A long-term intake of a protein hydrolysate seems to increase the risk of encephalopathy in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Previous investigations showed that Schistosoma mansoni infection aggravates protein malabsorption in undernourished mice and this can be reverted by administration of casein hydrolysate. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ingestion of casein hydrolysate for long periods. Albino Swiss mice were divided into eight groups. Diets contained 5% (undernourished ) or 20% (controls) casein levels. For each group there were sub-groups ingesting whole or hydrolysed casein for 12 weeks. Infection with S. mansoni developed in half of the animals under each diet. All undernourished mice developed malabsorption. Low albuminemia was detected in infected animals independently of the protein level in the diet. However, albuminemia was lower in infected controls than in undernourished non-infected mice, suggesting a deficient liver protein synthesis. Infected mice fed on a 20% protein hydrolysed diet exhibited low weight gain and high mortality rates. On the other hand, non-infected mice ingesting the same diet had the highest body weights. We are investigating the hypothesis that infected mice, even when fed normal diets, are unable to metabolise large amounts of amino acids due to the liver lesions related to schistosomiasis and as a result die of hepatic coma. In some of them, the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the blood enhances the outcome of an encephalopathy.

Truncation of the receptor carboxyl terminus impairs agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor.

The alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor (alpha 1BAR) and its truncated mutant T368 lacking the last 147 amino acids were stably expressed in Rat1 fibroblasts. The wild type alpha 1BAR was rapidly phosphorylated upon exposure to the agonist epinephrine as well as to phorbol ester as assessed by immunoprecipitation of the receptor with antiserum raised against its amino-terminal portion. Exposure of cells expressing the wild type alpha 1BAR to epinephrine resulted also in rapid homologous desensitization of receptor-mediated response on polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis. On the other hand, truncation of the serine- and threonine-rich carboxyl portion of the alpha 1BAR abolished agonist-induced phosphorylation and greatly impaired homologous desensitization of the receptor. The truncated receptor T368 could undergo agonist-induced decrease of cell surface receptors but to a lesser extent, as compared with the wild type alpha 1BAR. These results demonstrate that the carboxyl portion of the alpha 1BAR plays a crucial role in the regulation of receptor function. They also suggest a strong relationship between agonist-induced phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha 1BAR, which were both insensitive to the inhibitor of protein kinase C RO-318220. Our findings support the emerging hypothesis that the biochemical mechanisms involved in rapid agonist-dependent regulation of G protein-coupled receptors, which activate polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, do not primarily involve protein kinase C.

Fragment N2, a caspase-3-generated RasGAP fragment, inhibits breast cancer metastatic progression

The p120 RasGAP protein negatively regulates Ras via its GAP domain. RasGAP carries several other domains that modulate several signaling molecules such as Rho. RasGAP is also a caspase-3 substrate. One of the caspase-3-generated RasGAP fragments, corresponding to amino acids 158-455 and called fragment N2, was previously reported to specifically sensitize cancer cells to death induced by various anticancer agents. Here, we show that fragment N2 inhibits migration in vitro and that it impairs metastatic progression of breast cancer to the lung. Hence, stress-activated caspase-3 might contribute to the suppression of metastasis through the generation of fragment N2. These results indicate that the activity borne by fragment N2 has a potential therapeutic relevance to counteract the metastatic process.

Annual variation in the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of Maja brachydactyla in captivity

Quality of newly hatched larvae (NHL) of Maja brachydactyla in captivity has been characterized throughout the year to evaluate their availability for mass production. Spawning took place every month and NHL were collected and analyzed to estimate individual dry weight (DW) and proximate biochemical composition (protein, carbohydrate and lipids). Lipid class, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile, mineral and vitamins A, E and C contents were analyzed seasonally. NHL obtained throughout the year are a potential source for aquaculture purposes, since the increment in the relative protein and lipid (especially phospholipids and n-3 PUFA) content might compensate the decrease in DW of larvae hatched from broodstock kept during one year in captivity. However, the decrease in vitamins A and E as well as in certain essential amino acids (Lys, Val, and His) and trace elements (Cu and Fe) of NHL at the end of the year might be indicative of a nutritional deficiency in broodstock diets.

Granzyme A is an interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme.

Apoptosis is critically dependent on the presence of the ced-3 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans, which encodes a protein homologous to the mammalian interleukin (IL)-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE). Overexpression of ICE or ced-3 promotes apoptosis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated rapid apoptosis is induced by the proteases granzyme A and B. ICE and granzyme B share the rare substrate site of aspartic acid, after which amino acid cleavage of precursor IL-1 beta (pIL-1 beta) occurs. Here we show that granzyme A, but not granzyme B, converts pIL-1 beta to its 17-kD mature form. Major cleavage occurs at Arg120, four amino acids downstream of the authentic processing site, Asp116. IL-1 beta generated by granzyme A is biologically active. When pIL-1 beta processing is monitored in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage target cells attacked by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, intracellular conversion precedes lysis. Prior granzyme inactivation blocks this processing. We conclude that the apoptosis-inducing granzyme A and ICE share at least one downstream target substrate, i.e., pIL-1 beta. This suggests that lymphocytes, by means of their own converting enzyme, could initiate a local inflammatory response independent of the presence of ICE.

Deregulation of the arginine deiminase (arc) operon in penicillin-tolerant mutants of Streptococcus gordonii.

Penicillin tolerance is an incompletely understood phenomenon that allows bacteria to resist drug-induced killing. Tolerance was studied with independent Streptococcus gordonii mutants generated by cyclic exposure to 500 times the MIC of penicillin. Parent cultures lost 4 to 5 log(10) CFU/ml of viable counts/24 h. In contrast, each of four independent mutant cultures lost < or =2 log(10) CFU/ml/24 h. The mutants had unchanged penicillin-binding proteins but contained increased amounts of two proteins with respective masses of ca. 50 and 45 kDa. One mutant (Tol1) was further characterized. The two proteins showing increased levels were homologous to the arginine deiminase and ornithine carbamoyl transferase of other gram-positive bacteria and were encoded by an operon that was >80% similar to the arginine-deiminase (arc) operon of these organisms. Partial nucleotide sequencing and insertion inactivation of the S. gordonii arc locus indicated that tolerance was not a direct consequence of arc alteration. On the other hand, genetic transformation of tolerance by Tol1 DNA always conferred arc deregulation. In nontolerant recipients, arc was repressed during exponential growth and up-regulated during postexponential growth. In tolerant transformants, arc was constitutively expressed. Tol1 DNA transformed tolerance at the same rate as transformation of a point mutation (10(-2) to 10(-3)). The tolerance mutation mapped on a specific chromosomal fragment but was physically distant from arc. Importantly, arc deregulation was observed in most (6 of 10) of additional independent penicillin-tolerant mutants. Thus, although not exclusive, the association between arc deregulation and tolerance was not fortuitous. Since penicillin selection mimicked the antibiotic pressure operating in the clinical environment, arc deregulation might be an important correlate of naturally occurring tolerance and help in understanding the mechanism(s) underlying this clinically problematic phenotype.

Identification of a differentially expressed mRNA in axenic Leishmania panamensis amastigotes

Differential display technique was applied in order to identify transcripts which are present in axenic amastigotes but not in promastigotes of the Leishmania panamensis parasites. One of them was cloned and the sequence reveals an open reading frame of 364 amino acids (aprox. 40 kDa). The deduced protein is homologous to the serine/threonine protein kinases and specially to the mitogen activates protein kinases from eukaryotic species. Southern blot analysis suggest that this transcript, named lpmkh, is present in the genome of the parasite as a single copy gene. These results could imply that lpmkh could be involved in the differentiation process or the preservation of amastigotes in axenic conditions.

Cloning and characterization of SmZF1, a gene encoding a Schistosoma mansoni zinc finger protein

The zinc finger motifs (Cys2His2) are found in several proteins playing a role in the regulation of transcripton. SmZF1, a Schistosoma mansoni gene encoding a zinc finger protein was initially isolated from an adult worm cDNA library, as a partial cDNA. The full sequence of the gene was obtained by subcloning and sequencing cDNA and genomic fragments. The collated gene sequence is 2181 nt and the complete cDNA sequence is 705 bp containing the full open reading frame of the gene. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed the presence of three introns interrupting the coding region. The open reading frame theoretically encodes a protein of 164 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 18,667Da. The predicted protein contains three zinc finger motifs, usually present in transcription regulatory proteins. PCR amplification with specific primers for the gene allowed for the detection of the target in egg, cercariae, schistosomulum and adult worm cDNA libraries indicating the expression of the mRNA in these life cycle stages of S. mansoni. This pattern of expression suggests the gene plays a role in vital functions of different life cycle stages of the parasite. Future research will be directed to elucidate the functional role of SmZF1.

Cloning and Molecular Characterization of the Schistosoma mansoni Genes RbAp48 and Histone H4

The human nuclear protein RbAp48 is a member of the tryptophan/aspartate (WD) repeat family, which binds to the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. It also corresponds to the smallest subunit of the chromatin assembly factor and is able to bind to the helix 1 of histone H4, taking it to the DNA in replication. A cDNA homologous to the human gene RbAp48 was isolated from a Schistosoma mansoni adult worm library and named SmRbAp48. The full length sequence of SmRbAp48 cDNA is 1036 bp long, encoding a protein of 308 amino acids. The transcript of SmRbAp48 was detected in egg, cercariae and schistosomulum stages. The protein shows 84% similarity with the human RbAp48, possessing four WD repeats on its C-terminus. A hypothetical tridimensional structure for the SmRbAp48 C-terminal domain was constructed by computational molecular modeling using the b-subunit of the G protein as a model. To further verify a possible interaction between SmRbAp48 and S. mansoni histone H4, the histone H4 gene was amplified from adult worm genomic DNA using degenerated primers. The gene fragment of SmH4 is 294 bp long, encoding a protein of 98 amino acids which is 100% identical to histone H4 from Drosophila melanogaster.

Maturation protéolytique et sécrétion de la rénine: importance fonctionnelle de la pro-région

RÉSUMÉ Le système rénine-angiotensine joue un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation de la pression sanguine et de la balance des sels ainsi que dans d'autres processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Lorsque la pression sanguine est trop basse, les cellules juxtaglomérulaires sécrètent la rénine, qui clivera l'angiotensinogène circulant (sécrété majoritairement par le foie) pour libérer l'angiotensine I, qui sera alors transformée en angiotensine II par l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine. Ce système est régulé au niveau de la sécrétion de la rénine par le rein. La rénine est une enzyme de type protéase aspartique. Elle est produite sous la forme d'un précurseur inactif de haut poids moléculaire appelé prorénine, qui peut être transformé en rénine active. Si le rôle de la prorégion de la rénine n'est pas encore connu, plusieurs études ont montré qu'elle pourrait être un auto-inhibiteur. Des travaux menés sur d'autres enzymes protéolytique ont mis en évidence un rôle de chaperon de leurs prorégions. Dans la circulation, la prorénine est majoritaire (90%) et la rénine active ne représente que 10% de la rénine circulante. L'enzyme qui transforme, in vivo, la prorénine en rénine active n'est pas connue. De même, l'endroit précis du clivage n'est pas élucidé. Dans ce travail, nous avons généré plusieurs mutants de la prorénine et les avons exprimés dans deux types cellulaires : les CV1 (modèle constitutif) et AtT-20 (modèle régulé). Nous avons montré que la prorégion joue un rôle important aussi bien dans l'acquisition de l'activité enzymatique que dans la sécrétion de la rénine, mais fonctionne différemment d'un type cellulaire à l'autre. Nous avons montré pour la première fois que la prorégion interagit de façon intermoléculaire à l'intérieur de la cellule. Les expériences de complémentation montre que l'interaction favorable de la rénine avec la prorégion dépend de la taille de cette dernière : prorénine (383 acides aminés) > pro62 (62 acides aminés) > pro43 (43 acides aminés). Par ailleurs nos résultats montrent qu'une faible partie de la rénine est dirigée vers la voie de sécrétion régulée classique tandis que la majorité est dirigée vers les lysosomes. Ceci suggère qu'une internalisation de la rénine circulante via le récepteur mannose-6-phosphate est possible. Cette dernière concernerait essentiellement la prorénine (dont les taux circulants sont 10 fois plus élevés que la rénine active). La suite de ce travail porterait sur la confirmation de cette hypothèse et l'identification de son possible rôle physiologique. SUMMARY The renin-angiotensin system is critical for the control of blood pressure and salt balance and other physiological and pathological processes. When blood pressure is too low, renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells. It will cleave the N-terminus of circulating angiotensinogen (mostly secreted by the liver) to angiotensin-1, which is then transformed in angiotensin-II by the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE). This system is regulated at the level of renin release. Renin, an aspartyl protease, is produced from a larger precursor (called prorenin) which is matured into active renin. Although the role of the renin proregion remains unknown, it has been reported that it could act as an autoinhibitor. Works on other proteolytic enzymes showed that their prorégion can act as chaperones. prorenin is the major circulating form of renin, while active renin represents only 10%. The enzyme which transforms, in vivo, the prorenin into active renin is unknown and the exact cleavage site remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated some prorenin mutants, which were expressed in CV1 cells (constitutive pathway model) or AtT-20 cells (regulated pathway model). We showed that the proregion plays a pivotal role in the enzymatic activity and secretion of renin in a different manner in the two cell types. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that the proregion acts in an intermolecular way into the cell. Complementation assays showed that interaction between renin and proregion depends on the size of the proregion: prorenin (383 amino acids) > pro62 (62 amino acids) > pro43 (43 amino acids). Furthermore, our results showed that only a small amount of the cellular renin pool is targeted to the "canonical" regulated pathway and that the remaining is targeted to the lysosomes. Those results suggest a possible internalizátion of the circulating renin through the mannose-6-phosphate receptor pathway. This would mostly concern the prorenin (whose levels are ten times higher than active renin). Further studies would confirm or infirm this hypothesis and elucidate a potential physiological role.

A long, naturally presented immunodominant epitope from NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen: implications for cancer vaccine design.

The tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 is a promising cancer vaccine target. We describe here a novel HLA-B7-restricted NY-ESO-1 epitope, encompassing amino acids 60-72 (APRGPHGGAASGL), which is naturally presented by melanoma cells. The tumor epitope bound to HLA-B7 by bulging outward from the peptide-binding cleft. This bulged epitope was not an impediment to T-cell recognition, however, because four of six HLA-B7(+) melanoma patients vaccinated with NY-ESO-1 ISCOMATRIX vaccine generated a potent T-cell response to this determinant. Moreover, the response to this epitope was immunodominant in three of these patients and, unlike the T-cell responses to bulged HLA class I viral epitopes, the responding T cells possessed a remarkably broad TCR repertoire. Interestingly, HLA-B7(+) melanoma patients who did not receive the NY-ESO-1 ISCOMATRIX vaccine rarely generated a spontaneous T-cell response to this cryptic epitope, suggesting a lack of priming of such T cells in the natural anti-NY-ESO-1 response, which may be corrected by vaccination. Together, our results reveal several surprising aspects of antitumor immunity and have implications for cancer vaccine design.

Sensing of glucose in the brain.

The brain, and in particular the hypothalamus and brainstem, have been recognized for decades as important centers for the homeostatic control of feeding, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. These structures contain neurons and neuronal circuits that may be directly or indirectly activated or inhibited by glucose, lipids, or amino acids. The detection by neurons of these nutrient cues may become deregulated, and possibly cause metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Thus, there is a major interest in identifying these neurons, how they respond to nutrients, the neuronal circuits they form, and the physiological function they control. Here I will review some aspects of glucose sensing by the brain. The brain is responsive to both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and the glucose sensing cells involved are distributed in several anatomical sites that are connected to each other. These eventually control the activity of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates the function of peripheral organs such as liver, white and brown fat, muscle, and pancreatic islets alpha and beta cells. There is now evidence for an extreme diversity in the sensing mechanisms used, and these will be reviewed.

Genomic characterization of a Brazilian TT Virus isolate closely related to SEN virus-F

SEN virus (SENV) is a circular, single stranded DNA virus that has been first characterized in the serum of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patient. Eight genotypes of SENV (A-H) have been identified and further recognized as variants of TT virus (TTV) in the family Circoviridae. Here we describe the first genomic characterization of a SENV isolate (5-A) from South America. Using 'universal' primers, able to amplify most, if not all, TTV/SENV genotypes, a segment of > 3 kb was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the serum of an HIV-1 infected patient. The amplicon was cloned and a 3087-nucleotide sequence was determined, that showed a high (85%) homology with the sequence of the Italian isolate SENV-F. Proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 1 to 4 consisted of 758, 129, 276, and 267 amino acids, respectively. By phylogenetic analysis, isolate 5-A was classified into TTV genotype 19 (phylogenetic group 3), together with SENV-F and TTV isolate SAa-38.

Cathepsin X cleavage of the beta2 integrin regulates talin-binding and LFA-1 affinity in T cells.

T cell migration, essential for immune surveillance and response, is mediated by the integrin LFA-1. CatX, a cysteine carboxypeptidase, is involved in the regulation of T cell migration by interaction with LFA-1. We show that sequential cleavage of C-terminal amino acids from the β(2) cytoplasmic tail of LFA-1, by CatX, enhances binding of the adaptor protein talin to LFA-1 and triggers formation of the latter's high-affinity form. As shown by SPR analysis of peptides constituting the truncated β(2) tail, the cleavage of three C-terminal amino acids by CatX resulted in a 1.6-fold increase of talin binding. Removal of one more amino acid resulted in a 2.5-fold increase over the intact tail. CatX cleavage increased talin-binding affinity to the MD but not the MP talin-binding site on the β(2) tail. This was shown by molecular modeling of the β(2) tail/talin F3 complex to be a result of conformational changes affecting primarily the distal-binding site. Analysis of LFA-1 by conformation-specific mAb showed that CatX modulates LFA-1 affinity, promoting formation of high-affinity from intermediate-affinity LFA-1 but not the initial activation of LFA-1 from a bent to extended form. CatX post-translational modifications may thus represent a mechanism of LFA-1 fine-tuning that enables the trafficking of T cells.

Modulation of fructose metabolism by dietary factors

High fructose consumption is associated with obesity and characteristics of metabolic syndrome. This includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes and hepatic steatosis, the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome. Short term high fructose consumption in healthy humans is considered as a study model to increase intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL). Protein supplementation added to a short term high fructose diet exerts a protective role on hepatic fat accumulation. Fructose disposal after an acute fructose load is well established. However, fructose disposal is usually studied when a high intake of fructose is ingested. Interaction of fructose with other macronutrients on fructose disposal is not clearly established. We wanted to assess how fructose disposal is modulated with nutritional factors. For the first study, we addressed the question of how would essential amino acid (EAA) supplemented to a high fructose diet have an impact on hepatic fat accumulation? We tried to distinguish which metabolic pathways were responsible for the increase in IHCL induced by high fructose intake and how those pathways would be modulated by EAA. After 6 days of hypercaloric high fructose diet, we observed, as expected an increase in IHCL modulated by an increase in VLDL-triglycerides and an increase in VLDL-13C-palmitate production. When adding a supplementation in EAA, we observed a decrease in IHCL but we could not define which mechanism was responsible for this process. With the second study, we were interested to observe fructose disposal after a test meal that contained lipid, protein and a physiologic dose of fructose co-ingested or not with glucose. When ingested with other macronutrients, hepatic fructose disposal is similar as when ingested as pure fructose. It induced oxidation, gluconeogenesis followed by glycogen synthesis, conversion into lactate and to a minor extent by de novo lipogenesis. When co- ingested with glucose decreased fructose oxidation as well as gluconeogenesis and an increased glycogen synthesis without affecting de novo lipogenesis or lactate. We were also able to observe induction of intestinal de novo lipogenesis with both fructose and fructose co- ingested with glucose. In summary, essential amino acids supplementation blunted increase in hepatic fat content induced by a short term chronic fructose overfeeding. However, EAA failed to improve other cardiovascular risk factors. Under isocaloric condition and in the frame of an acute test meal, physiologic dose of fructose associated with other macronutrients led to the same fructose disposal as when fructose is ingested alone. When co-ingested with glucose, we observed a decrease in fructose oxidation and gluconeogenesis as well as an increased in glycogen storage without affecting other metabolic pathways. - Une consommation élevée en fructose est associée à l'obésité et aux caractéristiques du syndrome métabolique. Ces dernières incluent une résistance à l'insuline, une dyslipidémie, un diabète de type II et la stéatose hépatique, composant hépatique du syndrome métabolique. À court terme une forte consommation en fructose chez l'homme sain est considérée comme un modèle d'étude pour augmenter la teneur en graisse hépatique. Une supplémentation en protéines ajoutée à une alimentation riche en fructose de courte durée a un effet protecteur sur l'accumulation des graisses au niveau du foie. Le métabolisme du fructose après une charge de fructose aiguë est bien établi. Toutefois, ce dernier est généralement étudié quand une consommation élevée de fructose est donnée. L'interaction du fructose avec d'autres macronutriments sur le métabolisme du fructose n'est pas connue. Nous voulions évaluer la modulation du métabolisme du fructose par des facteurs nutritionnels. Pour la première étude, nous avons abordé la question de savoir quel impact aurait une supplémentation en acides aminés essentiels (AEE) associé à une alimentation riche en fructose sur l'accumulation des graisses hépatiques. Nous avons essayé de distinguer les voies métaboliques responsables de l'augmentation des graisses hépatiques induite par l'alimentation riche en fructose et comment ces voies étaient modulées par les AEE. Après 6 jours d'une alimentation hypercalorique riche en fructose, nous avons observé, comme attendu, une augmentation des graisses hépatiques modulée par une augmentation des triglycérides-VLDL et une augmentation de la production de VLDL-13C-palmitate. Lors de la supplémentation en AEE, nous avons observé une diminution des graisses hépatiques mais les mécanismes responsables de ce processus n'ont pas pu être mis en évidence. Avec la seconde étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à observer le métabolisme du fructose après un repas test contenant des lipides, des protéines et une dose physiologique de fructose co-ingéré ou non avec du glucose. Lorsque le fructose était ingéré avec les autres macronutriments, le devenir hépatique du fructose était similaire à celui induit par du fructose pur. Il a induit une oxydation, suivie d'une néoglucogenèses, une synthèse de glycogène, une conversion en lactate et dans une moindre mesure une lipogenèse de novo. Lors de la co-ngestion avec du glucose, nous avons observé une diminution de l'oxydation du fructose et de la néoglucogenèse et une augmentation de la synthèse du glycogène, sans effet sur la lipogenèse de novo ni sur le lactate. Nous avons également pu mettre en évidence que le fructose et le fructose ingéré de façon conjointe avec du glucose ont induit une lipogenèse de novo au niveau de l'intestin. En résumé, la supplémentation en acides aminés essentiels a contrecarré l'augmentation de la teneur en graisse hépatique induite par une suralimentation en fructose sur le court terme. Cependant, la supplémentation en AEE a échoué à améliorer d'autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires. Dans la condition isocalorique et dans le cadre d'un repas test aiguë, la dose physiologique de fructose associée à d'autres macronutriments a conduit aux mêmes aboutissants du métabolisme du fructose que lorsque le fructose est ingéré seul. Lors de la co-ngestion avec le glucose, une diminution de l'oxydation du fructose est de la néoglucogenèse est observée en parallèle à une augmentation de la synthèse de glycogène sans affecter les autres voies métaboliques.