora. O fenótipo mutante de mec3∆ foi levemente mais pronunciado para sensibilidade à 8-MOP + UVA e UVC, e para a supressão de mutação para frente induzida por UVC, sugerindo uma função residual para a proteína produzida por este alelo mutante.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o desenvolvimento vegetativo de porta-enxertos de videira

Este estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental Agronômica (EEA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento de três espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo de dois porta-enxertos (PE) de videira. Foram utilizados os PE 101-14 e P1103 e os FMA Glomus clarum, Scutellospora pellucida e Gigaspora margarita. As estacas dos PE, previamente enraizadas, foram colocadas em sacos de polietileno (5 L), contendo um substrato composto por terra argilosa:areia:casca de acácia (2:2:1; v:v:v) previamente desinfestado com formolaldeído (7%). Utilizou-se, como inóculo, 20 g de solo rizosférico mais fragmentos de raízes contendo as estruturas dos FMA. Após 126 dias avaliou-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo dos PE, através de vários parâmetros, assim como a porcentagem de colonização pelos FMA. G. clarum e S. pellucida favorecem mais intensamente o desenvolvimento vegetativo dos porta-enxertos de videira 101-14 e P1103 além de proporcionar maior acúmulo de reservas e nutrientes nos tecidos destes PE.

Os italianos, vinho e turismo: o vale dos vinhedos na serra gaúcha

A presente dissertação trata do enoturismo na Serra Gaúcha, tendo como um fio condutor o processo de imigração italiana para a região e a manutenção de identidades e tradições ligadas ao cultivo da uva e à produção do vinho. O cerne do argumento é a importância das tradições italianas como um fator na criação das identidades coletivas regionais e de articulação entre passado e presente. Discute-se como as tradições engendram a produção da modernidade no âmbito das empresas e das atividades turísticas na região. Argumentamos que o apelo às tradições de origem é fruto, em primeiro lugar, do processo de imigração italiana para esta região do Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Em seguida mostramos como a Festa da Uva, a primeira das comemorações, reinventa a tradição e se constitui no motor e base para o turismo na região. Finalmente, mostramos como a permanência da identidade nacional italiana atua como um fator de inovação, sobretudo nas técnicas de produção do vinho e da organização das atividades empresariais na região, numa síntese entre aspectos da tradição e da pós-modernidade.

Dinâmica estratégica da Vinícola Miolo Ltda e o Vale dos Vinhedos

O principal pólo vitivinícola do Brasil é a Serra Gaúcha, onde se concentra 95% da produção nacional. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma contextualização do setor vitivinícola, sendo utilizadas as abordagens de cluster, redes de cooperação produtiva, estratégia e empreendedorismo para embasar sua análise. A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada foi o Estudo de Caso, abordando a dinâmica da Vinícola Miolo e do Vale dos Vinhedos. Foram identificados os fatores facilitadores e inibidores do seu desenvolvimento e é proposto o estudo de sua extensão a outras regiões ou setores produtivos. Sugestões de ação para melhoria do setor vitivinícola são apresentadas. Finalmente, são elencadas algumas idéias de trabalhos futuros.

Morangos mofados, de Caio Fernando Abreu : melancolia e crítica social

Este trabalho consiste em uma leitura da obra Morangos mofados, de Caio Fernando Abreu, publicada em 1982. O objetivo da pesquisa é desenvolver uma leitura crítica de contos da antologia que englobe uma articulação entre forma literária e conteúdo social. O estudo parte de uma recuperação dos textos críticos sobre a produção do autor e em seguida apresenta um caminho de leitura para os contos do livro a partir das relações entre literatura, história e sociedade. Em sua segunda parte, a investigação enfoca elementos teóricos sobre a fragmentação formal da narrativa e sobre a melancolia. Entre os autores consultados para fundamentação estão Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Sigmund Freud e Julia Kristeva. A terceira parte constitui-se da análise de textos de Caio Fernando Abreu, a qual é elaborada a partir da observação à fragmentação formal dos contos e à perspectiva melancólica que transparece nas narrativas, pois esses são elementos que configuram a crítica social da produção literária investigada e a relação da obra com o seu contexto de produção. Os contos selecionados para essa leitura são “Os sobreviventes”, “Pêra, uva ou maçã?”, “Aqueles Dois” e “Morangos mofados”. O trabalho também contempla uma reflexão acerca dos estudos críticos sobre o escritor e a sua obra, apontando a necessidade de se desenvolver uma leitura do texto a partir da articulação entre forma literária e conteúdo social.

Espécies de moscas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae), quantificação de danos e avaliação de medidas para o seu manejo em pomares orgânicos de citros

Aspectos relativos às moscas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae), em sistemas de produção familiares e com princípios ecológicos, são pouco conhecidos, assim como alternativas para o seu manejo. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de reconhecer as espécies de moscas frugívoras e sua variação numérica, quantificar os danos e avaliar as alternativas de manejo utilizadas pelos citricultores no sistema orgânico de produção de citros, na região do vale do rio Caí, Rio Grande do Sul. O experimento foi instalado em pomares de laranjeira ‘Céu’ (Citrus sinensis), de janeiro a maio de 2003 e 2004, e do tangoreiro ‘Murcott’ (Citrus reticulata x Citrus sinensis), de junho a setembro de 2003 e junho a agosto de 2004, na fase de maturação. Para o monitoramento populacional das moscas foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo McPhail, contendo suco de uva a 25%, verificadas semanalmente. Os danos foram avaliados por meio da porcentagem de frutos danificados. As temperaturas máxima, mínima e média, a precipitação, a umidade relativa do ar e a coloração dos frutos, foram registradas. Os métodos de controle (calda sulfocálcica, soro de leite e ensacamento) foram analisados pela redução dos danos e os impactos na composição dos táxons dos pomares. A viabilidade econômica destes métodos também foi calculada. Constatou-se que Anastrepha fraterculus é a espécie de maior importância para a região. A precipitação é o principal fator climático que afeta o número de moscas frugívoras Em laranjeira ‘Céu’ e em tangoreiro ‘Murcott’, no período que antecede a mudança de coloração dos frutos, os danos ocorrem de forma atrasada em relação ao pico populacional, após este período a resposta é imediata. O ensacamento é o método que promove a maior redução dos danos e com menores impactos na composição de táxons, no entanto, a sua viabilidade econômica é dependente do número de moscas-das-frutas e do valor a ser recebido pela produção.

Uso de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de videira e no controle biológico de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis

Levando-se em conta as vantagens dos FMA, este trabalho foi desenvolvido tendo por objetivo avaliar a utilização destes microrganismos no desenvolvimento vegetativo e no controle biológico da fusariose, em porta-enxertos de videira oriundos de micropropagação.