Fluxos financeiros em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saúde de 2003 a 2005: um exame dos investimentos do Ministério da Saúde segundo a Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde

A atividade de pesquisa em saúde é uma área de interesse e importância para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade. Ela pode contribuir no processo de redução das desigualdades na saúde. A constituição de agendas de prioridades em pesquisa, enquanto um instrumento técnico-político indutor de financiamentos de pesquisas alinhadas às necessidade sociais e sanitárias, seria uma das estratégias a serem utilizadas na busca dessa redução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a aplicação dos recursos financeiros aplicados em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saúde pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS) durante o período 2003-2005, conforme Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de pesquisa em Saúde (ANPPS), estabelecida em 2004. Utilizaram-se os dados procedentes de pesquisa realizada com a finalidade primária de mensurar os fluxos de recursos investidos em P&D/S no país no período, sendo considerados apenas os investimentos oriundos do próprio MS. Foi computado apenas o financiamento direto em pesquisa e efetivamente pago, excluindo-se dispêndios com salários. As pesquisas forma categorizadas segundo as 24 Subagendas da ANPPS por dois pesquisadores, independentemente, com as discordâncias sendo resolvidas por consenso. O volume de recursos aplicados pelo MS no período foi cerca de R$ 409,7 milhões. Em termos da distribuição dos recursos, segundo as Subagendas componentes da ANPPS, os dado apontaram para uma concentração de fomento em cinco Subagendas principais: Doenças Transmissíveis, Complexo produtivo da Saúde, Pesquisa clínica, Assistência farmacêutica e Doenças não transmissíveis. Somadas, elas representaram investimentos da ordem de R$ 324 milhões para o período 2003-2005. Todas as 24 Subagendas receberam algum tipo de financiamento no período, embora alguns tenham sido de pequena monta. No período sob análise, ocorreram os passos iniciais para a construção e institucionalização da Agenda. Dessa maneira, o estudo realizado pode servir para estabelecer um ponto inicial (como um marco zero) para posteriores estudos sobre o potencial indutor deste instrumento, contribuindo para avaliações acerca da aproximação entre os investimentos em P&D/S no país e as necessidades sanitárias da população e, para o desenvolvimento do SUS.

Estimates of growth and comparisons of growth rates determined from length- and age-based models for populations of purple wrasse (Notolabrus fucicola)

Growth of a temperate reefa-ssociated fish, the purple wrasse (Notolabrus fucicola), was examined from two sites on the east coast of Tasmania by using age- and length-based models. Models based on the von Bertalanffy growth function, in the standard and a reparameterized form, were constructed by using otolith-derived age estimates. Growth trajectories from tag-recaptures were used to construct length-based growth models derived from the GROTAG model, in turn a reparameterization of the Fabens model. Likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) determined the optimal parameterization of the GROTAG model, including estimators of individual growth variability, seasonal growth, measurement error, and outliers for each data set. Growth models and parameter estimates were compared by bootstrap confidence intervals, LRTs, and randomization tests and plots of bootstrap parameter estimates. The relative merit of these methods for comparing models and parameters was evaluated; LRTs combined with bootstrapping and randomization tests provided the most insight into the relationships between parameter estimates. Significant differences in growth of purple wrasse were found between sites in both length- and age-based models. A significant difference in the peak growth season was found between sites, and a large difference in growth rate between sexes was found at one site with the use of length-based models.

Transboundary Movement of Atlantic Istiophorid Billfishes Among International and U.S. Domestic Management Areas Inferred from Mark-Recapture Studies

Billfish movements relative to the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas management areas, as well as U.S. domestic data collection areas within the western North Atlantic basin, were investigated with mark-recapture data from 769 blue marlin, Makaira nigricans, 961 white marlin, Tetrapturus albidus, and 1,801 sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus. Linear displacement between release and recapture locations ranged from zero (all species) to 15,744 km (mean 575, median 119, SE 44) for blue marlin, 6,523 km (mean 719, median 216, SE 33) for white marlin, and 3,845 km (mean 294, median 98, SE 13) for sailfish. In total, 2,824 (80.0%) billfish were recaptured in the same management area of release. Days at liberty ranged from zero (all species) to 4,591 (mean 619, median 409, SE 24) for blue marlin, 5,488 (mean 692, median 448, SE 22) for white marlin, and 6,568 (mean 404, median 320, SE 11) for sailfish. The proportions (per species) of visits were highest in the Caribbean area for blue marlin and white marlin, and the Florida East Coast area for sailfish. Blue marlin and sailfish were nearly identical when comparing the percent of individuals vs. the number of areas visited. Overall, white marlin visited more areas than either blue marlin or sailfish. Seasonality was evident for all species, with overall results generally reflecting the efforts of the catch and release recreational fishing sector, particularly in the western North Atlantic. This information may be practical in reducing the uncertainties in billfish stock assessments and may offer valuable insight into management consideration of time-area closure regulations to reduce bycatch mortality of Atlantic billfishes.

Estimates of Marine Mammal, Sea Turtle, and Seabird Mortality in the California Drift Gillnet Fishery for Swordfish and Thresher Shark, 1996–2002

Estimates of incidental marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird mortality in the California drift gillnet fishery for broadbill swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, are summarized for the 7-year period, 1996 to 2002. Fishery observer coverage was 19% over the period (3,369 days observed/17,649 days fished). An experiment to test the effectiveness of acoustic pingers on reducing marine mammal entanglements in this fishery began in 1996 and resulted in statistically significant reductions in marine mammal bycatch. The most commonly entangled marine mammal species were the short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis; California sea lion, Zalophus californianus; and northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis. Estimated mortality by species (CV and observed mortality in parentheses) from 1996 to 2002 is 861 (0.11, 133) short-beaked common dolphins; 553 (0.16, 103) California sea lions; 151 (0.25, 31) northern right whale dolphins; 150 (0.21, 27) northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris; 54 (0.41, 10) long-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus capensis; 44 (0.53, 6) Dall’s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli; 19 (0.60, 5) Risso’s dolphins, Grampus griseus; 11 (0.71, 2) gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus; 7 (0.83, 2) sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus; 7 (0.96, 1) short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhychus; 12 (1.06, 1) minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata; 5 (1.05, 1) fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus; 11 (0.68, 2) unidentified pinnipeds; 33 (0.52, 4) leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea; 18 (0.57, 3) loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta; 13 (0.73, 3) northern fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis; and 6 (0.86, 2) unidentified birds.